The US economy is transitioning away from fossil fuels toward sources of green energy. California policymakers have adopted the goal of carbon neutrality by 2045 or earlier. Within California, Kern County accounts for over 70 percent of oil produced within the state. To understand how the transition may affect opportunities in Kern, we propose a structural vector autoregressive model the jointly explains the crude-oil market and the evolution of employment in Kern. We use monthly data from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages to measure employment. While industries directly involved in the extraction of fossil fuels employ less than 2 percent of workers, the oil market is responsible for 11 percent of the variation in employment growth. Employment in Kern would be currently 6.4 percent lower absent the influence of the global oil market. We explain these large effects using a theoretical framework of production that relies on a network of input-output linkages. The findings may be useful to policymakers designing place-based policy aimed at helping vulnerable oil-dependent regions.
Imbibition plays a crucial role in waterflood development and the soaking stage after fracturing in tight oil reservoirs, serving as an effective method to enhance oil recovery. To investigate the effects of complex pore structures and rock-fluid interactions on imbibition mechanisms in tight reservoirs, this study combined nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology with pore-scale imbibition numerical simulation techniques, conducting imbibition experiments and pore-scale imbibition numerical simulations on tight cores with different pore-throat characteristics. In the imbibition experiments, NMR <italic>T</italic><sub>2</sub> spectra (transverse relaxation time) at different times were monitored in real time, which revealed the dynamic influencing patterns of pore structure on imbibition efficiency. In the pore-scale imbibition numerical simulations, realistic pore-scale physical models of tight sandstone were constructed based on thin sections, and the pore-scale imbibition process of tight sandstone was simulated by solving the Navier-Stokes equations combined with the phase field method. Based on the mutual verification of experimental and simulation results, the effects of contact angle, crude oil viscosity, and reservoir physical properties on imbibition efficiency were analyzed in detail. The results showed that the pore-scale imbibition numerical simulation results were in good agreement with the experimental data. The complexity of the pore structures significantly affected the oil displacement characteristics of imbibition, showing a relatively fast imbibition rate that gradually decreased with the extension of imbibition time. The aqueous phase preferentially entered smaller pores and then displaced the oil phase in larger pores. The smaller the contact angle resulting from rock-fluid interaction (i.e., the stronger the hydrophilicity of the rock), the greater the oil-water displacement driving force in the imbibition process and the higher the imbibition efficiency. In addition, a lower oil-water viscosity ratio and lower core permeability both generated stronger imbibition driving force. The research findings deepen the understanding of imbibition mechanisms in tight oil reservoirs at the microscopic level and provide theoretical foundation and experimental support for improving the development efficiency of tight oil reservoirs.
Petroleum refining. Petroleum products, Gas industry
Hamed Nejati, Ehsan Khamehchi, Ali Ashraf Derakhshan
et al.
Abstract In loose sandstone reservoirs, sand enters the wellbore along with the production fluid. Sand production causes numerous problems, such as the erosion of downhole, wellhead, and surface equipment, ultimately leading to a decline in production. In this paper, the authors present a new epoxy-based nanofluid for controlling sand production. To demonstrate its effectiveness, a near-wellbore laboratory simulator system (NeWSS) was developed, which takes into account all downhole conditions, such as the radial distribution of flow, temperature, and reservoir pressure. The epoxy/g-C3N4-NS nanofluid has two special properties. First, carbon nitride nanosheets were used as an active strengthening agent to increase the compressive strength of the epoxy resin after curing. Second, a bubbling agent was used to create micro- and macro-pores, facilitating the movement of the production fluid and ultimately increasing permeability. Laboratory results showed that the optimum concentrations of the bubbling agent and g-C3N4-NS are 3 wt% and 0.5 wt%, respectively. The preflush solution (3% KCl, 3% surface modifier, and 5% organic solvent) used to remove formation fluids (oil and brine) before nanofluid sand consolidation resulted in good adhesion of the nanofluid to the sand matrix and significantly increased the compressive strength of the porous area. Results from the near-wellbore laboratory simulation system under reservoir conditions (90 °C and 2800 psig) show that the regained permeability is above 90% when the epoxy/g-C3N4-NS nanofluid is used along with preflush and overflush solutions. Moreover, the presence of the optimum concentration of g-C3N4-NS in the epoxy-based nanofluid increased the failure stress of the hollow cylinder sample by 0.7 MPa.
Aleksander de Rosset, Rafael Torres-Mendieta, Grzegorz Pasternak
et al.
The removal of microplastics and oil from oil-water emulsions presents significant challenges in membrane technology due to issues with low permeability, rejection rates, and membrane fouling. This study focuses on enhancing nanofibrous composite membranes to effectively separate microplastic contaminants (0.5 micrometer) and oil-water emulsions in wastewater. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymeric nanofibers were produced using a needle-free electrospinning technique and attached to a nonwoven surface through lamination. The membranes were modified with alkaline treatment, biosurfactant (BS), $TiO_2$, and CuO particles to prevent fouling and improve separation efficiency. The modified membranes demonstrated exceptional water permeability, with BS-modified membranes reaching above 9000 $Lm^{-2} h^{-1} bar^{-1}$ for microplastic separation. However, BS modifications led to reduced water permeability during oil-water emulsion treatment. $TiO_2$ and CuO further enhanced permeability and reduced fouling. The $TiO_2$-modified membranes exhibited superior performance in oil-water emulsion separation, maintaining high oil rejection rates (~95%) and antifouling properties. The maximum microplastic and oil rejection rates were of 99.99% and 95.30%, respectively. This study illustrates the successful modification of membrane surfaces to improve the separation of microplastics and oil-water emulsions, offering significant advancements in wastewater treatment technology.
张宏杰1，马君义1，吕孝飞1，缪欣1，郭俊炜1，邓煜2 ZHANG Hongjie1, MA Junyi1, LYU Xiaofei1, MIAO Xin1, GUO Junwei1, DENG Yu2
旨在为甘肃陇南橄榄油的质量评价和油橄榄鲜果采收时间提供指导，探究了不同品种初榨橄榄油（VOO）中多酚类化合物（PPs）随油橄榄果生长发育的累积变化。以甘肃陇南不同成熟度的8个品种油橄榄鲜果为原料，采用压榨法获得VOO，利用反相高效液相色谱法同时测定VOO中的9种PPs含量。结果表明：VOO中总多酚的含量主要由酪醇和橄榄苦苷决定，橄榄苦苷是含量最高的PPs，且其含量随油橄榄果成熟度指数（MI）变化最明显；VOO中木犀草苷含量均较低，阿魏酸和芹菜素仅在个别品种中检测到，芦丁在所测油品中均未检测到；‘阿斯’‘鄂植8号’‘中山24号’和‘佛奥’4个品种VOO的PPs评估数据表现良好，分别在MI为0～1.0、2.0～4.0、0～2.0和5.0～7.0表现最佳，建议这4个品种油橄榄鲜果的采收时间分别为9月下旬、11月上旬、9月下旬至10月上旬以及11月下旬，而‘切姆拉尔’VOO在PPs种类和总含量等评估数据中表现不佳。综上，可以依据不同MI的油橄榄鲜果制备的VOO中多酚含量，尤其是酪醇和橄榄苦苷含量，确定不同品种油橄榄鲜果的采收时间，并进行VOO的品质评价。The cumulative changes in the contents of polyphenols (PPs) in virgin olive oils (VOO) with the growth and development of olive fruits were investigated so as to provide the guidance for olive oil quality evaluation and fresh olive fruits harvest. The VOO were extracted by pressing from 8 varieties of fresh olive fruits with different maturity in Longnan, Gansu Province. The contents of 9 kinds of PPs in VOO were simultaneously determined by reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The results showed that the content of total polyphenols in VOO was mainly determined by tyrosol and oleuropein. The oleuropein content was the highest, and its content changed most obviously with olive maturity index (MI). Luteolin content in VOO was lower, and ferulic acid and apigenin were detected only in a few varieties, while rutin was not detected in all detected VOO. The evaluation data of PPs in VOO extracted from the fresh olive fruits of Ascolana Tenera, Ezhi-8, Zhongshan-24 and Frantoio were good, with the best performance at MI of 0-1.0, 2.0-4.0, 0-2.0 and 5.0-7.0, respectively. These four olive fruits varieties were suggested to be harvested in late September, early November, late September to early October and late November respectively. While the comprehensive data of Chemlal performed poorly combined in terms of polyphenols species and total content. In conclusion, the harvest time of fresh olive fruits of different olive varieties can be determined according to the content of olive polyphenols especially tyrosol and oleuropein in different MI, and the quality of olive oil can also be evaluated by the contents of polyphenols.
Semantic segmentation-based methods have attracted extensive attention in oil spill detection from SAR images. However, the existing approaches require a large number of finely annotated segmentation samples in the training stage. To alleviate this issue, we propose a composite oil spill detection framework, SAM-OIL, comprising an object detector (e.g., YOLOv8), an Adapted Segment Anything Model (SAM), and an Ordered Mask Fusion (OMF) module. SAM-OIL is the first application of the powerful SAM in oil spill detection. Specifically, the SAM-OIL strategy uses YOLOv8 to obtain the categories and bounding boxes of oil spill-related objects, then inputs bounding boxes into the Adapted SAM to retrieve category-agnostic masks, and finally adopts the OMF module to fuse the masks and categories. The Adapted SAM, combining a frozen SAM with a learnable Adapter module, can enhance SAM's ability to segment ambiguous objects. The OMF module, a parameter-free method, can effectively resolve pixel category conflicts within SAM. Experimental results demonstrate that SAM-OIL surpasses existing semantic segmentation-based oil spill detection methods, achieving mIoU of 69.52\%. The results also indicated that both OMF and Adapter modules can effectively improve the accuracy in SAM-OIL.
Oil-flow visualizations represent a simple means to reveal time-averaged wall streamline patterns. Yet, the evaluation of such images can be a time-consuming process and is subjective to human perception. In this study, we present a fast and robust method to obtain quantitative insight based on qualitative oil-flow visualizations. Using a convolutional neural network, the local flow direction is predicted based on the oil-flow texture. This was achieved with supervised training based on an extensive dataset involving approximately one million image patches that cover variations of the flow direction, the wall shear-stress magnitude and the oil-flow mixture. For a test dataset that is distinct from the training data, the mean prediction error of the flow direction is as low as three degrees. A reliable performance is also noted when the model is applied to oil-flow visualizations from the literature, demonstrating the generalizability required for an application in diverse flow configurations.
In the field of global energy and environment, crude oil is an important strategic resource, and its price fluctuation has a far-reaching impact on the global economy, financial market and the process of low-carbon development. In recent years, with the gradual promotion of green energy transformation and low-carbon development in various countries, the dynamics of crude oil market have become more complicated and changeable. The price of crude oil is not only influenced by traditional factors such as supply and demand, geopolitical conflict and production technology, but also faces the challenges of energy policy transformation, carbon emission control and new energy technology development. This diversified driving factor makes the prediction of crude oil price not only very important in economic decision-making and energy planning, but also a key issue in financial markets.In this paper, the spot price data of European Brent crude oil provided by us energy information administration are selected, and a deep learning model with three layers of LSTM units is constructed to predict the crude oil price in the next few days. The results show that the LSTM model performs well in capturing the overall price trend, although there is some deviation during the period of sharp price fluctuation. The research in this paper not only verifies the applicability of LSTM model in energy market forecasting, but also provides data support for policy makers and investors when facing the uncertainty of crude oil price.
As the automated drilling rig is used widely,decentralized operation can no longer meet the requirements of the oilfield,and the integrated control system has become the mainstream configuration of automated drilling rig due to its high operational safety,remote centralized control,convenient operation and easy exPa·sion.With the rapid development of a new generation of information technology such as artificial intelligence,big data,internet of things and edge computing,the integrated control system of drilling rig is also continuously innovating.In order to promote the rapid development and technological progress of integrated control system of oil drilling rig in China,the current technical status of integrated control system of foreign drilling rig manufacturers such as NOV,Schlumberger and ACS was first investigated,and the system composition,characteristics and performance were discussed; then,technical investigation and analysis were conducted on the integrated control system of drilling rig manufacturers such as BOMCO,TSC-QD and HHG in China.The research results show that there is a large gap between domestic and foreign companies in terms of intelligence of integrated control system of drilling rig,mainly manifested in the relative lack of intelligent drilling software.Finally point out that the integrated control system of oil drilling rig in China will develop in three directions: data sharing,automated drilling,fault detection and diagnosis.The research results provide reference significance for the intelligent development of drilling rig technology in China.
Chemical engineering, Petroleum refining. Petroleum products
In order to solve the problem of the perforation gun not being centered in the casing due to the gravity of the perforation gun during unconventional horizontal well perforation operations in oil and gas reservoirs, and the uneven perforation of the casing hole after perforation. A 73type GH equal aperture perforating projectile with a conical top with equal wall thickness and a curved lower inner wall is designed. Through numerical simulation analysis, it is found that the jet diameter formed by the perforating bullet is thick and the gradient is small, which can achieve uniform and consistent casing aperture after perforation when the perforating gun is not in the center. Through ground target testing, the average penetration depth of the perforating bullet is 534.3mm, and the average casing aperture is 10.4mm, indicating that it has the characteristics of large aperture deep penetration. The consistency deviation of aperture is 4%, which verifies that the numerical simulation results are consistent with the actual results, achieving the effect of equal aperture. The results show that the type 73GH equal hole perforating charge can effectively reduce the rupture pressure when perforating horizontal wells.
We employ a millimeter-scale piezoelectric acoustic actuator, which generates MHz-frequency surface acoustic waves (SAWs) in a solid substrate, to actively coat a drop of water by a macroscopic film of silicon oil as a paradigm for a small scale and low power coating system. We build upon previous studies on SAW induced dynamic wetting of a solid substrate, also known as the acoustowetting phenomena, to actively drive a model low surface-energy liquid -- silicon oil -- coat a model liquid object -- a sessile drop of water. The oil film spreads along the path of the propagating SAW and comes in contact with the drop, which is placed in its path. The intensity of the SAW determines the rate and the extent to which a macroscopically thick film of oil will climb over the drop to partially or fully cover its surface. The dynamic wetting of the drop by the oil film is governed by a balance between acoustic, capillary, and gravitational contributions. Introducing a water drop as an object to be coated indicates the opportunity to coat liquid phase objects by employing SAWs and demonstrates that oil films which are actuated by SAWs may traverse curved objects and liquid surfaces.
The use of biodegradation as a method for cleaning up soil that has been contaminated by spilt petroleum can be an effective strategy. So, this study investigated the existence of the wild microorganism in soil contaminated with oil and study their ability to degrade petroleum in vitro. Nineteen samples were collected from various locations near Taq Taq (TTOPCO) natural seeps in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Morphological, cultural, biochemical tests and molecular identification were used to identify the microbial communities, in addition, spore texture and the colour of the fungal isolates were investigated on the fungal isolates. Out of the19 samples, 17 indigenous bacterial strains and 5 fungal strains were successfully isolated. From the absorption spectrophotometry, Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, Achromobacter sp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa for the bacterial isolates grew well on a minimal salt medium supplemented with 1% crude oil. Results showed that these isolates mentioned above had a strong ability to degrade crude oil by reducing the colour of 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol (DCPIP) from deep blue to colourless. However, for the fractions of hydrocarbon, the bacterial isolates failed and did not affect the colour of any of the fractions. The results for fungi showed that Aspergillus lentulus and Rhizopus arrhizus had a strong ability to degrade both crude oil and fraction F1 by reducing the colour of DCPIP. Each fungal isolates also had a great tolerance to different concentrations of crude oil when grown on solid MSM. This study showed these microorganisms have a strong ability to degrade crude oil and can be used to clean up soil and the environment.
Generally,when anti-corrosion joint coating operation is demanded in pipeline construction site,some single-function anti-corrosion joint coating units are combined simply.However,they have some problems such as a giant unit composition,large staffing,complex construction organization and high construction cost.In order to solve these problems,the functions required in continuous processes were optimized and integrated considering the features of anticorrosion and joint coating procedure of heat shrinkable tape,and an integrated joint coating equipment was developed which is mainly composed of a rust removal-intermediate frequency integrated equipment with function of fully covered rust removal and heating and an intermediate frequency-infrared integrated equipment with function of internal and external collaborative heating.Meanwhile,supporting joint coating process was designed.The simulation and test results show that,the integrated anti-corrosion joint coating equipment and process realized the integration and synchronization of surface treatment and preheating in the pipeline area to be patched,the integration and cooperation of primer heating and shrinking and melting of heat shrinkable tape,and the significant transformation of mechanized anti-corrosion joint coating construction mode from four stations to three stations,with obvious advantages in construction mode,equipment composition,staffing,efficiency,mechanization,construction cost and so on.Moreover,the independently developed data acquisition and wireless transmission function module was embedded and integrated with the control system,which realizes the real-time acquisition and storage of key data of anticorrosion patching construction and wireless transmission of data terminals.It could provide data support for digital delivery and integrity management of intelligent pipelines.For different types of welded junctions for anticorrosion joint coating in pipelines,such as continuous junctions,joint junctions and repair junctions,suggestions on optimal combination of integrated joint coating equipment were made,which could provide references for optimization of joint coating equipment.
Chemical engineering, Petroleum refining. Petroleum products
适宜的乳化剂组成对于乳液的特性及稳定性有重要的影响。为超声乳化制备稳定的亚麻籽油乳液，以大豆分离蛋白（SPI）和大豆磷脂（SLT）为乳化剂，亚麻籽油为油相制备O/W乳液，研究SPI与SLT比例对亚麻籽油乳液特性的影响，从乳液的微观结构、水合平均粒径、多分散指数、ζ-电位、分层稳定性、表观黏度及低场核磁共振弛豫特性等方面进行了比较。结果表明，随着SPI与SLT比例从3∶ 1减小至1∶ 3，乳液的水合平均粒径增大，多分散指数先减小后增大，ζ-电位绝对值、乳层析指数及表观黏度总体增大，且T2弛豫图谱右移，体系中氢质子所受的束缚力减小。当SPI与SLT比例为1∶ 1时，乳液的多分散指数最低（0.07±0.07）且粒径呈单峰分布，ζ-电位绝对值较高，乳层析指数较低，同时体系中氢质子所受的束缚力较大，表观黏度较大，说明所形成的亚麻籽油乳液体系更为均匀、稳定。The appropriate emulsifier composition has important influence on the properties and stability of the emulsion. In order to prepare stable flaxseed oil emulsion by ultrasound, O/W emulsion was prepared with soybean protein isolate (SPI) and soybean lecithin (SLT) as emulsifier, flaxseed oil as oil phase, and the effects of ratio of SPI to SLT on the properties of flaxseed oil emulsion were studied. The microstructure, hydrodynamic average diameter, polydispersity index, ζ-potential, creaming stability, apparent viscosity, and low-field NMR relaxation behavior were compared. The results showed that as the ratio of SPI to SLT decreased from 3∶ 1 to 1∶ 3, the hydrodynamic average diameter of the emulsion increased, the polydispersity index first decreased then increased, and the absolute value of ζ-potential, creaming index and apparent viscosity increased overall. The transverse relaxation time (T2) distribution shifted to the right, and the binding force of hydrogen protons in the system decreased. When the ratio of SPI to SLT was 1∶ 1, the polydispersity index of the emulsion was the lowest (0.07±007) with a unimodal particle size distribution. The absolute value of ζ-potential was higher, and the creaming index was lower. At the same time, the binding force of hydrogen protons in the system was relatively stronger, and the apparent viscosity was relatively larger, indicating that the formed flaxseed oil emulsion system was more uniform and stable.
We report on the self-propulsion of boiling droplets which, despite their contact with viscous, immiscible oil films, attain high velocities comparable to those of levitating Leidenfrost droplets. Experiments and model reveal that droplet propulsion originates from a coupling between seemingly disparate short and long timescale phenomena due to microsecond fluctuations induced by boiling events at the droplet-oil interface. This interplay of phenomena leads to continuous asymmetric vapor release and momentum transfer for high droplet velocities.
Lignin/graphene oxide/polyurethane composite was prepared for removing polyaromatics from wastewater. X-ray and TEM are used for the characterization of the prepared composite. Thermal analysis was carried out for two reasons. One reason to ascertain the composite formation and the second to study the thermal stability of the synthesized composite. The kinetic parameters for each one of the decomposition steps were calculated through four methods of the non-isothermal decomposition kinetics calculations, and the kinetic mechanisms were determined by analyzing the thermal data by using thirty-five solid-state reaction models. The results showed that the mechanisms of decomposition steps depend on the type of starting materials. It was observed as the thermal decomposition that lignin passes through an unjustified mechanism. Graphene oxide shows a two-dimension diffusion mechanism. However, the synthesized Lignin/Graphene oxide/Polyurethane composite exhibits a chemical reaction mechanism (one and a half order and second order. The thermodynamic parameters ΔS#, ΔH# and ΔG#, were also computed and discussed.
The main factor of oil tank fire spread should be attributed to the fire's heat radiation. Affected by the heat radiation transferred from the flame of the firing tank, adjacent tanks are easily ignited and may cause a widespread fire in the entire tank farm. In order to study the distribution rule of heat radiation on tank wall when adjacent tanks are exposed to heat radiation, the small-sized experimental device of the heat radiation influence of burning tank on adjacent tank a smallscale experimental device for the influence of tank combustion on the heat radiation of adjacent tanks was established to conduct the experimental study on heat radiation distribution of adjacent tank wall under fire conditions. The experimental results show that under fire conditions, the adjacent tank wall in front of the firing tank is most exposed to radiation. The heat radiation drops gradually from the tank roof to the tank bottom and symmetrically from the center line to both sides. As the L/D(L is the distance between two adjacent oil tanks, and D is the diameter of the oil tank) ratio increases, the heat radiation on the adjacent tank decreases. The experimental data can provide a reference for the heat radiation research of adjacent tanks under fire conditions, and is of great significance for preventing adjacent tanks from being ignited and preventing fire and explosion accidents in tank farm.
R. O. Lima, A. de L. Cunha, J. A. O. Santos
et al.
Abstract Carbonate rocks have become very important in Brazil with pre-salt reservoir discoveries in Santos and Campos Basins. Since then, great efforts in research and technology have been made to characterize and develop these reservoirs. In this sense, outcrop analogue studies have become a powerful tool for helping the recognition of geological heterogeneities responsible for controlling the fluid flow in hydrocarbon reservoirs. Besides that, pre-salt oil recovery is associated with high carbon dioxide (CO2) production, and due environmental issues, it is required a sustainable destination for this contaminant. CO2 injection in the reservoir, either pure or mixed to the produced gas stream, could be a good manner to deal with this undesirable component and increase the oil recovery. This work uses outcrop analogue characterization to understand how carbonate reservoir characteristics impact the selection of the best recovery strategy under Brazilian-pre-salt-like conditions. Numerical simulation models were run using the flow simulator TEMPEST MORE (version 7.1) with isothermal compositional modeling. The oil recovery process was modeled by continuous and alternating injection of CO2 and water. The recovered oil fractions for the simulation case with water alternating CO2 injection were higher than with the use of continuous injection of CO2 or water.
The EOR techniques are employed to recover more oil from mature reservoirs after the primary and secondary oil production stages. Polymer flooding as a chemical EOR method involves adding polymer molecules in order to increase water viscosity. Increasing water viscosity will improve the mobility ratio of injected fluid to reservoir fluid toward a more favorable value Therefore, vertical and areal sweep efficiencies are increased compared to typical water flooding. Polymer flooding will be most effective if applied in the early stages of a water flood while the mobile oil saturation is still high. Polymer is also a critical component when considering other chemical EOR technologies such as alkaline-polymer or alkaline-surfactant-polymer. The present study covers two main parts. In the first part, fundamental of polymer flooding as it related to experimental work and simulation are discussed. The challenge of polymer flooding applications in high temperature and high salinity (HTHS) environment is also discussed in this part. In the second part, the synergy of polymer with surfactant and alkaline as chemical enhancing oil recovery (CEOR) methods is discussed.
Petroleum refining. Petroleum products, Engineering geology. Rock mechanics. Soil mechanics. Underground construction