The article proposes an analysis of Venezuelan institutional violence. It works with the concept of war machine to understand the current Venezuelan state and especially the dynamics at work within the Fuerzas de Acciones Especiales (FAES) of the Policía Nacional Bolivariana (PNB). To this end, we use conceptual tools from African Studies, such as “criminalization of the State” (Bayart), “necropolitics” and “indirect private government” (Mbembe). Under a methodology that combines the normative and the empirical, we describe how state necropolitical practices have become a symptom of a State structure, which is neither centralized nor spatially delimited and which impacts the poorest much more than any other social category.
Latin America. Spanish America, Social sciences (General)
El presente estudio de caso se enfoca en las asociaciones de instrucción y recreo de negros y mestizos fundadas en la ciudad de Camagüey, Cuba en el período histórico de 1879 —año de la primera asociación fundada — hasta 1961, año en que cierran las existentes por disposición legal. Se impone la necesidad de profundizar desde perspectivas teóricas transdisciplinares las contribuciones del asociacionismo afrodescendiente al desarrollo educativo en contextos e interacciones complejas y específicas.
Latin America. Spanish America, Social sciences (General)
Maiara Sanches Leite, Valéria Regina Zanetti, Maria Aparecida Chaves Ribeiro Papali
O artigo busca investigar, por meio do estudo do espaço e da memória social, instrumentais de análise que possibilitam a compreensão da subjetividade das representações, quais eram e são os locais de socialização da comunidade que foge aos padrões de heteronormatividade na cidade de São José dos Campos-SP. A pesquisa parte do conceito de gueto e de região moral, que estuda os espaços urbanos a partir das suas fronteiras identitárias, atribuindo-se valor aos sentidos e identidades, permeados por representações. Busca-se compreender, também, como ocorre a relação entre os moradores do entorno com a comunidade LGBTQIA+, bem como a relação dessa população com os espaços deliberadamente considerados GLS (Gays, Lésbicas, Simpatizantes), Gays friendly (espaços amigáveis aos LGBTQIA+), ou não, da década 1980 aos dias atuais. Essa perspectiva ocorre por meio de entrevista oral com três indivíduos que se identificam como LGBT. O estudo evidenciou que os sujeitos estabelecem uma relação intrínseca com os espaços e que as memórias vivenciadas têm, no espaço, o suporte das identidades compartilhadas.
Josefina Domínguez-Mujica, Diego López de Lera, Enrique Ortega-Rivera
et al.
The immigration from Latin America and the Caribbean to Spain in the turn of the century has been broadly studied since it originated flows of a large amount in times of economic expansion (1998-2007), when the Spanish labour market demanded workforce in the secondary segments. Since 2008 a shortening of inflows occurred as well as an increase of the return and ongoing migrations, consistent with the intensity of the economic crisis. These flows diminish during the incipient post-crisis period (2015-2017) and immigration resumes. With the target to deepen in these trends, this study is based on information provided by the Residential Variation Statistics microdata, which allows us to characterize the evolution of Latin Americans’ migrations to and from Spain. The sequence of these flows, regarding the countries of origin, and their features according to the age-sex patterns, inform us of disparate dynamics and differentiated migratory cycles, as well as of changes that point to a reconfiguration of migration trends throughout the study stage and of more intense and complex forms of mobility.
El presente artículo tiene como propósito estudiar el
edificio Casa Giménez, construido durante la década de
1920 en la ciudad de Antofagasta, y vincularlo a los procesos
de eclecticismos y regionalismos arquitectónicos propios
de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX y la primera mitad del
siglo XX. En una primera instancia se delimitaran los
conceptos de neoárabe, mudéjar y neomudéjar. En segundo
lugar se evidenciará el contexto de producción de la Casa
Giménez de Antofagasta, refiriéndonos a los principales
actores que participaron de su elaboración. Finalmente se
realizará un análisis comparativo e iconográfico entre el
edificio antofagastino y su referente directo en Sevilla. Se
plantea demostrar que el edificio chileno corresponde a la
adaptación de una arquitectura de inspiración neomudéjar
sevillana, obedeciendo a un contexto de producción en el
que influyeron las variables de inmigración y de ausencia
de vías institucionales para la divulgación arquitectónica.
La metodología empleada es propia de los estudios de
carácter histórico: recopilación de bibliografía
especializada, recopilación de fuentes, confrontación de
fuentes, bibliografía y redacción. Para el análisis
arquitectónico se empleará metodología proveniente desde
la historia del arte: análisis comparativo de fachadas y
ornamentos así como de elementos compositivos
identificados principalmente en los planos de edificios
Geography (General), Latin America. Spanish America
The objective of this research is to analyze from a general and comparative perspective how University students use mobile digital devices for educational and social purposes in Spain and Latin America. It has been analysed a total sample of 886 students (442 from Spain and 444 from Latin America) from five Spanish Universities and five Latin American ones. The research methodology was based on factorial analysis and comparison between groups with non-parametric tests. The general results in both regions show that the educational purpose focuses on the use of tablets and laptops for searching academic information, studying and looking for information about University services. Likewise, the most significant differences between Spanish and Latin American students show that in Spain tablets and smartphones are more frequently used for educational purposes, but Latin America students use more frequently laptops.
A escolha adequada do recorte epistemológico na sociologia muitas vezes é tão importante quanto a própria atividade de pesquisa, uma vez que sua delimitação correta pode viabilizar o estudo ou gerar entraves metodológicos que colocam em cheque toda produção acadêmica. Neste trabalho, apresentamos a análise de duas estruturas epistemológicas muito particulares e, como métodos, muitas vezes se confundem na pesquisa e também sua utilização por seus principais expoentes: o conceito de campo em Pierre Bourdieu e seu uso nas discussões sobre ciência e o conceito de arena para Elinor Ostrom e seu tratamento deste termo para tratar da questão dos "commons". Buscaremos as proximidades possíveis e as principais diferenças entre esses dois termos de análise, enriquecendo o debate teórico da produção sociológica e melhor compreender os recursos epistemológicos disponíveis nas nossas atividades de pesquisa.
Latin America. Spanish America, Social sciences (General)
Carolina Figueroa Cerna, Benjamín Silva Torrealba, Luis Castro Castro
Se estudia la prensa católica publicada en la provincia de Tarapacá, Chile, particularmente los semanarios La Luz y Las Cuestiones Sociales, buscando establecer una aproximación a los discursos sociales de la Iglesia regional tarapaqueña, entre 1911 y 1926. Se sostiene que la preocupación por los constantes problemas sociales que afectaron a la región, derivados de los ciclos de extracción salitrera, orientó la acción pastoral al asentamiento de las bases del desarrollo de la paz social y del reconocimiento del obrero y sus demandas como símbolos del papel de la Iglesia en la zona. El objetivo fue consolidar un discurso que vinculara a los obreros a la institución eclesiástica en cuanto que baluarte de sus derechos y promotora del equilibrio entre el capital y el trabajo.
In order to improve disaster risk understanding and disaster risk management performance in Latin America and the Caribbean a transparent, representative and robust system of indicators was developed by the Institute of Environmental Studies (IDEA in Spanish) of the National University of Colombia, Manizales. This system of indicators which is easily understood by public policymakers and relatively easy to update periodically, has been designed between 2003 and 2005 to communicate risk in the decision makers’ own language and to allow cluster and comparison between countries. The indicators were developed with the support of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). Four composite indicators have been designed to represent the main elements of vulnerability and show each country’s progress in managing risk. They are the ‘Disaster Deficit Index’, the ‘LocalDisaster Index’, the ‘Prevalent Vulnerability Index’, and the ‘Risk Management Index’. These indicators reflect the organizational, development capacity and institutional actions taken to reduce vulnerability and losses to prepare for crisis and to recover efficiently from disasters. In this way, the system of indicators covers different areas of the risk problem, taking into accountissues such as: potential damages and losses resulting from extreme events; recurrent disasters or losses; social and environmental conditions that make particular countries or regions more disaster prone; the capacity of the economy to recover; the operation of key services; institutional capacity and the effectiveness of basic risk management instruments (such as risk identification, preventionand mitigation measures, financial mechanisms and risk transfer); emergency response levels; and preparedness and recovery capacity. In 2008 a methodological review and the updating of the indicators was made. Indicators were updated to 2005 and for the most recent date according to information availability (2007 or 2008). In addition, new countries were included in the program. This has allowed a systematic and quantitative benchmarking of the Americas countries during different periods between 1980 and 2008. This paper describes the current methodologies for each index and illustrates some results in each case.
Chagas disease is endemic in Latin America, but migration has expanded the disease's geographical limits. Spain is the most affected country in Europe. From 2007, a specific Chagas disease programme aimed at at-risk migrants was developed in three Spanish cities (Madrid, Jerez de la Frontera and Alicante). The objectives of the programme were to increase participants' knowledge and decrease their fears about the disease and to encourage them to undergo screening for Trypanosoma cruzi infection. The programme was specially focused on migrants from Bolivia and Latin American women of childbearing age. Culturally tailored interventions were carried out in non-clinical settings. A total of 276 migrants were screened using a rapid immunochromatographic test following talks on the disease: the results were then later confirmed by standard serological tests. Of those tested, 44 (15.9%) were confirmed cases of Chagas disease. All of them came from Bolivia and a quarter were pregnant women. Of the 44 cases, 31 were later followed up at a specialised Chagas disease clinic. We consider that the adaptation of the programme to the target population's needs and collaboration with non-governmental organisations and migrants' associations contributed to the acceptance of the programme and the increasing number of patients seen at a specialised clinic.