Hasil untuk "Labor. Work. Working class"

Mats Ekman, Niklas Jakobsson, Andreas Kotsadam

We conduct a pre-registered randomized controlled trial to test for income targeting in labor supply decisions among sellers of a Swedish street paper. These workers face liquidity constraints, high income volatility, and discretion over hours. Treated individuals received a 25 percent bonus per copy sold for the duration of an issue, simulating an increase in earnings potential. Treated sellers sold more papers, worked longer hours, and took fewer days off. These findings contrast with studies on intertemporal labor supply that find small substitution effects. Notably, when we apply strategies similar to observational studies, we recover patterns consistent with income targeting.

Solomiya Pysarevska, Viktoriya Vashchuk, Zinoviy Yaremko

Мета роботи. Оцінити рівень усвідомлення студентами небезпечної поведінки пішоходів, їхнє ставлення до заходів підвищення безпеки дорожнього руху та суб’єктивне сприйняття безпечності різних способів пересування. Метод дослідження. Дослідження базувалося на кількісному методі онлайн-опитування (Google Forms). Участь взяли 410 студентів віком 16–23 років з України (місто Львів). Використано адаптований опитувальник ESRA 2, який включав соціодемографічні питання, оцінку власної поведінки пішоходів та сприйняття безпеки транспорту. Результати дослідження. Виявлено, що найпоширенішими видами ризикованої поведінки були користування телефоном, перехід дороги поза пішохідним переходом і прослуховування музики під час ходьби (95 %, 86 % і 75 % відповідно). Студенти суб’єктивно вважають найбезпечнішим способом пересування – приватний автомобіль, хоча статистично він є найнебезпечнішим видом транспорту. Підтримка заходів безпеки вища для фізичних засобів захисту (шоломи, світловідбивальний одяг), ніж для обмеження використання смартфонів. Стать і місце проживання достовірно впливають на поведінку пішоходів. Теоретична цінність дослідження. Результати підтверджують і розвивають наявні концепції впливу когнітивних та соціальних чинників на ризиковану поведінку пішоходів. Дослідження демонструє значущість цифрових відволікань як незалежного предиктора небезпечної поведінки. Практична цінність дослідження. Отримані дані можуть бути використані для розроблення освітніх програм у закладах вищої освіти, спрямованих на підвищення обізнаності студентів щодо реальних ризиків та ефективних заходів безпеки. Крім того, результати можуть слугувати основою для цільових соціальних кампаній і формування державної полі-тики щодо профілактики дорожньо-транспортних пригод. Цінність дослідження. Робота пропонує комплексний аналіз самодекларованої поведінки українських студентів-пішоходів у контексті сучасної цифрової культури, що до цього часу практично не досліджувалося. Зіставлення суб’єктивної оцінки безпеки транспорту з реальною статистикою дорожньо-транспортних пригод дозволяє виявити суттєві когнітивні викривлення у сприйнятті ризиків. Обмеження дослідження. Обмеженнями дослідження є географічна вибірка (Львів) і самодекларативний характер даних, що можуть супроводжуватися соціально бажаними відповідями. Перспективними напрямками подальших досліджень є експериментальні спостереження за реальною поведінкою пішоходів, а також розширення вибірки на інші регіони України та порівняння з іншими віковими групами.

Cella M. Sum, Anna Konvicka, Mona Wang et al.

The tech industry's shifting landscape and the growing precarity of its labor force have spurred unionization efforts among tech workers. These workers turn to collective action to improve their working conditions and to protest unethical practices within their workplaces. To better understand this movement, we interviewed 44 U.S.-based tech worker-organizers to examine their motivations, strategies, challenges, and future visions for labor organizing. These workers included engineers, product managers, customer support specialists, QA analysts, logistics workers, gig workers, and union staff organizers. Our findings reveal that, contrary to popular narratives of prestige and privilege within the tech industry, tech workers face fragmented and unstable work environments which contribute to their disempowerment and hinder their organizing efforts. Despite these difficulties, organizers are laying the groundwork for a more resilient tech worker movement through community building and expanding political consciousness. By situating these dynamics within broader structural and ideological forces, we identify ways for the CSCW community to build solidarity with tech workers who are materially transforming our field through their organizing efforts.

Tianyu Fan

This paper develops a new framework to analyze the incidence of labor market shocks, focusing on automation and artificial intelligence. Central to our theory is the distance-dependent elasticity of substitution (DIDES), where worker mobility between occupations declines with their distance in skill space. Mapping 306 occupations into cognitive, manual, and interpersonal skill dimensions, we estimate a low-dimensional latent skill model that preserves granular substitution patterns. We show that both automation and artificial intelligence cluster within skill-adjacent occupations, constraining employment adjustment and amplifying wage effects. The clustering nature of technologies generates unequal outcomes: 20--50% of labor demand shocks translate to wages (versus 30% under standard models), while mobility recovers only 20\% of losses (versus 30% from standard estimates).

Syed Muhammad Mateen, Ayesha Jamil, Umair Ahmad

Background: A stroke is the sudden loss of neural function caused by an interruption of blood flow to the brain. It causes symptoms such as paresis, hypoesthesia, cognitive impairment, spasticity. Objective(s): To compare the effects of Perfetti’s Method versus routine physical therapy on cognition, dexterity, and sensory motor function of the upper extremity in stroke patients. Methodology: In this study, 74 stroke participants were enrolled. Randomised into two groups, with 37 patients in each group. Group A was treated with routine physical therapy, and Group B was treated with Perfetti’s Method and routine physical therapy. The measurements of both groups were recorded at the beginning of the study and after the 12th post-treatment week. Sensory motor function was measured with the Fugal-Meyer Assessment Upper Extremity (FMA-UE), dexterity was measured with the Box and Block Test (BBT), and level of cognition was measured with the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) in both groups at the beginning of the study and after the end of training (12th post-treatment weak). Data was gathered using the Purposive sampling method and data entered into SPSS-25 for statistical analysis. Results: According to this study 74 participants, mean age was 53.21±12.02 male were 45(60.8%) and female were 29(40.2%). Mean Body Mass Index was 23.23±3.47. Right Side was affected among 32(43.2%) and Left Side was affected among 42(56.8%) Sensory Motor Function mean was Pretreatment 66.70±26.88 and Post-treatment 110.09±11.91. Level of Cognition mean was pretreatment 22.62±3.30 and Post-treatment 29.31±1.47. Dexterity mean Pretreatment was 8.18±11.64 and Post-treatment was 84.48±15.03. P Value was 0.00 which was <0.005 which means that there was significant difference between the mean value of pretreatment and post-treatment sensory motor function, Level of Cognition and Dexterity. There was significant difference between the mean value of Group A and B in sensory motor function, Level of Cognition and Dexterity as the P Value was 0.027, 0.04 and 0.02 respectively. Conclusion: Perfetti's method was more effective than routine physical therapy.

Mashudu R. Mphohoni, Martha Geiger, Surona Visagie et al.

Background: International and local policy frameworks on disability promote inclusive higher education practices for students with disabilities (SWD). However, the actual application of these frameworks concerning students with physical disabilities (SWPD) in any School of Health Care Sciences (SHCS) is uncertain in South African universities. Objectives: This study aimed to explore the perceptions of academic and admission staff on the inclusion of SWPD in SHCS at a South African university. The study was carried out at a University of Health Sciences in South Africa. Method: A qualitative study in which respondents (n = 12) were interviewed in depth about their perceptions on the inclusion of SWPD in the SHCS. Thematic analysis was used in the data assessment. Results: The results revealed three main themes: policy discourse, environmental effects on inclusion and SWPD enrolment. Respondents reported the lack of a disability inclusion policy and disability unit to support SWD in general. The respondents also noted that there were environmental challenges that could potentially affect the inclusion of SWPD in SHCS study programmes. Respondents also indicated that there was no SWPD enrolment as the university’s current inclusion and/or quota system does not include SWD. Conclusion: The findings of the study showed a lack of disability inclusion policy, environmental challenges and lack of SWPD enrolment. Based on the study findings, it can be concluded that inclusion of SWPD at this university may be negatively influenced. Contribution: The study findings contribute to the field of disability and the inclusion of SWPD in higher education institutions (HEIs).

Rômulo Sousa de Azevedo, Cláudia Tavares do Amaral

O artigo analisa particularidades do trabalho docente com crianças oriundas da migração internacional. A perspectiva teórica se pauta em François Vatin e na noção de trabalho como ato criador. Trata-se de um estudo de caso e a técnica aplicada foi a entrevista semiestruturada, realizada em Goiânia-Goiás, no ano de 2020, com uma professora do terceiro ano do Ensino Fundamental, que ministrou aulas para uma criança de Cuba em uma escola municipal. O resultado aponta que, apesar da ausência de respaldo institucional, a professora realiza o processo de ensino mediante a noção, ainda que inconsciente, do trabalho como ato criador, mesmo em situações de precarização, isto é, a professora se reconhece naquilo que faz e possibilita ao aluno a criação de laço social e aprendizagem.

Gianluca Francica, Luca Dell'Anna

A complete understanding of the statistics of the work done by quenching a parameter of a quantum many-body system is still lacking in the presence of an initial quantum coherence in the energy basis. In this case, the work can be represented by a class of quasiprobability distributions. Here, we try to clarify the genuinely quantum features of the process by studying the work quasiprobability for an Ising model in a transverse field. We consider both a global and a local quench, by focusing mainly on the thermodynamic limit. We find that, while for a global quench there is a symmetric non-contextual representation with a Gaussian probability distribution of work, for a local quench we can get quantum contextuality as signaled by a negative fourth moment of the work. Furthermore, we examine the critical features related to a quantum phase transition and the role of the initial quantum coherence as useful resource.

Tony Gabriel-Fernandez Cayo, Fred Torres-Cruz

Time series analysis applied to occupational accident reports is a powerful tool for understanding the evolution of occupational accidents over time. It provides valuable information to make informed decisions. In this study, data from reports of work accidents collected from the MINISTRY OF LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT PROMOTION. MTPE were analyzed by time series. Significant patterns and trends in accident reporting have been identified, leading to more effective prevention strategies and better health and safety management.

Fatih Ozaydin, Özgür E. Müstecaplıoğlu, Tuğrul Hakioğlu

We consider a quantum Otto cycle with a $q$-deformed quantum oscillator working substance and classical thermal baths. We investigate the influence of the quantum statistical deformation parameter $q$ on the work and efficiency of the cycle. In usual quantum Otto cycle, a Hamiltonian parameter is varied during the quantum adiabatic stages while the quantum statistical character of the working substance remains fixed. We point out that even if the Hamiltonian parameters are not changing, work can be harvested by quantum statistical changes of the working substance. Work extraction from thermal resources using quantum statistical mutations of the working substance makes a quantum Otto cycle without any classical analog.

Umamaheswara Sharma B, Ravichandra Sadam

You may develop a potential prediction model, but how can I trust your model that it will benefit my software?. Using a software defect prediction (SDP) model as a tool, we address this fundamental problem in machine learning research. This is a preliminary work targeted at providing an analysis of the developed binary SDP model in real-time working environments.

Samir Huseynov

This paper investigates the causal impact of negatively and positively toned ChatGPT Artificial Intelligence (AI) discussions on US students' anticipated labor market outcomes. Our findings reveal students reduce their confidence regarding their future earnings prospects after exposure to AI debates, and this effect is more pronounced after reading discussion excerpts with a negative tone. Unlike STEM majors, students in Non-STEM fields show asymmetric and pessimistic belief changes, suggesting that they might feel more vulnerable to emerging AI technologies. Pessimistic belief updates regarding future earnings are also prevalent among non-male students, indicating widespread AI concerns among vulnerable student subgroups. Educators, administrators, and policymakers may regularly engage with students to address their concerns and enhance educational curricula to better prepare them for a future that AI will inevitably shape.

Abdülkadir Şenkal

The Great Transformation, published in 1944 by Karl Polanyi, brought a new dimension to the relationship between market, state, and welfare. Polanyi considered the relation between markets and societies as a central feature of any social order; according to him, while the market destabilizes society, the commodification of labor, land, and money creates a reaction or “counter-movement.” For this reason, he describes market society as being a dominant principle for social organization. Social relations are embedded within the economic system instead of the economy being embedded in social relations. Polanyi also claims that market society is a political and social construct rather than a natural phenomenon. Yet, the rapid growth of government bureaucracy and interference in the private sphere has challenged many traditional notions related to the nature of capitalist society, especially since the 1940s. Therefore, the state plays an important role in both the establishment and regulation of the private market economy. This article proposes an interpretation, in the context of the contemporary welfare state based on Polanyi’s The Great Transformation, which discusses the distinction between market, welfare, and labor. The institutions, that once contributed to embedding the market economy within society, now play an important role in situations that have potential consequences for those seeking help from the welfare state.

Erwanda Desire Budiman, Muhammad Ilyas

Introduction: Naphthalene is a chemical exposure found in various industries, including in the manufacture of phthalic anhydride, synthetic resins, lubricants, mothballs, and used as fuel additives. The exposure to naphthalene in humans has several detrimental health effects such as hemolytic anemia, kidney and liver disorders. Therefore, biological monitoring is needed as a health surveillance of naphthalene exposure. Generally, the biomonitoring examination carried out for this is naphthol in the blood. However, 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene (1,2-DHN) is also known to be another major metabolite. Therefore, this literature review aims to determine whether 1,2-DHN can also be a reliable biomonitoring test on occupational exposure to naphthalene. Methods: PubMed, Proquest, and Google Scholar were used to conduct article searches. The articles were chosen based on predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The selected articles were then critically appraised. Results: Four cross-sectional articles examining 1,2-DHN in the urine of naphthalene-exposed workers were selected and reviewed. There was a similar result from all selected articles that elevated levels of 1,2-DHN in the urine, indicating workplace exposure to naphthalene. Moreover, apart from having a strong correlation with 1- and 2-naphthol, 1,2-DHN also has a high sensitivity compared to these established metabolites. Conclusion: Based on the articles obtained, 1,2-DHN can be a reliable biological monitoring for workers exposed to naphthalene. However, further research is still needed on other industries exposed to naphthalene and is needed to ascertain the correlation between external and internal exposure to naphthalene.

Marcos Ezequiel Mastrangelo, Juan Manuel Salvatierra

La evaluación del desempeño de carteras es una parte muy importante en el análisis de gestión de las inversiones y, generalmente, se realiza evaluando los rendimientos ajustados al riesgo. El presente trabajo analiza el comportamiento de los fondos comunes de inversión (FCI) de renta variable de Argentina que tienen como benchmark financiero al índice ROFEX 20 durante los años 2019 y 2020, empleando indicadores de referencia como Alpha, Alpha ajustado, y los índices Sharpe, Sortino y Treynor. Metodológicamente, se realizan tres análisis: de correlación (entre rentabilidad FCI e índice), de eficiencia (rendimiento diferencial FCI respecto al índice) y de persistencia (sostenibilidad rendimientos). Según los hallazgos, los FCI analizados han obtenido un rendimiento acorde índices o para su uso en operaciones de cobertura con derivados financieros. El artículo constituye un estudio novedoso, dada la reciente creación del índice ROFEX 20 y el contexto de volatilidad durante los años examinados. al riesgo y han sido un buen vehículo para emularlo, tanto para replicar los

Sayash Kapoor, Matthew Sun, Mona Wang et al.

We investigate the privacy practices of labor organizers in the computing technology industry and explore the changes in these practices as a response to remote work. Our study is situated at the intersection of two pivotal shifts in workplace dynamics: (a) the increase in online workplace communications due to remote work, and (b) the resurgence of the labor movement and an increase in collective action in workplaces -- especially in the tech industry, where this phenomenon has been dubbed the tech worker movement. Through a series of qualitative interviews with 29 tech workers involved in collective action, we investigate how labor organizers assess and mitigate risks to privacy while engaging in these actions. Among the most common risks that organizers experienced are retaliation from their employer, lateral worker conflict, emotional burnout, and the possibility of information about the collective effort leaking to management. Depending on the nature and source of the risk, organizers use a blend of digital security practices and community-based mechanisms. We find that digital security practices are more relevant when the threat comes from management, while community management and moderation are central to protecting organizers from lateral worker conflict. Since labor organizing is a collective rather than individual project, individual privacy and collective privacy are intertwined, sometimes in conflict and often mutually constitutive. Notions of privacy that solely center individuals are often incompatible with the needs of organizers, who noted that safety in numbers could only be achieved when workers presented a united front to management. We conclude with design recommendations that can help create safer, more secure and more private tools to better address the risks that organizers face.

Matteo Capucci, Bruno Gavranović

Actions of monoidal categories on categories, also known as actegories, have been familiar to category theorists for a long time, and yet a comprehensive overview of this topic seems to be missing from the literature. Recently, actegories have been increasingly employed in applied category theory, thereby encouraging an effort to fill this gap according to the new needs of these applications. This work started as an investigation of the notion of monoidal actegory, a compatible pair of monoidal and actegorical structures, and ended up including a sizable reference on the elementary theory of actegories. We cover basic definitions and results on actegories and biactegories, spelling out explicitly many folkloric definitions, including their tensor product and their hom-tensor adjunction. We give new definitions of actegories with monoidal, braided monoidal and symmetric monoidal structure. In the last section, we provide three Cayley-like classification results for these structures.

Rupert L. Frank

On the occasion of Elliott Lieb being awarded the Gauss Prize 2022, we give a non-technical overview over some of his seminal works in mathematical physics. We emphasize, in particular, his work on Coulomb many-body systems and functional inequalities.

Johannes Matzat, Aiko Schmeißer

Labor unions influence economic outcomes not only through bargaining with employers over work contracts but also via political activities that can profoundly shape political systems. In unionized workplaces, they may mobilize and change the ideological positions of both unionizing workers and their non-unionizing management. In this paper, we analyze the workplace-level impact of unionization on workers' and managers' political campaign contributions. We link establishment-level union election data with transaction-level campaign contributions to federal and local candidates in the United States. Using a difference-in-differences design, validated through regression discontinuity tests and a novel instrumental variable approach, we find that unionization leads to a leftward shift of campaign contributions. Unionization increases support for Democrats relative to Republicans not only among workers but especially among managers, suggesting that managers converge toward workers' political preferences. The effects are stronger in settings with more cooperative union-employer interactions, such as when union elections are not contested by an unfair labor practice charge and result in a collective bargaining agreement.

Thomas J. Mann