Saudi Arabia has emerged as a key middle power, leveraging niche diplomacy to expand its global influence. This study examines how the Kingdom strategically employs mediation, religious diplomacy, humanitarian aid, energy leadership, and sports diplomacy to shape regional and international dynamics. Unlike great powers, middle powers focus on specialized areas where they hold a comparative advantage, allowing them to exert influence despite material constraints. Saudi Arabia’s diplomatic recalibration aligns with its Vision 2030 agenda, prioritizing economic diversification, regional stability, and multilateral engagement. Saudi Arabia enhances its geopolitical significance by positioning itself as a mediator in regional conflicts, reinforcing its religious leadership, investing in sports diplomacy, and maintaining energy dominance. This study contributes to understanding middle power strategies in international relations, highlighting Saudi Arabia’s role as a stabilizing force in an evolving global order.
El ascenso de los países BRICS es, sin dudas, el relato de la pérdida de la hegemonía de Estados Unidos, pero también, la historia de la respuesta del imperio, a veces calculada y otras precipitada, para intentar detener su inevitable decadencia. Estamos siendo testigos del nacimiento del denominado sistema internacional multipolar, desde la más profunda unipolaridad que significó la década del 90 del siglo XX. Esta es una batalla geopolítica y geoeconómica, en la cual Estados Unidos intenta fomentar las divisiones entre los países BRICS y descarrilar su ascenso económico, en un ejercicio cada vez más temerario y peligroso para la seguridad internacional, con el objetivo de evitar su propio declive. En tal contexto, el presente artículo tiene como objetivo caracterizar la situación económica y sanitaria de los países BRICS a finales de 2021 e inicios de 2022 y analizar brevemente la respuesta estos países al inicio del conflicto entre Rusia y Ucrania.
Роман «Путь Абая» является уникальным романом, который раскрыл перед китайским читателем быт и культуру казахского народа. Цель данной статьи заключается в том, чтобы рассматреть реалии как объект перевода на примере бесценного романа романа Мухтара Ауезова «Путь Абая». Анализ основных методов перевода реалий казахской культуры на китайский язык имеет практическую значимость для дальнейшего изучения в рамках теории перевода, а также таких наук как филология, культурология и литературоведение.
В целях изучения данной темы были использованны методы системного и сравнительного анализа, а также метод обобщения и абстрагирования. В результате анализа было выявлено, что при переводе данных реалий на китайский язык переводчик использовал такие методы перевода, как описательный перевод, транслитерацию, замену слов и метод опущения слов.
Материалы исследования могут быть использованы в качестве дополнительной литературы по дисциплинам, связанных с преподаванием перевода, языков и литературы.
Thanks to interesting recipes for mayonnaise and mayonnaise sauces, you can diversify the taste of existing dishes and create interesting culinary solutions. Therefore, new types of mayonnaise and mayonnaise sauces will be of interest to the population. Given that mayonnaise is an everyday food product and has steadily taken its place in the consumer basket, market research and studying preferences regarding the use of this product is important. As a result of online marketing research, it was determined that mayonnaise and mayonnaise sauces still occupy a significant share on the consumer's table. At the same time, there is still interest in modernized recipes and technologies, despite the existing developments on the market. The analysis of the current formulations of mayonnaise sauce with non-traditional raw materials was carried out. As a result of organoleptic and physico-chemical studies, the classic, with lemon and spice-aromatic mixture were chosen as the best samples.
Mohammad Tafiqur Rahman, Tim A. Majchrzak, Maung K. Sein
Abstract Responding to a disaster encompasses a myriad of humanitarian actions; the ultimate and crucial is immediate relief distribution. Making effective decisions in chaotic disaster environment is always complex and challenging. Decisions made here are heavily influenced by the decisions made in several related problem areas such as facility locations, relief supply chain, transportation, scheduling, and inventory management. While each of these problem areas has its own set of decision factors, several of these factors are also common in multiple problem areas. These common decision factors offer both an opportunity and a challenge. The challenge is to balance the relative importance of a factor that is common between one or more problem areas—one factor that is considered vital in one area may have a lower priority in another area. The opportunity here is to develop a common framework that can help all problem areas to work together to achieve the main objective of effectively distributing essential relief goods among affected people. While the literature has studied individual problem areas and their decision factors, an integrated view showing the linkages between multiple problem areas is missing. In this paper, we propose such an integrative framework. Based on a systematic review of the literature, we first identified problem areas that are linked to relief distribution and then identified the linkages between these areas. We synthesized the findings into a conceptual framework and validated it through a panel of experienced field experts who work in relief distribution. We framed our refined framework as an information ecosystem of humanitarian actions where relief distribution resides at the core. Such a conceptualization will not only enrich the in-depth understanding of humanitarian domain, but also offer insights for developing computer-based decision support systems for relief distribution.
Estudiar los actores, los procesos y los factores internos que inciden y condicionan la dirección de la acción exterior del Estado ha sido uno de los temas centrales de la academia latinoamericana en los últimos años. La contribución de María Cecilia Míguez en calidad de compiladora y el equipo de investigación del Instituto de Estudios Históricos, Económicos, Sociales e Internacionales (IDEHESI) es un paso muy importante en esta dirección. Los capítulos que componen este libro nos permiten comprender y desentrañar el accionar de los intelectuales, los empresarios y las élites dirigentes de la Argentina en el siglo XX. Además, y más valioso aún, nos posibilita ver cómo funciona el trinomio Actores-Estado-Ideas.
Seán McGarraghy, Gudrun Olafsdottir, Rossen Kazakov
et al.
System dynamics and agent-based simulation modelling approaches have a potential as tools to evaluate the impact of policy related decision making in food value chains. The context is that a food value chain involves flows of multiple products, financial flows and decision making among the food value chain players. Each decision may be viewed from the level of independent actors, each with their own motivations and agenda, but responding to externalities and to the behaviours of other actors. The focus is to show how simulation modelling can be applied to problems such as fairness and power asymmetries in European food value chains by evaluating the outcome of interventions in terms of relevant operational indicators of interorganisational fairness (e.g., profit distribution, market power, bargaining power). The main concepts of system dynamics and agent-based modelling are introduced and the applicability of a hybrid of these methods to food value chains is justified. This approach is outlined as a research agenda, and it is demonstrated how cognitive maps can help in the initial conceptual model building when implemented for specific food value chains studied in the EU Horizon 2020 VALUMICS project. The French wheat to bread chain has many characteristics of food value chains in general and is applied as an example to formulate a model that can be extended to capture the functioning of European FVCs. This work is to be further progressed in a subsequent stream of research for the other food value chain case studies with different governance modes and market organisation, in particular, farmed salmon to fillet, dairy cows to milk and raw tomato to processed tomato.
This article aims at analyzing the role played by ECOWAS in the Ivorian and Malian crises. We argue that ECOWAS in many circumstances help to de-escalate violence at the first stage of conflict in Mali and Côte d’Ivoire. However, the inefficiency of the ECOWAS to resolve conflict in the region makes it seem useless for the West African.
International relations, Social sciences (General)
Rika Kimoto, Isao Kambayashi, Akane Akizuki
et al.
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) maintains homeostasis through the balance of the sympathetic and parasympathetic subsystems or divisions. Currently, analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) offers an indirect, non-invasive assessment of ANS function. An irregular lifestyle and stress are known to affect ANS balance, influencing many diseases. Moreover, ANS disorder plays an important role in climacteric symptoms in menopausal females. The purpose of this study was designed to assess the effects of yoga practice sessions (herein referred to as “yoga”) on ANS function and focused on the relationship between ANS function and subject age or personal history of yoga. A total of 113 healthy females participated in this study. They attended a 90-120 minute yoga practice session conducted by a well-qualified instructor. ANS function was assessed before and after the yoga practice session by HRV power spectral analysis. As a result, in females, yoga reduced fatigue by primarily improving sympathetic activity. In addition, the LnHF values tended to be increased after yoga only in the over-60y (60 years) group. Furthermore, there were individual differences in the amount of change in the sympathetic and parasympathetic activity values. In females with a low activity level before yoga, values were increased; whereas values decreased in females with a high activity value before yoga. In subjects with ≥5-year history of yoga, there was no significant correlation between the ANS parameters and subject age. Our study suggests that yoga for females supports well-balanced ANS function, and that the continuation of yoga over a period of time contributes to an improvement in ANS function.
À luz tendências demográficas e socioeconômicas da segunda metade do século XX, que trouxeram à tona a urgência do cuidado de idosos, esse artigo apresenta o argumento pelas políticas de cuidado de longo-prazo de um ponto de vista teórico, considerando as especificidades do trabalho de cuidado de idosos e quais são as potencialidades dessas políticas; ademais, apresenta panorama das políticas de cuidado de longo-prazo na OCDE e no Brasil em anos recentes. É encontrada ampla variação no desenvolvimento destas políticas na OCDE, mas que sempre provêm maior cobertura de cuidado de idosos do que no Brasil. Sugere-se que a maioria dos países ainda aborda de forma incipiente os conflitos entre trabalho e
família para cuidadores familiares.
International relations, Political institutions and public administration (General)
Savchenko Maryna, Shaulska Larysa, Shkurenko Olga
et al.
The article examines the methodological approaches to the assessment of the labour potential of the socio-economic system. On the basis of the research, it has been established that the proposed algorithm for assessing the labour potential of the socio-economic system at the micro level. The approbation of the methodology for assessing the labour potential of the socio-economic system was carried out on the basis of the performance of an industrial enterprise. To improve the methodology for assessing the labour potential of socio-economic systems, the use of an organizational and methodological model for assessing the labour potential of the system has been proposed. The use of the organizational and methodological model is carried out in several stages: the construction of the Ishikawa diagram, the rating score, the construction of the Pareto diagram and the conduct of the ABC analysis. The implementation of the organizational and methodological model for assessing the labour potential of the socio-economic will allow for the effective management of the labour potential of the system and, as a result, will increase its competitiveness in the information economy.
El propósito de este artículo es triple: dar cuenta de los orígenes y desarrollo de la Escuela Inglesa como una entidad constituida históricamente; sintetizar desde los escritos de algunos de sus primeros representantes las visiones de la Escuela Inglesa acerca de cómo el conocimiento histórico se relaciona con la teoría y la práctica de las Relaciones Internacionales; y estudiar los tres principales trabajos históricos de la Escuela Inglesa, examinando cómo sus contribuciones se relacionan con las teorías de Relaciones Internacionales. En la breve discusión final, se sugiere qué podría introducirse en la agenda de investigación de la Escuela Inglesa sobre el tema de “historia y teoría”.
This article starts from the observation that International Relations scholars do not agree on what they mean by theory. The declining popularity of grand theory and the celebration of theoretical pluralism are accompanied by the relative absence of a serious conversation about what ‘theory’ is or should be. Taking the view that we need such a conversation, especially given the shallow theorizing of modern scholarship that conflates theory with method, and the postmodern view that abstract narratives must be deconstructed and rejected, this article puts forward the notion of ‘deep theorizing’ as the ground for grand theory. Specifically, it argues that deep theorizing is the conceptual effort of explaining (inter)action by developing a reading of drives/basic motivations and the ontology of its carrier through an account of the human condition, that is, a particular account of how the subject (the political actor) is positioned in social space and time. The article illustrates this angle through a discussion of realist, liberal and postcolonial schools of thought. It basically argues that, through their particular readings of the human condition, these approaches develop distinct conceptions of political agency and, hence of the nature and location of world politics.
The article summarizes the main concepts of the policy of protectionism. It was
proved that the shaded or semi-open nature of protectionism of the 21st century model does
not fall under classical manifestations of protectionism recorded in the WTO documents, and
therefore further hybridization of its forms actualizes the need for their classification in order
to attract the attention of the scientific community to new challenges to the global regulation
of the system of international economic relations. It was discovered, that protectionism in the
process of economical globalization has evolved from trade policy based on introduction of
tariff limitations, and later from non-tariff protection instruments, into a complex
comprehensive state mechanism for increasing competitiveness of the national economy in the
process of globalization, which we call neo-protectionism.
Was provided a classification of neo-protectionism and were singled out forms of manifestation
of each of its types. Were established country features of neo-protectionism policy. Was
established that flexibility of tools for implementing neo-protectionism policy, absence of a
unified approach to interpreting the methods of achieving goals announced by the state,
differences in priorities and unity of the goals of all instruments, which are to stimulate
restoration of economic growth, can be considered as determinative signs of new regulation. It
was found that state intervention becomes an inherent characteristic of liberal politics. Was
observed that neo-protectionism with its flexible instruments becomes a policy of reducing
asymmetric distribution of benefits from globalization and reaction to global imbalances,
which again emphasizes the thesis that state participation in regulation of economic processes
is an objective reality, and we are witnessing transformation of the previously announced
trend towards deregulation into re-regulation.
El presente artículo plantea una definición ampliada del concepto de seguridad energética, yendo más allá del concepto clásico establecido por la Agencia Internacional de la Energía, incorporando cuestiones relativas a la eficiencia energética, la aceptabilidad del modelo energético y los retos que impone el cambio climático, pero sin perder de perspectiva las exigencias y las dinámicas competitivas económicas globales. Sobre la base de este concepto ampliado, se examina la evolución de la seguridad energética en el marco de la Unión Europea, con una atención particular a cómo se concibe la seguridad energética en la Estrategia Global de Seguridad de 2016.
The article discusses the policy of the European Union aimed at the export of its democratic values, acquis communautaire and governance models to the neighbour countries in the Southern Mediterranean. The process of Europeanization reflects a particular case of global megatrend -democratization which in its turn positioned as democracy promotion through soft power instruments. From the EU point of view the goal of the Barcelona process launched in 1995 was to construct Euro-Mediterranean Partnership and common identity in order to promote democratic transitions in Southern Mediterranean. While the EU Foreign Policy in the Mediterranean region was historically conditioned by the security interests of the European Union, it suffered from securitization/democratization dilemma. The article analyses the process of external Europeanization in the Southern Mediterranean as a regional dimension of global democratization process in the context of Union for the Mediterranean development before and after the Arab Spring and new approach in the framework of the ENP Partnership for Democracy and Shared Prosperity with the Southern Mediterranean. The article proposes that the lack of political strategic vision in the EU toward the Arab democratic transition during 2011-2013 narrows its role as a transformative democratic power, hinders Europeanization/ democratization process in the macro-region of North Africa and Middle East and presents the EU with a new dilemma - to continue its traditional democratization policy or to shift towards a more pragmatic approach to cooperating with new Arab regimes.