Hasil untuk "Hungary"

Nikoletta Szemerédi, Márta Nové, Danhui Heo et al.

<b>Background/Objectives</b>: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an escalating global threat driven by antibiotic misuse and bacterial adaptation. Efflux pumps are major contributors to multidrug resistance in <i>Escherichia coli</i>, as they expel antibiotics and reduce their intracellular activity. This study examined efflux-mediated resistance in extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing <i>E. coli</i> and evaluated the potential of several efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs)—promethazine (PMZ), thioridazine (TZ), carbonyl cyanide <i>m</i>-chlorophenyl hydrazine (CCCP), reserpine (RES), and phenyl-arginine-β-naphthylamide (PAβN)—as therapeutic adjuncts. <b>Methods</b>: Antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of EPIs were tested using broth microdilution, real-time fluorimetry, and crystal violet assays, while ceftriaxone–PMZ interactions were assessed by checkerboard analysis. <b>Results:</b> TZ and CCCP showed strain-specific antibacterial activity, whereas PMZ, RES, and PAβN did not exert any effect. PMZ, TZ, and especially CCCP effectively inhibited efflux pump function, while RES and PAβN were less active. Biofilm inhibition varied between strains, with PMZ and TZ producing moderate reductions. We observed a quite weak synergism between ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, and PMZ; however, the result was not significant. <b>Conclusions:</b> Overall, the results highlight the central role of efflux pumps in ESBL-producing <i>E. coli</i> and indicate that EPIs can reverse resistance (e.g., PMZ) and exhibit potent anti-biofilm activity and show additive interactions with antibiotics. However, further studies are needed to optimize their safety, pharmacokinetics, and antibiotic pairing for potential clinical use.

Marziyeh Felahat

In this paper, we develop a Legendre wavelets method for the numerical solution of Fredholm-Volterra integro-differential equations of fractional order. The Caputo sense is used to explain the fractional derivative operator. The proposed scheme is verified by presenting examples that their exact solutions are available. Numerical results show that the approximation errors decay exponentially in L2

Csaba Matta, Boopalan Ramasamy, Elizabeth Vinod et al.

X.H. Sun, H. Wang, K. Yoneda et al.

The fragmentation reactions of neutron-rich unstable nuclei 81Ga and 82Ge at 250 MeV/nucleon have been studied in order to search the optimal mean for the production of very neutron-rich nuclei in the vicinity of 78Ni. The newly measured cross sections were compared with various calculations, showing a good agreement with EPAX3.01. The present work provides experimental insights into the two-step scheme—fragmentation following fission—as a method to produce very neutron-rich nuclei through a combination of ISOL and fragmentation of post-accelerated beams of unstable nuclei. Our results enable an evaluation of the potential of the two-step scheme in the production of very neutron-rich nuclei for the 78Ni region. The two-step scheme using fragmentation of a post-accelerated 81Ga beam could be an option to produce neutron-rich nuclei around 78Ni when the 81Ga beam intensity reaches 1.0×108 pps, compared to the one-step scheme with fission of 238U.

Rita Szoke-Kovacs, Rita Szoke-Kovacs, Sophie Khakoo et al.

CD1 isoforms are MHC class I-like molecules that present lipid-antigens to T cells and have been associated with a variety of immune responses. The lipid repertoire bound and presented by the four CD1 isoforms may be influenced by factors such as the cellular lipidome, subcellular microenvironment, and the properties of the binding pocket. In this study, by shotgun mass spectrometry, we performed a comprehensive lipidomic analysis of soluble CD1 molecules. We identified 1040 lipids, of which 293 were present in all isoforms. Comparative analysis revealed that the isoforms bind almost any cellular lipid.CD1a and CD1c closely mirrored the cellular lipidome, while CD1b and CD1d showed a preference for sphingolipids. Each CD1 isoform was found to have unique lipid species, suggesting some distinct roles in lipid presentation and immune responses. These findings contribute to our understanding of the role of CD1 system in immunity and could have implications for the development of lipid-based therapeutics.

Tibor Elekes, Gyula Csermely, Krisztina Kádár et al.

Our primary objective was to assess the effectiveness of detailed cardiovascular ultrasound screening during the first trimester, which was performed by obstetricians with intermediate experience. We collected first-trimester fetal cardiac screening data from an unselected pregnant population at RMC-Fetal Medicine Center during a study period spanning from 1 January 2010, to 31 January 2015, in order to analyze our learning curve. A pediatric cardiologist performed a follow-up assessment in cases where the examining obstetrician determined that the fetal cardiac screening results were abnormal or high-risk. Overall, 42 (0.88%) congenital heart abnormalities were discovered prenatally out of 4769 fetuses from 4602 pregnant women who had at least one first-trimester cardiac ultrasonography screening. In total, 89.2% of the major congenital heart abnormalities (27 of 28) in the following fetuses were discovered (or at least highly suspected) at the first-trimester screening and subsequent fetal echocardiography by the pediatric cardiology specialist. Of these, 96.4% were diagnosed prenatally. According to our results, the effectiveness of first-trimester fetal cardiovascular ultrasound screening conducted by moderately experienced obstetricians in an unselected (’routine’) pregnant population may reach as high as 90% in terms of major congenital heart defects, provided that equipment, quality assurance, and motivation are appropriate.

R. Schicker

The ALICE detector at the LHC was upgraded in the long shutdown of 2019-2021 in order to take data at much-increased Run 3 and 4 rates. The various challenges of this upgrade are presented, and the first results of strangeness production in double gap events collected in 2022 are shown by presenting distributions of kaon pairs.

Bence Krusóczki

"This entry will deal with the history of competition law, including the first substantive competition law of Hungary, i.e Article V of 1923, which contained provisions regarding unfair competition. Currently, unfair competition is the subject of competition law, one of the branches of economic law, which contains regulations regarding the protection of economic competition and the prevention of consumer detriment. The purpose of Article V of 1923 was to offer general protection against any form of unfair competition. However, the description of each provision of the Article and the detailed demonstration and investigation of their practical implementation is not the topic of this entry. The present paper will specifically focus on the arbitral tribunals of the Chamber and the practice of the jury since the fact that the duty and practice of these two bodies were highly significant for the application of the law in that era can be clearly concluded from the summary of research results."

Péter Nagy, Ibolya Zsoldos, György Szabados

The air pollutant emissions of a motor vehicle do not only mean the emissions from the engine used for propelling the vehicle. Another possible source is the passenger compartment heater. In the focus of our research, we investigated the effect of mixing gasoline-powered cabin air and ethanol (E10, E30, E100 on a volumetric basis) on the emissions of the equipment. Among the pollutant components examined, there were conventional components and so called not-conventional components. The chosen length of the test was 1800 s, while the intake air parameters temperature (t_in) and relative humidity (h) have been kept constant (t_in = 15 °C, h = 30%). Bioethanol mixing has a significant reducing effect on NO_x (oxides of nitrogen) and CO₂ (carbon dioxide). As for the components CO (carbon monoxide), THC (total hydrocarbons), CH₄ (methane) and N₂O (nitrous oxide), the values of the components reach usable values only in the start-up and burnout phases, while in the stable-operation phase, their values are outside the limit of detectability. A small part of THC is only CH₄; a more significant part is NMHC (non-methane hydrocarbons). The results of the developed vehicle fleet model for calculating the GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions of a vehicle fleet equipped with such a device showed that the fleet’s GHG emissions are less than 1% of the annual emissions from the combustion of transport fuel.

Gábor Kurunczi

One measure of a democratic rule of law is how the state defines the framework for the exercise of representative democracy, and who it grants the right to participate in representative democracy (i.e. who it considers to belong to the people). However, this dual nature of the right to vote raises a number of questions. For example, before the 2018 Hungarian parliamentary elections and during the campaign period, critical voices were heard criticising the system used in Hungarian parliamentary elections (including the institution of winner compensation). By contrast, the fundamental nature of the right to vote, i.e. the subjective aspect, is less often the focus of attention. In this respect, the question rightly arises as to whether the importance of the right to vote as a fundamental right has not been lost. Has the role of different electoral techniques and electoral systems not become a more important issue than the definition and possible extension of the scope of the electorate? Starting from the dual nature of electoral law, the study examines the requirements that can be imposed on electoral systems and the characteristics and challenges of electoral law as a fundamental right.

Sándor Lökös

Intensity interferometry originates from the field of radio astronomy on the trace of Robert Hanbury Brown and Richard Quincy Twiss. In high energy physics, the phenomena was discovered by Goldhaber, Goldhaber, Lee and Pais. In radio astronomy the method is exceeded by more modern approaches but in high energy physics, the measurements of Hanbury Brown-Twiss (HBT) or Goldhaber-Goldhaber-Lee-Pais (GGLP) type of correlations are important tools to access the spatio-temporal properties of the matter under extreme conditions on subatomic scales. In this paper, I review recent experimental results from energies of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) to the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and discuss their possible implication on the equation of state of the QCD matter.

Balázs Nagy, Martin Marosvölgyi, Zsuzsa Szalay

We need to consider linear heat losses due to thermal bridges for the accurate calculation of building heat losses. Our research examined a whole building, and different thermal bridge calculation methods were compared. The following techniques were included in the study: a simplified method according to the Hungarian energy performance regulation where the effect of thermal bridges can be taken into account by multiplication factors applicable to thermal transmittances; a simplified thermal bridge catalogue of ISO 14683; a recent national thermal bridge catalogue; two-dimensional thermal modelling as well as a conjugated heat and moisture (HAM) simulation considering steady-state and dynamic conditions. Overall, we created eight different numerical modelling approaches depending on the type of simulation and boundary condition. The modelling and simulations were carried out using multiphysics software based on the finite element method according to ISO 10211 and EN 15026. All the relevant details of the building were analysed to get a complete picture. Based on the results, we analysed each method's relative proportions of surface and linear heat losses. The evaluation showed that the Hungarian simplified method generated the lowest heat losses for thermal bridges, while ISO 14683 produced the highest results, with the numerically simulated results in the middle. The overall heat losses varied by 30 %, depending on the thermal bridge calculation method. Linear heat losses were between 12 % to 32 % of the surface heat losses. Our study helps to choose the adequate method to perform thermal bridge simulations.

Gábor Tóth, Krisztian Kapus, David Hesszenberger et al.

The extensive availability of internet has led to the the recognition of problematic internet use (so called internet addiction, IA) mostly involving adolescents. There is limited data about the prevalence of IA in adults. Here we present a study focusing on the prevalence and risk factors of internet addiction among high school teachers. Overall 2500 paper-based questionnaires were successfully delivered and 1817 responses received (response rate of 72.7%). In our study 1194 females (65.7%) and 623 males (34.3%) participated. In a multivariate analysis including of all factors (demographic data, internet habits, comorbidity etc.) age <35 years (OR: 6.098, CI: 5.09–7.08, <i>p</i> < 0.001), male gender (OR = 5.413, CI: 4.39–6.18, <i>p</i> = 0.002), surfing on the internet > 5 h daily (OR 2.568, CI: 2.03–3.39, <i>p</i> < 0.001), having no children (OR: 1.353, CI: 1.13–1.99, <i>p</i> = 0.0248), and having secondary employment (OR = 11.377, CI: 8.67–13.07, <i>p</i> = 0.001) were significantly associated with internet addiction. This is the first study from Hungary showing the prevalence and risk factors of internet addiction among high school teachers. A small, but significant proportion suffered from IA. Our study also draws attention to the risk factors of IA such as younger age, family status and working type.

Alexander Rothkopf

We report on recent theory progress in understanding the production of heavy quarkonium in heavy-ion collisions based on the in-medium heavy-quark potential extracted from lattice QCD simulations. On the one hand, the proper in-medium potential allows us to study the spectral properties of heavy quarkonium in thermal equilibrium, from which we estimate the $ψ^\prime$ to $J/ψ$ ratio in heavy-ion collisions. On the other hand, the potential provides a central ingredient in the description of the real-time evolution of heavy-quarkonium formulated in the open-quantum-systems framework.

Tamás Németh, Krisztina Futosi, Marcell Szabó et al.

Activating Fcγ receptors associated with Fc receptor γ-chain (FcRγ) are critical for mediating neutrophil effector functions in immune complex-mediated autoimmune diseases. FcRγ contains ITAM tyrosines and the in vivo role of these tyrosines has not been defined in neutrophils and arthritis. In this study, the in vivo functions of FcRγ ITAM tyrosines were characterized using wild type and ITAM tyrosine mutant (Y65F/Y76F) transgenic mice crossed to an FcRγ-deficient genetic background. FcRγ-deficient neutrophils showed undetectable cell surface expression of the activating Fcγ receptor IV, defective immune complex-induced superoxide production, degranulation and spreading. Although the re-expression of both the wild type and the ITAM tyrosine mutant (Y65F/Y76F) FcRγ could restore activating Fcγ receptor expression of FcRγ-deficient neutrophils, only the wild type transgenic form could mediate Fcγ receptor-dependent effector functions. In contrast, neutrophils carrying ITAM tyrosine mutant FcRγ were unable to produce superoxide, mediate degranulation and perform active spreading. In addition, our results confirmed the protection of FcRγ-deficient mice from autoimmune arthritis. Importantly, the presence of the wild type FcRγ transgene, in contrast to the ITAM tyrosine mutant transgene, partially reversed autoimmune arthritis development. The reversing effect of the wild type transgene was even more robust when animals carried the wild type transgene in a homozygous form. Collectively, FcRγ ITAM tyrosines play a critical role in the induction of neutrophil effector responses, the initiation and progression of an autoantibody-induced experimental arthritis in vivo, indicating a signaling, rather than just a receptor stabilizing function of the molecule.

Abdel Moktader A. El Sayed, Hesham Abuseda, Nahla A. El Sayed

Results of both porosity and permeability can be used by geologists, petrophysicists, and petroleum engineers to evaluate reservoir rock, heterogeneity, and pore space history through the time of deposition and lithifaction. On the other hand, reservoir quality as well as reservoir classification could be performed based on these data correlation. The Szolnok Formation is composed mainly of turbidity elastic deposits while siltstones are intercalated by sandstone beds and streaks of marls. In the present study, 213 core samples are obtained from the Szolnok Formation of the Great Hungarian plain, Hungary. Both horizontal and vertical permeability are measured. The Szolnok Formation has two main lithologic groups: 1. clean sandstone (141 samples) and 2. siltstone – marl (72 samples), it can easily differentiate between good, intermediate or even bad reservoirs. Acoustic laboratory measurements have been carried out for only 30 sandstone rock samples parallel to the bedding plane (horizontal). This paper aims to evaluate some petrophysical relationships. On the other hand, both Wyllie and Raymer models were applied for porosity estimation from seismic velocity. It is worthy to mention that reservoir diagnosis of the Szolnok Formation was our target as well. Both the porosity and permeability variation range characterizing the detected lithologic facies of the Szolnok Formation are useful for reservoir zonation. The relationship between helium and mercury porosity for whole studied samples and sandstone samples as well, are supported by a high correlation coefficient and allow its application for prediction of porosity while it reduces costs and time of laboratory measurements. The evaluation of different calculated equations for porosity from compressional wave velocity data of the Szolnok Formation are studied and the relationship between velocity and porosity displays a clear inverse trend. The comparison between laboratory porosity and sonic derived porosity shows that the values determined by Wyllie and Raymer equations are not applicable to predict it from velocity data.

Kendra A. Sirak, Daniel M. Fernandes, Olivia Cheronet et al.

Ancient DNA (aDNA) research involves invasive and destructive sampling procedures that are often incompatible with anthropological, anatomical, and bioarcheological analyses requiring intact skeletal remains. The osseous labyrinth inside the petrous bone has been shown to yield higher amounts of endogenous DNA than any other skeletal element; however, accessing this labyrinth in cases of a complete or reconstructed skull involves causing major structural damage to the cranial vault or base. Here, we describe a novel cranial base drilling method (CBDM) for accessing the osseous labyrinth from the cranial base that prevents damaging the surrounding cranial features, making it highly complementary to morphological analyses. We assessed this method by comparing the aDNA results from one petrous bone processed using our novel method to its pair, which was processed using established protocols for sampling disarticulated petrous bones. We show a decrease in endogenous DNA and molecular copy numbers when the drilling method is used; however, we also show that this method produces more endogenous DNA and higher copy numbers than any postcranial bone. Our results demonstrate that this minimally-invasive method reduces the loss of genetic data associated with the use of other skeletal elements and enables the combined craniometric and genetic study of individuals with archeological, cultural, and evolutionary value.

Scott Timcke

Henrietta Farkasné Dr. Halász

A szerző bemutatja a Dobos János emberségéhez, szellemiségéhez, kriminalista voltához méltó emlékkönyvet. Kriminalistává válásunk útján bátran vehetjük alapul.

Gergely Jakab, Zoltan Szalai

-