Environmental crises, such as forest and land fires (karhutla) in Central Kalimantan, pose severe ecological, social, and economic threats, demanding immediate and context-sensitive ethical responses. This study asserts that religion, particularly Islamic ecotheology, plays a critical role in shaping environmental ethics and guiding sustainable practices among Muslim communities. Using a qualitative approach through literature review and media document analysis (2019–2025), the study explores how Islamic teachings can be applied to address these ecological challenges. The findings reveal three main points. First, Islamic environmental ethics highlight human responsibility as khalifah (stewards of the earth) to maintain mizan (balance) and pursue maṣlaḥah (public good), yet these values are not fully reflected in community practices, as land burning persists. Second, Islamic ecotheology has been promoted through fatwas, organizational movements, and eco-education programs, though its impact is limited without strong law enforcement and community participation. Third, integrating Islamic principles with Dayak local wisdom and collaborative governance enhances practical solutions for fire prevention and ecological stewardship. Overall, Islamic ecotheology offers both normative guidance and actionable frameworks, emphasizing the synergy of religion, culture, and policy in mitigating environmental crises in Central Kalimantan.
Through the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), a pledge was made to renew the commitment to sustainable development and to ensure the promotion of an economically, socially and environmentally sustainable future for our planet and for the present and future generations. Water access and conservation are categorised as SDGs by way of SDG 6, which involves a commitment to ensuring the availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. It is one of the most significant goals in terms of its potential impact on development outcomes. Since the state of access to water has been an obstacle for development in many parts of the world for a long period of time, and since there have been increasingly urgent warnings of a global water crisis, SDG 6 has the potential to fast-track the global water agenda by bringing these issues and potential solutions to the fore. The current SDGs are widely regarded as a global effort to recognise basic human rights and needs and to ensure the enjoyment of these needs. Thus, it is pertinent to understand the legal status of SDG 6 (and SDGs in general) within the international community. The fact that these goals are so widely accepted cannot be ignored and their impact is pivotal in awakening the global conscience with regard to key issues within human society and the ecology. The aim of this article is to determine the legal status of SDG 6 by examining the principles of international law and by making comparisons with certain international law instruments and policies related to water and freshwater law.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Mingming Yang, Daniel C. Schlatter, Melissa K. LeTourneau
et al.
Plants and their associated microbiomes are impacted by environmental factors that shape their interactions over time, but long-term trends in microbial community dynamics are not well characterized. We identified the seasonal and long-term population dynamics of root-associated bacterial communities over 8 years in monocropped wheat grown in adjacent dryland and irrigated plots in the low-precipitation region of Washington State. Spring wheat plants were sampled at various times during the growing season over 8 years, and rhizosphere and endosphere communities were characterized using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Analyses throughout the first 3 years revealed genera with distinct annual periodicity in response to growing season conditions. Bacterial richness and diversity were significantly greater in irrigated than in dryland wheat and in the rhizosphere than in the endosphere, apparently driven by the physiological state of the root and root exudates and/or by soil water. Over 8 years, copiotrophic Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes (Pseudomonas, Variovorax, Chryseobacterium) maintained stable populations, whereas Actinobacteria decreased in abundance independent of irrigation. Populations of some Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria (Mucilaginibacter, Sphingomonas, Massilia, Burkholderia) persisted or increased in relative abundance in the dryland rhizosphere, whereas others (Rhizobium, Acidovorax, Terrimonas, Hyphomicrobium, Bdellovibrio) increased under irrigation. In contrast, endosphere taxa, including Actinobacteria, declined in relative abundance regardless of irrigation, indicating that the maturing host, and not water, is the main driver of these populations. Our results provide insight into the long-term dynamics of bacterial communities of wheat under contrasting soil water conditions and guide future efforts to improve crop performance under drought conditions. [Figure: see text] The author(s) have dedicated the work to the public domain under the Creative Commons CC0 “No Rights Reserved” license by waiving all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law, 2025.
The weather around the world is changing. Its quality is deteriorating due to contamination from toxic substances, which may be in various forms such as gases and dust, which is called air pollution. This is a problem that the worldwide is concerned because it affects human health and causes serious diseases. The upper northern region of Thailand has been facing this problem for a long time, more than 2 decades. Therefore, this research aims to investigates the cause and find ways to solve the problem using qualitative research, physical and environmental survey techniques of the community, observation, in-depth interviews 34 key informants, data collection period from January to December 2024. The research results found that: the cause of the haze in Samoeng District is open burning and forest fires, which are caused by hunting and foraging forest products, which are the way of life of the people in this area. The factors that promote the severity of the haze problem are winds blowing across the border from other areas, climate change, and the basin. The short-term or urgent solution is, watering the roadsides to create a wet firebreak to prevent forest fires. The development of drones to better quality for extinguishing fires. The long-term solution is to strictly enforce the law against those who create sources of haze. The development of technology and modern tools can identify the source and amount of pollution. The last approach is to join in solving the haze problem at the regional and global level to benefit from technology transfer from countries with the potential to solve the problem.
In view of the multiple challenges faced by agriculture, agroforestry can promote multifunctional farming landscapes. While the law is a decisive factor for the adoption of agroforestry, it is not as yet comprehensively addressed in agroforestry and governance research. We operationalize Ostrom's social-ecological systems framework to analyze agri-environmental laws at EU, German federal and state level using doctrinal and non-doctrinal legal research methods. We show that current legal provisions disincentivize farmers to establish agroforestry systems and do not adequately address the benefits and risks of agroforestry systems for ecosystem functions and services and thus overall multifunctionality. We identify terminological misconceptions on the term ’agroforestry’, contradictions between subsidy law and command-and-control law, and a lack of tailored steering towards multifunctionality as major legal barriers to the promotion of agroforestry. Therefore, the example of agroforestry illustrates the challenge inherent in reconciling agricultural and environmental targets in agri-environmental law.
Abstract Background When we paint our houses or offices, we might paint plastic, because most paints are generally formulated with polymer binders. After drying and curing, the binders fix the colourants on the painted surface as a film of plastic mixture, which is tested herein using Raman imaging to analyse and directly visualise the hybrid plastic-colourant (titanium dioxide or TiO2 nanoparticles). Results For the plastic mixture or hybrid, the co-existence and competition between the Raman signals of plastic and TiO2 complicate the individual analysis, which should be carefully extracted and separated in order to avoid the weak signal of plastic to be masked by that of TiO2. This is particularly important when considering the Raman activity of TiO2 is much stronger than that of plastic. Plastic is observed to coat the TiO2 nanoparticle surface, individually or as a bulk to embed the TiO2 nanoparticles as mixture or hybrid. Once branched, pended, scratched or aged, the paint can also be peeled off from the painted surface, including gyprock, wood and glass, releasing microplastics and nanoplastics (coating onto the individual TiO2 nanoparticle surface or embedding the TiO2 nanoparticles, or individually as particles) in potential. Conclusions Our test sends us a warning that we are surrounded by plastic items that might release microplastics and nanoplastics in potential, for which the risk assessment is needed. Overall, Raman imaging is a suitable approach to effectively characterise microplastics and nanoplastics, even from the mixture with the hybrid background and the complicated interference. Graphical Abstract
This article aims to trace the recent judicial trajectories in the promotion and recognition of environmental migration. It will first show the general background in which the phenomenon is placed, thus underlying its main characteristics and problems. Subsequently, it will offer an overview of some noteworthy examples of the so-called “climate change litigation”. Indeed, notwithstanding the lack of binding instruments and the inapplicability or inadequacy of the existing legal instruments for the protection of environmental migrants, noteworthy examples of increasing awareness about the relationship between environmental degradation and human rights can be found in several cases decided by international human rights judicial or quasi-judicial bodies. In particular, two recent decisions of the United Nations Human Rights Committee (U.N.H.R.C.) will be assessed. The article will also assess the increasing sensibility of the European Court of Human Rights (E.Ct.H.R.) in deciding environmental cases through a human-rights-based approach. By moving from the supranational context to the national one, the paper will focus on two recent decisions adopted by the French Bordeaux Administrative Court and the Italian Court of Cassation. Indeed, they both represent relevant examples of the role played by national courts in broadening the interpretation and application of the existing instruments of protection for environmental migrants. The analysis of the mentioned decisions will then be framed in the wider context of the legal order of the European Union (E.U.), highlighting how E.U. instruments of secondary law at disposal do not appear adequate for guaranteeing a sort of protection for environmental migrants.
The environment is a gift from God and has very positive effects on human life; the concern for environmental protection has led to the formulation of a legal system called "Environmental Law", which itself proves the necessity of research on this vital issue. It does not have the cultural and ideological perceptions of human societies, but simply and clearly, the rules and foundations, elements, and goals of such a system can be found in religions, beliefs, and divine and human cultures, especially the comprehensive and universal religion of Islam. From all the verses, hadith, rules, and foundations of Islamic jurisprudence, it is possible to propose the presumption that in this divine religion, the environment is considered one of the values that can be protected, and any action against the environment is limited unless it considered as a nessasery action. This research, which has been done based on descriptive-analytical methods and based on library sources, led to the conclusion that from the point of view of Islamic jurisprudence, to prove the necessity of preserving the environment, in addition to numerous verses and narrations regarding the preservation of some environmental components such as Water, soil, air, animals and plants and the wisdom can be referred to several jurisprudential rules such as the Lazarar, Ehteram, Etlaf, Edalat, and the Zemaneyad. This research is trying to investigate the main issue based on these rules.
The environmental issue has become a global concern, predominantly due to environmental damage caused by human activities. This study aims to explore the concept of the environment in Islam and human responsibility as 'khalifah' (stewards) in maintaining ecological balance and sustainability. The article employs a qualitative method, focusing on literature studies involving Islamic sacred texts and secondary literature related to ecology, environmental law, and ethics in Islam. The study demonstrates that Islam teaches a mutualistic relationship between humans and the environment. Humans, as khalifah, bear significant responsibility in environmental management. Environmental protection is governed in Islamic teachings, encompassing environmental ethics, the concepts of taskhir (subjugation) and khalifah, as well as penalties for environmental offenders. The article emphasizes that environmental conservation is a collective responsibility that must be shouldered by all humans. A holistic approach grounded in Islamic values, integrating law, ethics, and environmental awareness, is essential to address current and future environmental issues.
Abstrak
Isu lingkungan hidup telah menjadi perhatian global, dengan kerusakan lingkungan yang dominan akibat aktivitas manusia. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi konsep lingkungan hidup dalam Islam dan tanggung jawab manusia sebagai 'khalifah' dalam menjaga keseimbangan dan kelestarian lingkungan. Artikel ini menggunakan metode kualitatif, berfokus pada studi literatur yang melibatkan teks-teks sakral Islam dan literatur sekunder terkait ekologi, hukum lingkungan, dan etika dalam Islam. Kajian ini menunjukkan bahwa Islam mengajarkan hubungan mutualistik antara manusia dan lingkungan. Manusia, sebagai khalifah, memiliki tanggung jawab besar dalam pengelolaan lingkungan. Perlindungan lingkungan diatur dalam ajaran Islam, yang mencakup etika lingkungan, konsep taskhir dan khalifah, serta hukuman bagi pelaku kerusakan lingkungan. Artikel ini menekankan bahwa pelestarian lingkungan hidup adalah tanggung jawab bersama yang harus diemban oleh semua manusia. Pendekatan holistik yang berlandaskan pada nilai-nilai Islam serta mengitegrasikan hukum, etika, dan kesadaran lingkungan diperlukan untuk mengatasi masalah lingkungan saat ini dan masa depan.
In this study, the hygrothermal aging behavior of E-glass fiber/epoxy composites was investigated. The moisture absorption data and diffusivity of the composite laminates were determined by conducting five sets of aging tests at different temperatures and humidities. Based on the Shen and Springer model and the Arrhenius model, a relationship model between environmental parameters and moisture absorption behavior was proposed, which was verified by experimental data and Fick’s law. The Rajaram empirical model was used to predict the aging strength of composite laminates as a function of moisture content. Under the condition of ultimate moisture absorption, the tensile, compression, and bending strengths of the laminate decreased by 24.126%, 11.148%, and 24.942%, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy observations showed that swelling cracks and fiber/matrix interface debonding caused by moisture absorption of the resin matrix are the key factors affecting the macroscopic properties of the composites.
The earthquake, tsunami, and liquefaction disaster in Palu City resulted in significant casualties, environmental damage, property losses, and psychological impacts, with satellite data from the International Disaster Charter reporting 2,403 damaged buildings and approximately 70,000 residents displaced. Given Palu City's high earthquake risk in Central Sulawesi, sustainable development principles are essential for environmental preservation and development. This concept was first introduced in 1987 by the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) in its report, *Our Common Future*, which emphasizes meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to do the same. In response to the disaster, the Regional Government initiated policies aimed at restoring both physical infrastructure and social conditions. This study aims to assess whether these post-disaster policies align with sustainable development principles. Employing a descriptive-analytical methodology, this research not only collects and compiles primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials but also analyzes them in relation to legal theories and the implementation of positive law relevant to the research subject, utilizing an approach that examines various international legal instruments and historical contexts to understand the evolving philosophy underpinning the rule of law.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
There is a need to study the evolutionary laws of the risks in the navigation environments of complex marine areas. This can promote shipping safety using an early-warning system. The present study determines shipping flows and meteorological conditions in a marine area on the basis of meteorological and automatic identification system (AIS) data. It also determines the uncertainty evolution law of the navigation environment’s influencing factors. Moreover, a navigation risk evolution system for ships in complex marine areas was developed. A case study was carried out in a coastal area of China on the basis of the determined evolutionary laws. Evolution in the navigational environment risk within the case study area was analyzed. The results showed that the hydrometeorology wind factor has the greatest impact on the risk of ship collisions. This work was not only able to show advances in navigational collision environmental evolution laws but also provides a theoretical reference for the evaluation and early warning of risks in shipping environments.
Es conocido que los casos de responsabilidad extracontractual del Estado son muy complejos y merecen mucha reflexión. Además, es incorrecto pensar que esta institución constituye un seguro universal para todos los casos. El ordenamiento jurídico incluye obligaciones de las Administraciones Públicas para con los ciudadanos entre las cuales está la de respetar y hacer respetar sus derechos. Estas obligaciones, deben ser cumplidas a cabalidad, con eficiencia, calidad, en el tiempo oportuno. Si esto no es así, y, por ejemplo, hay una falta o deficiente prestación de un servicio público o una acción u omisión de un funcionario público, que cause un daño a una persona y que esta no tenía la obligación de soportar, la Administración Pública está en el deber de reparar a la víctima. La ley establece un procedimiento a seguir para reclamar esta reparación y los requisitos para hacerlo, los cuales son analizados en el presente trabajo.
Environmental sciences, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Africa remains the most affected by environmental degradation, thereby exacerbating the negative effect of climate change in the region. Little empirical credence has been leaned to the institution-environmental sustainability relationship in Africa. This omission in the literature of environmental sustainability is abysmal, considering the role of institutions and government in ecological preservation. To inform policy and research on the subject matter, we estimated a unbalanced panel data of the indices of good governance and strong institutions to explain transformation to environmental sustainability using the dynamic system generalised method of moment estimator from 1996 through 2017. Findings suggested a positive relationship between the rule of law and regulatory quality and transformation to environmental sustainability. An inverse relationship between government effectiveness and environmental sustainability was established. We recommended concerted effort at an institutional level such that policy and punishment for violation of greenhouse strategies will be optimum.