Hasil untuk "Environmental Science"

M. Sivapalan, H. Savenije, G. Blöschl

B. Pijanowski, Luis J. Villanueva-Rivera, Sarah L. Dumyahn et al.

A. Garner, J. Shonkoff, B. Siegel et al.

Advances in a wide range of biological, behavioral, and social sciences are expanding our understanding of how early environmental influences (the ecology) and genetic predispositions (the biologic program) affect learning capacities, adaptive behaviors, lifelong physical and mental health, and adult productivity. A supporting technical report from the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) presents an integrated ecobiodevelopmental framework to assist in translating these dramatic advances in developmental science into improved health across the life span. Pediatricians are now armed with new information about the adverse effects of toxic stress on brain development, as well as a deeper understanding of the early life origins of many adult diseases. As trusted authorities in child health and development, pediatric providers must now complement the early identification of developmental concerns with a greater focus on those interventions and community investments that reduce external threats to healthy brain growth. To this end, AAP endorses a developing leadership role for the entire pediatric community—one that mobilizes the scientific expertise of both basic and clinical researchers, the family-centered care of the pediatric medical home, and the public influence of AAP and its state chapters—to catalyze fundamental change in early childhood policy and services. AAP is committed to leveraging science to inform the development of innovative strategies to reduce the precipitants of toxic stress in young children and to mitigate their negative effects on the course of development and health across the life span.

J. Craigie

C. Raymond, I. Fazey, M. Reed et al.

Y. Ju-Nam, J. Lead

S. Shokralla, Jennifer L. Spall, J. Gibson et al.

P. Groffman, J. Baron, T. Blett et al.

R. Noyori

Lennart Olsson, Anne Jerneck, H. Thorén et al.

Pluralism drawing on core social scientific concepts would facilitate integrated sustainability research. Resilience is often promoted as a boundary concept to integrate the social and natural dimensions of sustainability. However, it is a troubled dialogue from which social scientists may feel detached. To explain this, we first scrutinize the meanings, attributes, and uses of resilience in ecology and elsewhere to construct a typology of definitions. Second, we analyze core concepts and principles in resilience theory that cause disciplinary tensions between the social and natural sciences (system ontology, system boundary, equilibria and thresholds, feedback mechanisms, self-organization, and function). Third, we provide empirical evidence of the asymmetry in the use of resilience theory in ecology and environmental sciences compared to five relevant social science disciplines. Fourth, we contrast the unification ambition in resilience theory with methodological pluralism. Throughout, we develop the argument that incommensurability and unification constrain the interdisciplinary dialogue, whereas pluralism drawing on core social scientific concepts would better facilitate integrated sustainability research.

John Lloyd V Manangan, Justin N Maceda, Junel E Omandam et al.

Mountain ranges host diverse species, particularly in biodiversity hotspots such as the Philippines, where habitat degradation threatens many taxa, including the insect order Odonata. This study assessed the diversity and distribution of dragonflies and damselflies in Kalagonoy and Lunotan, Jamboree Site, Mt. Balatukan Range Natural Park (MBRNP), Misamis Oriental, Mindanao, using opportunistic sampling across different vegetation types in October and December 2024. We recorded 363 individuals representing 42 species, 11 families, and 26 genera, with a high endemism rate of 62% (26 species). The most abundant species was the greater Mindanao gossamerwing Euphaea amphicyana Ris, 1930 (n = 44). Eight endemic species were classified as species of conservation concern, including three Near Threatened, four Vulnerable, and one Endangered ( Risiocnemis moroensis Hämäläinen 1991). Biodiversity indices were highest in mixed agroforest sites, while species composition differed markedly between forested and agricultural areas. Multivariate and correlation analyses suggested that endemic species were closely associated with cool, humid forest habitats, whereas widespread Asian species were linked to agricultural areas with open canopies, warmer conditions, and reduced humidity. The dependence of endemic and threatened Odonata on intact forests underscores the need for strengthened conservation strategies in protected areas, including species-specific habitat protection and ecological restoration. These findings highlight the importance of maintaining forest cover, particularly in high-elevation and buffer zones, while promoting sustainable agroforestry and restoring degraded habitats to enhance habitat connectivity and conservation outcomes.

F. E. Kemgang Ghomsi, F. E. Kemgang Ghomsi, F. E. Kemgang Ghomsi et al.

This study provides an in-depth evaluation of sea level rise (SLR) and its varied effects across the coastal regions of southern Africa. Utilizing data collected between 1993 and 2022, we analyze SLR patterns alongside land subsidence phenomena, based on observations from 10 strategically located tide gauges and X-TRACK satellite altimetry datasets. To ensure greater accuracy, the Coastal Altimetry Approach was adopted to refine nearshore measurements. Findings indicate that in areas such as Cape Town, sea-level rise rates reach around 6.3 mm/year, which is nearly twice the current global average of 3.3 mm/year. The interaction between rapid sea-level rise and subsidence rates surpassing 2.2 mm/year presents significant threats to coastal communities, critical infrastructure, and natural ecosystems. Moreover, the study highlights how seismic activity contributes to coastal dynamics, illustrating the role of earthquake-induced subsidence in magnifying the impacts of SLR. By incorporating seismic factors into the analysis, a more comprehensive understanding of the interplay between natural and human-induced drivers of sea-level variability is achieved. Additionally, the study examines the broader effects of SLR on Africa’s culturally and historically important coastal heritage sites, emphasizing the urgent need for proactive coastal management and climate adaptation efforts.

Dongyu Cui, Yike Kang, Beidou Xi et al.

Organic pollutants remain a persistent threat to ecosystems and human health. In soils, humification gradually converts these compounds into stable humic substances and attenuates their toxicity, but the transformation can take decades—far too slow to match current pollution loads. In this Perspective, we argue that mature compost offers a pragmatic means to accelerate this process: it delivers partially humified intermediates that can “seed” soil humification and shorten its timescale from decades to seasons. Spectroscopic evidence shows that compost-derived humus is enriched in aromatic backbones and reactive functional groups (–COOH, –OH) that both catalyze further condensation of organic matter and immobilise pollutants through π–π stacking, hydrogen bonding and covalent coupling. By merging these catalytic and sorptive functions, compost amendments provide a scalable, low-cost route to the long-term stabilization of organic contaminants. We outline the key mechanistic questions that now need resolution—particularly the reactivity of specific intermediates in situ—to guide field trials and unlock the full potential of compost-driven accelerated humification as an environmental remediation platform.

Xinyue Hu, Haitao Han, Shanshan Wang et al.

Copper (Cu) is an essential trace element for plankton, but excessive amounts can be toxic and threaten the ecosystems and human health. However, the determination of low concentration labile Cu (CuLabile) in complex water environments remains a huge challenge. In this work, a gold microelectrode (μ-GE) with high sensitivity and anti-fouling capability was fabricated based on a double-layer membrane framework consisting of ion-exchange polymer (Nafion) and agarose gel (LGL). The Nafion stabilized on the surface of μ-GE not only enhanced the voltammetric response significantly through its specific cation-exchange ability with Cu2+, but also improved the chemical and mechanical stability. In addition, the LGL formed an another efficient anti-fouling membrane which could prevent the contamination of electrode by microorganisms, particulate matters, etc. Benefiting from the synergistic effects of the double-layer membrane framework, the so-designed LGL/Nafion functionalized μ-GE (LGL/Nafion/μ-GE) exhibited excellent detection performance for Cu, as well as anti-biofouling capability. Two linear ranges (0.5–10 nM and 10–1000 nM) were achieved for Cu2+, with a detection limit of 0.043 nM in NaCl solution with a salinity of 30 ‰. The LGL/Nafion/μ-GE was successfully applied for the determination of CuLabile in complex environmental water samples including natural seawater and artificial algae culture medium. Furthermore, the real-time changes of CuLabile in culture medium of Synechococcus sp.PCC 7002 was obtained successfully with the LGL/Nafion/μ-GE via in situ continuous monitoring.

Tiejun Xie, Hui Gao, Ting Ding et al.

Abstract It was found that the Central-eastern China’s summer extreme heat (CECSH) has a decadal variability with a cycle of about 70 years and is significantly positively correlated with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) core area sea surface temperature (SST; AMOCORE) and the tropical western Pacific SST (WPSST) in boreal summer. Diagnostic analyses such as synergistic diagnostic and linear baroclinic model (LBM) experiments show that the warm AMOCORE and WPSST in boreal summer can generate the localized heat dome (HD) over Mongolia to northeast China by exciting local convection and subsequent propagation, respectively, which in turn directly influences the CECSH decadal variability through compression of the atmosphere and temperature transport. The empirical models of the CECSH decadal variability were constructed based on the AMOCORE or the WPSST separately and synergistically considering both, and the empirical model considering the synergistic effects of the AMOCORE and the WPSST had better simulation capability.

A. Moullet, D. Burgarella, T. Kataria et al.

The PRobe far-Infrared Mission for Astrophysics (PRIMA) mission concept is a proposed mission to NASA's Astrophysics Probe Explorer (APEX) call. The concept features a cryogenically cooled 1.8 m diameter telescope, and is designed to carry two science instruments covering the 24 to 264 $μ$m wavelength range: an imaging polarimeter (PRIMAger) and a spectrometer (FIRESS). The majority of PRIMA's time (75%) will be open to observations proposed by the community (General Observer science / GO), and all of data will be publicly available for archival research (Guest Investigator science / GI). Following up on the successful community engagement created by the first volume of the GO PRIMA Science Book (arXiv:2310.20572), Volume 2 gathers 120 new and updated contributed science cases which could be performed within the context of the PRIMA GO/GI program. This volume reflects the strong development of the community interest, awareness and involvement in PRIMA, and further develops how PRIMA's unprecedented capabilities can be leveraged for an impactful and innovative GO/GI program covering most areas of astrophysics and over 90% of the scientific questions and discovery areas in the Astro2020 decadal survey.

Jing Guo, Nan Li, Ming Xu

Generative AI holds significant potential for ecological and environmental applications such as monitoring, data analysis, education, and policy support. However, its effectiveness is limited by the lack of a unified evaluation framework. To address this, we present the Environmental Large Language model Evaluation (ELLE) question answer (QA) dataset, the first benchmark designed to assess large language models and their applications in ecological and environmental sciences. The ELLE dataset includes 1,130 question answer pairs across 16 environmental topics, categorized by domain, difficulty, and type. This comprehensive dataset standardizes performance assessments in these fields, enabling consistent and objective comparisons of generative AI performance. By providing a dedicated evaluation tool, ELLE dataset promotes the development and application of generative AI technologies for sustainable environmental outcomes. The dataset and code are available at https://elle.ceeai.net/ and https://github.com/CEEAI/elle.

Chen Bin, Ge Liu

The turbulence characteristics of the oil pulsation flow may be influenced by the concentration of particles. In this research, an NI PXI data acquisition system is utilized to experimentally analyze the flow pressure signal of the oil pulsation containing various concentrations of particles. To decompose the signal of the oil pressure, a wavelet basis function called sym8 was selected, and a 4-layer decomposition was performed. In this way, the wavelet coefficients of each node can be obtained. By utilizing wavelet packet decomposition, we investigated the impact of varying concentrations of particles on the energy distribution and values of the signal of the oil pressure. The findings indicate that the first three nodes of the signal of the oil pressure, regardless of the concentration of particles, play a significant influence on the signal of the oil pressure frequency band. The Euclidean distance between these nodes ranges from 0.6723 to 1.9786, showing considerable variability. As the concentration of particles increases, the Euclidean distance between these nodes decreases. Moreover, the primary frequency corresponding to nodes with even sequence numbers gradually decreases with increasing concentration of particles, while nodes with odd sequence numbers experience an opposite trend of gradual increase. Additionally, the primary frequency of the signal of the oil pressure gradually decreases with increasing the concentration of particles.

Lei Xu, Lei Xu, Lei Xu et al.

Grasping the genetic structure of marine fish populations is vital for comprehending species connectivity patterns and determining the appropriate spatiotemporal scales for conservation management strategies. Here, we analyzed the population genetics of the Orangefin Ponyfish (Photopectoralis bindus Valenciennes, 1835) by examining a portion of the gene coding for the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I. The aim was to evaluate the haplotype pattern, genetic structure, demographic history, as well as the influence of ecological connectivity through the Qiongzhou Strait on the distribution patterns of this species in the northern South China Sea and the Beibu Gulf. In total, 257 specimens yielded only 13 haplotypes, with the predominant haplotype present at all sampling locations. The analysis revealed a “star-like” haplotype pattern, indicating low levels of both haplotype and nucleotide diversity. Additionally, a small but significant genetic structure was observed between the coastal regions flanking the Leizhou Peninsula. These patterns in the haplotype network and genetic structure may be significantly influenced by contemporary currents, particularly through the connectivity of the Qiongzhou Strait. Tajima’s D and Fu’s Fs demonstrated pronouncedly negative values, along with a unimodal mismatch distribution, suggested a recent demographic expansion of Photopectoralis bindus during the late Pleistocene, likely influenced by fluctuations in sea levels.

Aweke A. Mitku, Temesgen Zewotir, Delia North et al.

Abstract Background Air pollution and several prenatal factors, such as socio-demographic, behavioural, physical activity and clinical factors influence adverse birth outcomes. The study aimed to investigate the impact of ambient air pollution exposure during pregnancy adjusting prenatal risk factors on adverse birth outcomes among pregnant women in MACE birth cohort. Methods Data for the study was obtained from the Mother and Child in the Environment (MACE) birth cohort study in Durban, South Africa from 2013 to 2017. Land use regression models were used to determine household level prenatal exposure to PM2.5, SO2 and NOx. Six hundred and fifty-six births of pregnant females were selected from public sector antenatal clinics in low socio-economic neighbourhoods. We employed a Generalised Structural Equation Model with a complementary log–log-link specification. Results After adjustment for potential prenatal factors, the results indicated that exposure to PM2.5 was found to have both significant direct and indirect effects on the risk of all adverse birth outcomes. Similarly, an increased level of maternal exposure to SO2 during pregnancy was associated with an increased probability of being small for gestational age. Moreover, preterm birth act a mediating role in the relationship of exposure to PM2.5, and SO2 with low birthweight and SGA. Conclusions Prenatal exposure to PM2.5 and SO2 pollution adversely affected birth outcomes after controlling for other prenatal risk factors. This suggests that local government officials have a responsibility for better control of air pollution and health care providers need to advise pregnant females about the risks of air pollution during pregnancy.