Forest dependency and diversity of Odonata (Arthropoda: Insecta) in Mt. Balatukan Range Natural Park, Philippines

Mountain ranges host diverse species, particularly in biodiversity hotspots such as the Philippines, where habitat degradation threatens many taxa, including the insect order Odonata. This study assessed the diversity and distribution of dragonflies and damselflies in Kalagonoy and Lunotan, Jamboree Site, Mt. Balatukan Range Natural Park (MBRNP), Misamis Oriental, Mindanao, using opportunistic sampling across different vegetation types in October and December 2024. We recorded 363 individuals representing 42 species, 11 families, and 26 genera, with a high endemism rate of 62% (26 species). The most abundant species was the greater Mindanao gossamerwing Euphaea amphicyana Ris, 1930 (n = 44). Eight endemic species were classified as species of conservation concern, including three Near Threatened, four Vulnerable, and one Endangered ( Risiocnemis moroensis Hämäläinen 1991). Biodiversity indices were highest in mixed agroforest sites, while species composition differed markedly between forested and agricultural areas. Multivariate and correlation analyses suggested that endemic species were closely associated with cool, humid forest habitats, whereas widespread Asian species were linked to agricultural areas with open canopies, warmer conditions, and reduced humidity. The dependence of endemic and threatened Odonata on intact forests underscores the need for strengthened conservation strategies in protected areas, including species-specific habitat protection and ecological restoration. These findings highlight the importance of maintaining forest cover, particularly in high-elevation and buffer zones, while promoting sustainable agroforestry and restoring degraded habitats to enhance habitat connectivity and conservation outcomes.