Hasil untuk "Crisis management. Emergency management. Inflation"

E. Quarantelli

S. Çakmakcı Karakaya, C.I. Yavuz

Aluminum phosphide (AlP) is a common pesticide known for extremely negative environmental, health, and work-related outcomes. Its high availability and easy accessibility have led it to become the chosen method of suicide in many low- and middle-income countries. When AlP reacts with moisture or water, it releases phosphine gas, which is quickly absorbed by the body and leads to severe toxic effects, even death. Occupational and environmental health risks are particularly high in cases of large-scale fumigation or accidental exposure. In Türkiye, two people, one of whom was a child, died due to AlP accidents that affected workplaces and the environment and caused hospitalizations in 2023. In 2024, further suspected cases have been reported, highlighting the ongoing risk. First responders, particularly emergency department team, paramedics, and firefighters, are at significant risk of exposure when managing these cases. The lack of awareness and appropriate protective measures during initial intervention can lead to secondary exposure, worsening the crisis. Medical staff taking care of victims are also at risk of being exposed, further emphasizing the need for stringent safety precautions. Besides, this pollution might cause irreversible damage to soil and water. Thus, this review provides insight into the physical and chemical properties, mechanism of toxicity, current treatment modalities, health–environmental effects, and preventive measures. Given its high toxicity and frequent usage, increased awareness and preparedness among first responders and healthcare professionals are essential. This is a lesson in practice for better safety protocols and emergency response to mitigate health hazards and environmental impacts.

Андрей Николаевич Камлюк

Цель. Теоретически оценить влияние основных факторов, влияющих на кратность, дисперсность и устойчивость воздушно-механической пены, получаемой в устройствах для пожаротушения. Методы. В процессе исследований применялись теоретические и эмпирические методы анализа. Результаты. В результате анализа теоретических и экспериментальных данных по исследованию пен выявлены основные факторы, влияющие на численные значения их кратности, дисперсности и устойчивости. Установлено, что кратность, дисперсность и устойчивость таких пен существенно зависят от способа генерирования, геометрических характеристик устройств, скорости подаваемого раствора пенообразователя и его физико-механических свойств. Область применения исследований. Результаты анализа могут быть применены при разработке пеногенерирующих устройств, а также для определения оптимальных режимов их работы.

Igor A. Goncharenko, Aleksandr V. Il'yushonok, Marian Marciniak et al.

Цель. Оптимизация параметров волноводных микрокольцевых резонаторов для достижения максимальной чувствительности оптических детекторов ионизирующего излучения. Методы. Методы численного моделирования распределения полей и определения эффективного показателя преломления мод изогнутых щелевых волноводов, алгоритмы расчета на основе метода линий. Результаты. Представлена структура и принципы работы оптического детектора ионизирующего излучения. Чувствительный элемент детектора представляет собой микрокольцевой резонатор на основе щелевых волноводов, заполненных гиперсвязанным фторполимером. Проведена оптимизация параметров щелевого волновода для получения максимальной чувствительности детектора. Показано, что чувствительность детектора на основе микрокольцевого резонатора из волновода с двумя щелями с оптимальными параметрами и радиусом резонатора 67,8 мкм достигает 103,5 мкА/кГр при измерительном диапазоне 85 кГр и разрешении 0,2 Гр. Область применения исследований. Результаты обзора и анализа сведений о методах измерения поглощенной дозы ионизирующего излучения могут послужить базой для создания эффективных дозиметров с высокой чувствительностью на основе оптических волноводных кольцевых резонаторов.

Yufeng Quan, Wan Zhang, Jazmine Aiya D. Marquez et al.

The increasing demand for flame-retardant polymeric materials in industrial applications has stimulated significant interest in sustainable fire protection strategies. Most polymers are intrinsically flammable, posing serious fire risks during use and processing. While conventional flame retardants, including halogenated compounds, phosphorus-based additives, metal hydroxides, and silicon-containing materials, have been widely used, growing environmental and health concerns necessitate the development of greener alternatives. Biomass-based flame retardants have emerged as promising candidates due to their renewability, inherent carbon-forming ability, and compatibility with polymer matrices. This review specifically focuses on starch, chitosan, and phytic acid because of their abundance, cost-effectiveness, and well-documented flame-retardant mechanisms. The evaluation methods for polymer flame retardancy, including thermal stability and flammability tests, as well as techniques for analyzing both gaseous and condensed-phase mechanisms, are systematically discussed. Furthermore, the latest advances in starch, chitosan, and phytic acid-based flame retardants are reviewed from the perspective of combination strategies and chemical modifications. The discussion highlights their synthesis, structural modifications, and processing techniques, along with their integration into polymeric matrices and the resulting flame-retardant performance. The review aims to provide a comprehensive foundation for the rational design of efficient, biomass-based flame-retardant systems with potential scalability for industrial applications.

Michael Joseph Hosken, Sharon L. O'Sullivan

Purpose – The a priori identification and development of army personnel competencies are necessary to enable effective and efficient responses to rapidly changing climate conditions. Accordingly, this study aims to identify the performance requirements of a military flood responder and the competencies (knowledge, skills and abilities) required to perform it. Design/methodology/approach – Using an abductive approach, the authors conducted both secondary and primary research to generate a validated framework of performance criteria and competencies for army personnel responding to floods. This literature review integrated both the peer-reviewed academic literature and public sector grey literature. Using the critical incident technique, the authors then conducted semi-structured interviews with 15 members of the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) who had previously been tasked with flood response operations. Participants were asked about the tasks required while conducting flood response operations. Interview transcripts were then content analysed to identify themes regarding those tasks, and the competencies needed to perform those tasks were then extracted and contrasted with the literature review findings. Inter-rater reliability for the analysis was established via iterative discussion between the two co-authors. Findings – The primary data reinforced and expanded the list of performance expectations that the authors deductively identified from the integrated literature review, adding granularity to each. It also identified competencies (including both hard and soft skills) and highlighted previously neglected contextual antecedents of military flood response effectiveness. Research limitations/implications – though knowledge saturation was achieved from the 15 interviews conducted, further research with larger samples could more deeply ground the evidence discovered in this study. Nevertheless, the competencies identified in this paper could serve as a starting guide to staffing and/or training interventions targeted at improving these competencies for personnel responding to flood scenarios. Practical implications – The theoretical findings also have immediate practical relevance to training for flood response operations. In particular, the subtle challenges in competency crossover from military operations to flood response operations may facilitate not only more efficient, targeted training (that could improve the effectiveness of army personnel involved in humanitarian roles), but could be applied to the selection of army personnel as well. This study may also help provincial/municipal operators and emergency planners by better communicating the strengths and limitations of army personnel in addressing civilian military cooperation for humanitarian operations. Thus, the findings of this research study represent an important first step in prompting attention to the strategic human resource planning studies required to make all responders more efficient and effective in their respective division of labour within the humanitarian domain. Social implications – Peering a little beyond these research findings, human-induced climate change is expected to continue increasing the frequency of such events (IPCC, 2021), and a timely, national force is likely to be increasingly required for Canadians impacted by major disasters stemming from natural hazards when local resources become overwhelmed. Yet, there is some concern from the CAF that increasing responsiveness to disaster operations will affect their military readiness (Leuprecht and Kasurak, 2020). One can indeed envision a paradox whereby the CAF is both a “force of last resort” while increasingly becoming a “first choice for domestic disaster and emergency assistance”. The practical implications from this research also suggest that military personnel, while fully capable of successfully conducting flood response operations, may become overburdened and less able to adopt yet greater capacity and training for other additional humanitarian work. Nevertheless, the competencies highlighted by participants can help inform the next flood response operation in Canada. Originality/value – Most literature in the field of emergency response focuses on cooperation between civilian and military resources and other strategic-level themes. The findings address critical granularity missing at the operational and tactical levels of humanitarian assistance and disaster relief research. The authors also draw implications beyond the military context, including for local/regional governmental players (operators and emergency planners) as well as for volunteers in flood response roles.

A. Zhelyazkova, M. Bonigut, Eva Jansen

Fatemeh Zaheri, alireza abdi, Mahmoud Rahmati

Telephone Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (T-CPR), administered by Emergency Medical Dispatchers (EMDs) to bystanders at the scene of an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), faces significant challenges. These challenges arise when collaboration for CPR is difficult due to the bystander’s condition or when the patient’s condition is not visible. Limited research exists on T-CPR, which is why our study aims to explore the experiences of Kermanshah EMDs in providing T-CPR. This descriptive phenomenological (because there is lack of information and study about this subject in Iran and importance of a deep understanding to examine different aspect of the subject) study was conducted with 12 EMDs from a total of 20 in Kermanshah EMDs. Data were collected through in-depth, semi-structured interviews with participants selected via purposive sampling. The study was qualitative and the questionnaire was not validated. Interviews consisted of both open-ended and probing questions. This research was carried out in 2020–2021. Data were analyzed thematically using Collizi’s seven-step. Analysis of the 12 interviews conducted with dispatchers who had an average age of 28.33 years and 2.33 years of work experience resulted in the identification of 456 codes. These codes were categorized into three main themes: (1) “Perceived Nursing Care in T-CPR,” which includes sub-themes such as Ethical and Emotional Management in Care, Empathetic Care, Crisis Management and Stress Control; (2) “Professional Abilities of EMDs,” which includes sub-themes like Perceived Professional Skills and Satisfaction from Successful Performance; and (3) “Cultural Necessities Related to Telephone Resuscitation,” with sub-themes such as Challenges of Training, Communication Barriers and the Need for Public Education and Cultural Change. Participants reported that T-CPR is often unsuccessful due to factors such as non-collaboration from bystanders or improper execution, stemming from low education levels, cultural barriers and a general lack of public awareness about emergency procedures. Successful T-CPR requires dispatchers to skillfully communicate with anxious bystanders and correct misconceptions that CPR may worsen the patient’s condition. Additionally, fluency in various accents, improving public education, and implementing effective stress management strategies are essential for improving outcomes. Addressing these issues through better education and cultural change is vital for enhancing T-CPR effectiveness.

E. Rosenbloom, Oren Feldman, Ron Jacob et al.

BACKGROUND In 2020, the scientific council of the Israeli Medical Association approved a National Simulation Program (NSP) for Pediatric Emergency Medicine (PEM) fellows as a mandatory component of their training curriculum. The study aimed to outline the NSP's development, its components, and assess PEM fellows' self-reported perception of knowledge and confidence acquisition following participation. METHODS The NSP comprised 9 simulation days over 2.5 years, covering various PEM emergencies with 34 novel scenarios and 4 technical skill stations. After each session, PEM fellows completed a self-assessment using a 5-point Likert scale to evaluate the NSP's impact on their knowledge and confidence in managing complex PEM scenarios. RESULTS From July 2020 to February 2023, 197 participants attended 9 simulation days, representing 59 PEM fellows from all 14 different PEM departments across Israel offering PEM fellowship programs. PEM fellows rated the NSP's contribution to improving abilities and confidence in leading resuscitation teams according to Crisis Resource Management (CRM) principles with an average of 4.7/5 (±0.7) and 3.9/5 (±0.6), respectively, on a 5-point Likert scale. They also rated NSP's contribution to improving clinical knowledge and scenario management abilities with averages of 4.8/5 (±0.5) and 4.7/5 (±0.6), respectively. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that it is possible to successfully establish and implement an NSP in Israel. Our findings indicate that the NSP enhances PEM fellow's perception of knowledge and confidence in managing complex PEM conditions. The NSP is deemed valuable for training PEM fellows in Israel.

Zhiming Wang, Jiangnan Peng, Xinzhi Liu et al.

The study of the distribution pattern of fire risk in ancient buildings can provide a starting point for emergency measures to be taken in case of possible fires. Based on the fire characteristics, system complexity, and geographic information attributes of large palace ancient building complexes, this paper adopts a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method combining fuzzy mathematics and analytic hierarchy process to construct a fire risk evaluation system for ancient buildings, which includes six criteria and 28 indicators such as the value index, and the fire likelihood. For the evaluation method of this system, the expert scoring and Analytic Hierarchy Process are used to determine the weights of various indicators. Then, the multiple rounds of expert analysis with a review of relative literature, the membership degree of each indicator is analyzed one-by-one, and the final risk model, and risk factor are determined. By combining MHMapGIS technology, this comprehensive evaluation method was applied as an example to the Imperial Palace (large Ming and Qing ancient architectural buildings) in Beijing (China) for grid and visual analysis, and the rationality of the results were verified. The evaluation results can intuitively and reasonably show the distribution of fire risk, indicating that the constructed evaluation system and its model method display a certain of feasibility.

Алексей Петрович Ясюкевич, Виктор Алексеевич Бирюк, Владислав Викторович Кислицкий

Цель. Исследование некоторых видов промышленных пылей растительного и животного происхождения для оценки их потенциальной пожаровзрывоопасности. Методы. Для достижения поставленной цели были использованы современные методы экспериментальных исследований, включающие лазерный анализ размеров частиц, сканирующую электронную микроскопию с системой химического анализа, ИК-Фурье-спектроскопию. Результаты. Выполнен обзор состояния проблемы в области обеспечения пожарной безопасности на предприятиях с пылеобразующими производствами как в нашей стране, так и за рубежом. Приведены результаты экспериментальных исследований гранулометрического состава, формы и размеров частиц, микроструктуры, элементного и качественного состава пылевидных материалов пищевых производств, позволяющие дать предварительную оценку их пожаровзрывоопасности. Область применения исследований. Пожарная безопасность технологических процессов, в которых обращаются, выделяются, хранятся или перерабатываются пылевидные вещества и материалы.

David Guernsey, Elina Slobod, M. Silver et al.

Background Pediatric mental health visits in the United States has become a public health crisis. Pediatric emergency departments (PED) encounter these patients during mental health emergencies. The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the social environment of pediatric patients which potentially lead to new and worsening mental health issues. This study examined the proportion of mental health visits to PED around the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods This retrospective cohort study assessed the proportion of mental health visits at a urban, PED between September 2019 to February 2022. Inclusion criteria were subjects aged 6 to 18 years with a holding order assigned, and one of identified mental health International Classification of Disease, Tenth Division (ICD-10) codes: F01-F99, T14.19, R45, R46.89. Proportion of mental health visits were compared in 6-month periods with the first 6-months representing the pre-COVID-19 period. Secondary analysis compared demographic information and ICD-10 codes. Results A total of 1036 charts were studied: 126 charts from 2019 to 2020, 512 from 2020 to 2021, and 398 from 2021 to 2022. The proportion of mental health visits from September 2019 to February 2020 was 1.4%, and for the following 6-month periods, the proportion of mental health visits was 1.2%, 7.5%, 4.9%, and 5.7%. There was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001) demonstrating a higher proportion of mental health visits after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Secondary analysis demonstrated statistically significant difference in both median age (p < 0.001) and median length of hospitalization (p < 0.001). Conclusion This study demonstrated a significant increase in pediatric mental health visits following the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. We believe further investigation into the needs and management during acute surges will improve the care we provide to this vulnerable population.

Lingxiao He, Hong Ren, Fengjiao Chen et al.

Abstract Aims The aim of this study is to investigate the situation and perceptions of nursing directors about emergency nursing staff deployment in designated hospitals during the pandemic of COVID‐19 in mainland China. Background The pandemic of COVID‐19 has significantly depleted health care resources, leading to increased burden of nursing care and staffing and exacerbating the crisis in health care facilities. Currently, how to effectively plan and schedule nursing staffing in the pandemic still remains unknown. Methods From 14 July 2020 to 8 September 2020, 62 nursing directors of designated hospitals in mainland China were invited to participate in a cross‐sectional online survey for their perceptions of nursing human‐resource allocation during the pandemic of COVID‐19. Results A total of 55 valid questionnaires were collected, showing that 96.36% of the hospitals had emergency nursing organizations and management systems during the pandemic, 96.36% had well‐established scheduling principles for nursing human resources and 54.55% of hospitals had human‐resource scheduling platforms. All the hospitals had trained emergency nursing staff in infection control (55, 100%), work process (51, 92.73%) and emergency skills (50, 90.91%). Most of the participants were satisfied with the nursing staffing deployments at their institutions (52, 94.55%). However, more than two thirds of them believed that their human‐resource deployment plans need further improvements (39, 70.91%). Conclusions Most of the designated hospitals investigated had established emergency nursing organizations, and management systems, and related regulations for the epidemic. However, the contents mentioned above still need to be further standardized. Implications for nursing management The surge of patients in the epidemic was considerable challenge for the emergency capacity of hospitals. In the future, we should pay more attention to the following aspects: building emergency nursing staffing platforms, increasing emergency human‐resource reserves, establishing reliable communication channels for emergency response teams, improving the rules and regulations of emergency human‐resource management, offering more training and drills for emergency‐related knowledge and skills and giving more focus on bio‐psycho‐social wellbeing of nurses.

Иван Иванович Полевода, Виталий Николаевич Рябцев, Алексей Олегович Лихоманов et al.

Цель. Разработать экспериментальный макет тренажера для подготовки спасателей-пожарных, включающий программное обеспечение и элементы имитации эффектов физических воздействий на обучающегося в условиях виртуальной реальности, а также исследовать влияние эффектов обратной тактильной связи на обучающихся. Методы. Общая методология работы предусматривала использование теоретических методов исследования (анализ, синтез, сравнение). Влияние эффектов обратной тактильной связи на обучающихся определено методом измерения частоты их сердечных сокращений в ходе рандомизированного исследования с двумя параллельными группами. Результаты. На основе анализа опыта применения технологий виртуальной и дополненной реальности в образовательной деятельности сформулированы назначение, состав, структура и функции экспериментального макета тренажера с имитацией эффектов физических воздействий в условиях виртуальной реальности для подготовки спасателей-пожарных (ЭМТ). Разработанный ЭМТ, включающий VR-гарнитуру (для управления симуляцией и передачи визуальных и звуковых эффектов), VR-костюм (для обеспечения обратной тактильной связи за счет электростимуляции нервно-мышечных структур) и оригинальное программное обеспечение, позволяет погружать обучающихся в виртуальную среду, имитирующую условия чрезвычайной ситуации (пожар в квартире жилого дома) и воздействие на них опасных факторов пожара. С использованием ЭМТ исследовано влияние эффектов обратной тактильной связи на обучающихся. Показано, что применение ЭМТ позволяет снизить количество ошибок, совершаемых обучающимися при ликвидации пожара в квартире жилого дома в виртуальной симуляции, от 2,5 до 4,0 раз по сравнению с использованием технологий виртуальной реальности без применения эффектов обратной тактильной связи. Область применения исследований. Результаты работы могут быть применены для создания тренажера с имитацией эффектов физических воздействий в условиях виртуальной реальности с целью его использования в образовательном процессе для подготовки спасателей-пожарных.

Rahul Rajak, Ravi Kumar Mahto, Jitender Prasad et al.

Considering the widespread transmission of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) globally, India is also facing the same crisis. As India already has inadequate waste treatment facilities, and the sudden outbreak of the COVID-19 virus has led to significant growth of Bio-medical waste (BMW), consequently safe disposal of a large quantity of waste has become a more serious concern. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of BMW of India before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, this article highlights the gaps in the implementation of BMW rules in India. This study uses various government and non-government organizations, reports and data specifically from the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). The finding of the study demonstrated that most of the States/Union Territories (UTs) of India are lacking in terms of COVID-19 waste management. India has generated over 32,996 mt of COVID-19 waste between June and December 2020. During this period, Maharashtra (789.99 mt/month) is highest average generator of COVID-19 waste, followed by Kerala (459.86 mt/month), Gujarat (434.87 mt/month), Tamil Nadu (427.23 mt/month), Uttar Pradesh (371.39 mt/month), Delhi (358.83 mt/month) and West Bengal (303.15 mt/month), and others respectively. We draw attention to the fact that many gaps were identified with compliance of BMW management rules. For example, out of all 35 States/UTs, health care facilitates (HCFs), only eight states received authorization as per BMW management rules. Moreover, the government strictly restricted the practice of deep burials; however, 23 States/UTs are still using the deep burial methods for BMW disposal. The present research suggests that those States/UTs generated on an average of 100 mt/month COVID-19 waste in the last 7 months (June–December 2020) should be considered as a high priority state. These states need special attention to implement BMW rules and should upgrade their BMW treatment capacity.

مهرداد خلقی فرد, احسان بدخشان نژاد

ارزیابی میزان خسارت، آسیب پذیری، برنامه ریزی جهت آمادگی و کاهش خطر قبل از وقوع زلزله، امری ضروری است. با توجه به واقع شدن شهر یاسوج در جایگاه پهنه بندی با خطر نسبی بالا، وقوع یک زلزله بزرگ در این شهر خسارت ها و تلفات زیادی را در بر خواهد داشت. با توجه به اینکه در تقسیم بندی درجات اهمیت ساختمان ها، بیمارستان ها جزو موارد با اهمیت خیلی زیاد می باشند و ازآنجا که در هنگام زلزله باید بتوان به مجروحان و مصدومان امدادرسانی کرد، رعایت اصول پدافند غیر عامل در بیمارستان ها اهمیت ویژه ای دارند. بنابراین، این تحقیق با روش تحقیق توصیفی- تحلیلی و با هدف ارزیابی و مقایسه آسیب پذیری بیمارستان های شهر یاسوج از دیدگاه پدافند غیر عامل و روش ATC انجام شد. نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که بر اساس روش ATC به ترتیب بیمارستان های شهدای گمنام (S=2.1)، بیمارستان امام سجاد(ع) (S=2.3) و بیمارستان شهید جلیل (S=5.6) بیش ترین آسیب پذیری را در برابر زلزله دارند. با توجه به نمرات ارزیابی نهایی سازه ای در برابر آسیب پذیری لرزه ای، بیمار ستان های شهید جلیل ، امام سجاد و شهدای گمنام به ترتیبب دارای ایمنی مطلوب ، قابل قبول و غیرقابل قبول (ممکن است خطرناک) می باشند. همچنین بر اساس رویکرد پدافند غیر عامل به ترتیب بیمارستان های امام سجاد(ع) (A_T=8.01)، بیمارستان شهید جلیل (A_T=7.26) و بیمارستان شهدای گمنام (A_T=6.22) بیشترین آسیب پذیری را داشتند. در نهایت بر اساس نتایج این دو روش، آسیب پذیری بیمارستان های شهر یاسوج باهم مقایسه و مشخص گردید به ترتیب بیمارستان های شهید جلیل، شهدای گمنام و امام سجاد کمترین آسیب پذیری را دارند.

Виталий Александрович Хроколов

Цель. Анализ состояния пожарной охраны в межвоенный период и в начале Великой Отечественной войны. Методы. Общенаучные методы исследования: анализ и синтез, сравнение и обобщение. Результаты.Уточнены этапы развития пожарной охраны в период 1917–1941 гг., конкретизированы меры, предпринимаемые руководством страны по повышению эффективности деятельности пожарной охраны в межвоенный период, рассмотрены действия пожарной охраны на начальном этапе Великой Отечественной войны на территории БССР. Область применения исследований. Результаты могут быть использованы в ходе проведения подготовки специалистов в сфере защиты от чрезвычайных ситуаций, а также для ознакомления с деятельностью пожарной охраны в период 1917–1941 гг.