This study examines the convergence of law, beauty standards, and feminist-Foucauldian theory, emphasising the influence of beauty myths on cultural norms and legal frameworks. Beauty standards, shaped by media, commercial, and legal structures, establish a restrictive and exclusive notion of beauty, frequently favouring lighter complexion, thinner physiques, and straight hair. These norms, devoid of a biological foundation, originate from social constructs that perpetuate patriarchal and capitalist ideologies. The law significantly reinforces these standars by normalizing certain physical traita and marginalising those who differ. Utilising Foucault’s notion of “disciplinary power,” the examination emphasises how individuals internalise societal norms and consciously modify their bodies to conform to these standards. It also attacks the legal system’s inadequacy in addressing body image discrimination, which exacerbates the marginalisation of individuals who diverge from conventional beauty standards. This study underscores the significance of intersectionality, asserting how beauty myths intersect with race, gender, and class, while urging legal frameworks that accommodate diverse body types to strengthen equality and protect against appearance-based discrimination.
The objective of this study is to explore the factors that contribute to disputes in contract farming and to understand the motivations behind selecting a dispute resolution method. Data for this study were obtained through in-depth interviews and group discussions with 15 lawyers, as well as surveys conducted among 525 respondents, comprising 323 farmers and 202 agribusiness representatives in the Central Coast region of Vietnam. The results of the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) indicate that all research hypotheses are supported. The factors influencing the occurrence of disputes in contract farming agreements, ranked in ascending order of impact, are contract content, social influence, price volatility, risk perception, environmental uncertainty, and legal understanding. Additionally, these factors indirectly affect the intention to resolve disputes through courts, commercial arbitration, and mediation via the mediating role of contract farming disputes. Furthermore, the study reveals that when contract farming disputes arise, the preferred order of dispute resolution methods is courts, followed by commercial arbitration, and finally, mediation. This empirical analysis also provides evidence of significant differences in perceptions between two groups – farmers and agribusiness enterprises – regarding the intention to resolve disputes through courts and the impact of environmental uncertainty on contract farming disputes. The findings enrich empirical research on contract farming dispute resolution in emerging countries with conditions similar to those of Vietnam.
AcknowledgmentThis study is the result of collaboration between a group of scientists from the University of Law, Hue University, and School of Business and Economics, Duy Tan University. The authors would like to acknowledge the support and facilitation provided by both institutions for the publication of this research.
Christian Bergqvist, Camilla Ringeling, Mariana Camacho
Objetivo: o artigo discute a colusão de Inteligência Artificial (IA) e o potencial da tomada de decisão impulsionada por IA para permitir que entidades se coordenem de maneiras anticompetitivas que podem escapar dos mecanismos de fiscalização atuais.
Método: por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, o estudo examina as implicações da tomada de decisão apoiada por IA na coordenação de mercado e colusão. Analisa casos de enforcement na União Europeia (UE), nos EUA e na América Latina e identifica lacunas na aplicação da lei. Além disso, explora as diferenças entre o direito da concorrência da UE,a lei antitruste dos EUA e a abordagem adotada por algumas jurisdições latino-americanas no contexto da colusão orientada por IA.
Conclusões: a principal preocupação com as decisões de preços baseadas em IA, do ponto de vista do antitruste, é que elas podem facilitar resultados colusivos fora do alcance da fiscalização antitruste. Dada a probabilidade de que as IAs de precificação tornem mais fácil para as empresas adotarem comportamentos paralelos, há um temor bem justificado de que isso amplie essa área cinzenta, onde o comportamento paralelo legal e a colusão tácita se tornam cada vez mais indistinguíveis. Seria prudente que os fiscais na América Latina seguissem os exemplos europeu e estadunidense e considerassem o risco da colusão orientada por IA.
En el presente trabajo, desde una perspectiva dogmática, se analiza el rol que desempeña la presunción y la carga de la prueba en la actividad probatoria alrededor de la culpa y el dolo dentro de la responsabilidad por inejecución de obligaciones. Luego de un enfoque sustantivo-procesal, consistente en el recurso a doctrina y jurisprudencia, se concluye la conveniencia de la primera y la inutilidad de la segunda en la acreditación de la imputación subjetiva de este tipo de responsabilidad, tomando como punto de referencia las coordenadas normativas del Código Civil peruano.
Online buying and selling transactions are basically the same as buying and selling in person, the difference is the media used. Internet media makes buying and selling online more effective and efficient. Buying and selling pets online is one of the choices in using transactions through the world of the internet. The purpose of this research is to identify and analyze legal protection for consumers in online pet buying and selling transactions in Jambi City and to find out and analyze what legal remedies can be taken by consumers if their rights are harmed in online pet buying and selling transactions in Jambi City. The research method used in this thesis is a type of empirical juridical research, the nature of the research in this thesis is descriptive research, the data used consists of primary data and secondary data, the data collection method used is field study and library research, the data collection tools are carried out namely the study of documents and interview guidelines, and the analysis of the data used in writing this thesis is a qualitative analysis. The results of this study indicate that consumers in buying and selling pets online in Jambi City have legal protection which is explained in the Consumer Protection Act. Consumers whose rights have been impaired can also make efforts to get their rights back through BPSK or LPKNI. Several Internet media in the form of applications have also provided complaint services on their applications so that consumers can seek their rights which have been harmed by business actors. But only certain applications.
This paper deals with the arbitration framework in North Macedonia, presenting the dualistic approach to domestic and international arbitration as provided by the national Law on International Commercial Arbitration (hereafter: LICA) and the national Code of Civil Procedure (hereafter: CPA). The LICA is based on the 1985 UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration, which provides a legal framework for resolving disputes with an international element, allowing the parties the freedom to choose between ad hoc or institutional arbitration. Contrary to that, domestic disputes are exclusively reserved for institutional arbitration. Furthermore, this paper addresses subjective and objective arbitrability, and analyzes the arbitrability of corporate, employment and defamation disputes. The procedural aspects of arbitration, particularly the role of institutional arbitration in North Macedonia and the governing rules for arbitration procedures, are also exploited. The issue of recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards in North Macedonia is also analyzed in this paper. Recent judicial practices have demonstrated deviation from the Private International Law Act (hereafter: PIL Act), notably turning ex parte proceedings into contradictory ones, which undermines the PIL Act. A case involving the refusal to recognize a Partial ICC Award from Poland and later setting aside the award illustrates these issues, as the court failed to properly apply the LICA and the PIL Act. This deviation is also analyzed in the paper.
Law of Europe, Comparative law. International uniform law
The right to use is a personal servitude, which authorizes the holder to use the property within the limits of their needs. According to the Roman classification, it is personal servitude, together with the right of ususfructus, free housing and use of the work of someone else's slave or animal. Formed in post-classical Roman law, with minor changes, the institute was absorbed into Serbian medieval law, and subsequently, in the mid-19th century, into the Civil Code of the Principality of Serbia. Servitude is also recognized in the law of the Republic of Serbia. The dilemmas concerning the scope of rights - whether the holder acquires fruits or can transfer the right to another - gave headaches to both Roman jurisprudents and jurists today. An interpretation by the Commercial Court of Appeal, regarding a question about the abovementioned controversies, posed by a lower court, has highlighted the problems regarding the institute.
Through a Digital Market, the commercial activities of business actors are conducted virtually and can have a global reach. Commercial activities that no longer require face-to-face meetings in conducting transactional activities and that involve cashless payment methods have made it possible for business actors to transgress the jurisdictional boundaries of a state as they conduct their business activities. Digital Market becomes an inevitability as well as a legal matter in the application of Law No. 5 of Year 1999, particularly in relation to the legal standing of business actors. The consideration is that in the context of a virtual market, geographical boundaries no longer firmly limit the jurisdictional territory of a state. Therefore, the discussion regarding the characteristics of a Digital Market and the legal standing of business actors in a Digital Market becomes an urgent need. Through juridical normative research, this article intends to analyze the characteristics of a Digital Market and the legal standing of business actors in a Digital Market according to Law No. 5 of Year 1999.
A corporate entity which is in financial distress can resolve its predicament in two broad approaches. The first is by engaging in a formal bankruptcy procedure, which commonly involves a court, and enables the debtor to deal with creditors collectively. Alternatively, it can engage in an out of court restructuring based around negotiations with individual creditors. This article focuses on the engagements of corporate restructuring outside the formal statutory insolvency procedure and in particular prenegotiated deals, private workouts and pre-packs. The first section of the article provides a background to the out of court restructuring and underscores the many advantages it holds as compared to the formal insolvency proceedings. It then explores the development and usage of selected informal approaches to corporate restructuring. It concludes with an analysis of the place of informal strategies in Kenya. It is argues for the need to develop a functional equivalent of a workout which allows for the possibility of having mechanisms tailored on realities of a developing economy. However, having an effective workout is hugely dependent on the existence of reliable formal mechanisms to at least act as a threat of enforceable legal approach, and the weaknesses inherent in the Kenya formal mechanisms may be an impediment.
The purpose of this study is to analyze the form of legal protection of batik motif copyright in Jambi City, to find out the obstacles in an effort to obtain the use of economic rights on batik motif copyright in Jambi City. The research method used is juridical empirical. Based on the results of the study, it can be stated that 1. The copyright law protects batik motifs, both those who have recorded or not, although it is hoped that the people of Jambi City can record it as a form of preventive legal protection if there is a dispute in the future. 2. Obstacles in an effort to get the benefits of economic rights on batik motif copyrights in the city of Jambi are the lack of knowledge of batik craftsmen on copyright, the recording of copyright is still lacking, coloring is carried out outside the city of Jambi, the lack of creativity of batik craftsmen in Jambi City the conclusion is the lack of knowledge and creativity of batik craftsmen in the city of Jambi resulted in frequent violations of plagiarism of batik motifs which harm the copyright holders of batik motifs in the city of Jambi.
Abstrak
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis bentuk perlindungan hukum hak cipta motif batik di Kota Jambi, Untuk mengetahui kendala dalam upaya untuk memperoleh pemanfaatan hak ekonomi atas Hak Cipta motif batik di Kota Jambi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis empiris. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat dinyatakan bahwa 1. Undang-undang hak cipta melindungi motif batik baik yang telah melakukan pencatatan ataupun tidak meski begitu diharapkan masyarakat kota jambi dapat melakukan pencatatan sebagai bentuk perlindungan hukum preventif jika terdapat sengkta di kemudian hari. 2. Kendala dalam upaya untuk mendapatkan manfaatan hak ekonomi atas hak cipta motif batik di kota jambi adalah kurangnya pengetahuan pengrajin batik terhadap hak cipta, pencatatan hak cipta masih kurang, pewarnaan yang dilakukan diluar kota jambi, kurangnya kreatifitas pengrajin batik di kota Jambi. kesimpulan kurangnya pengetahuan dan kreatifitas pengrajin batik di kota jambi mengakibatkan sering dijumpainya pelanggaran plagiasi motif batik yang merugikan pemegang hak cipta motif batik di kota Jambi.
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The historical studies shows that Imamiyah jurists have not thought that there is no difference between mortgage (Arabic: رهن rahn) and pawn but they have defined rahn as loan collateral. But with the consideration of the limits of mortgage contract in our legal system and the impossibility of applying rahn for some assets or promises, some authors have tried by presenting new theories to deal with these limits. One of these theories is the dualities of mortgage contract and pledge. If it is possible to confirm two characteristics “having particular name and specific conditions and decrees” in law for the agreement of the pledge it can be resulted that the mentioned contract is of nominate contracts. The study of the present laws show that the conclusion of the agreement in the form of the mortgage contract is not possible in most cases because of the absence of one of conditions. The legislator has used the term ”وثیقة“ (pawn). These rules can be applied from two sides: first they prove that it has legal base and it has used several times in different rules. Second the legislator has used the term ”وثیقة“ (pawn) in the cases which one of the provisions of the conclusion of the agreement is not and he has refused to apply the term ”رهن“ (mortgage) through this, he has created a modern foundation (establishment) in the legal system.
The surgical cricothyrotomy (CTT) has been recommended for emergency front of neck airway access (eFONA) during a cannot intubate, cannot oxygenate scenario for military working dogs (MWD) and civilian law enforcement working dogs (operational K9s). In prehospital and austere environments, combat medics and emergency medical service providers are expected to administer emergency medical care to working dogs and may only have emergency airway kits designed for humans at their disposal. The objective of this article is to provide a detailed description of the application of such devices in cadaver dogs and highlight potential alterations to manufacturer guidelines required for successful tube placement. The kits evaluated included the Portex® PCK, Melker universal cricothyrotomy kit and H&H® emergency cricothyrotomy kit. A novel technique for awake cricothyrotomy in the dog is also described, which can also be considered for in-hospital use, together with the open surgical method described for the H&H® kit. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first publication documenting and providing instruction on the application of commercial cricothyrotomy kits in dogs.
This study aims to identify and analyze the implementation of social responsibility and the constraints faced by coal mining companies through community development and empowerment programs at PT. Jambi Prima Coal. As for the formulation of the problem to be discussed in this study, namely : (1) How is the implementation of social responsibility for coal mining companies through community development and empowerment programs at PT. Jambi Prima Coal?. (2) What are the obstacles faced in implementing the social responsibility of coal mining companies through the community empowerment development program at PT. Jambi Prima Coal?. The research method used in this research is juridical empirical. From the research results it can be concluded that: (1) The implementation of social responsibility for coal mining companies through development and empowerment programs by PT Jambi Prima Coal has not been implemented properly, resulting in the budget as contained in the RKAB is not properly absorbed. (2) The obstacles faced occur due to lack of communication from various parties, including: PT. Jambi Prima Coal, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, and the community. The settlement efforts made by PT. Jambi Prima Coal, namely through the need assessment to the local community.
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Abstrak
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis pelaksanaan tanggung jawab sosial serta kendala-kendala yang dihadapi perusahaan pertambangan batubara melalui program pengembangan dan pemberdayaan masyarakat di PT. Jambi Prima Coal. Adapun rumusan masalah yang akan dibahas dalam penelitian ini yaitu: (1) Bagaimana pelaksanaan tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan pertambangan batubara melalui program pengembangan dan pemberdayaan masyarakat di PT. Jambi Prima Coal ?, (2) Apa kendala-kendala yang dihadapi dalam pelaksanaan tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan pertambangan batubara melalui program pengembangan pemberdayaan masyarakat di PT. Jambi Prima Coal ?. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah yuridis empiris. Dari hasil penelitian dapat dikemukakan bahwa: (1) Kelaksanaan tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan pertambangan batubara melalui program pengembangan dan pemberdayaan oleh PT Jambi Prima Coal belum terlaksana sebagaimana mestinya, sehingga mengakibatkan anggaran biaya sebagaimana termuat dalam RKAB tidak terserap dengan baik.(2) Kendala yang dihadapi terjadi karena kurangnya komunikasi dari berbagai pihak, diantaranya: PT. Jambi Prima Coal, Kementerian ESDM, dan masyarakat. Adapun upaya penyelesaian yang dilakukan oleh PT. Jambi Prima Coal yaitu melalui need assesment (analisis kebutuhan) kepada masyarakat setempat.
La prueba es la herramienta que le permite al juez de la administración de impuestos el esclarecimiento de los hechos materia de controversia, llegando a una convicción respecto de la realidad misma que le permite fallar en justicia, lo cual es el resultado de un análisis crítico, profundo, juicioso y libre de vicios, lo que le permite creer que la solución del conflicto coincide con la verdad de los hechos. Así, la información exógena es un elemento probatorio y, como tal, está sujeto al principio de publicidad y contradicción. Dependiendo de la forma como se desarrollan los hechos del proceso de discusión tributaria, dicha prueba, en ciertos casos, puede ser insumo directo del fallo por parte de la jurisdicción en contra del contribuyente, pues el levantamiento de la presunción de veracidad de las declaraciones tributarias, en armonía con la aplicación del juicio de valoración de las pruebas aportadas por el contribuyente, convierte la información exógena en prueba contundente de inexactitud tributaria. Además, cuando la relación entre el hecho indicador y el hecho indicado es tan estrecha, permite tener certeza de la vulneración de ley, generada por el incumplimiento de obligaciones sustantivas o deberes formales.
La tesis de este trabajo es que las reglas establecidas en la legislación chilena sobre la determinación del precio de las acciones en el derecho de retiro son disfuncionales con respecto al interés tutelado. En cuanto al valor en libros, la evidencia empírica muestra que, en promedio, el precio de la acción equivale a un 53% del precio promedio bursátil. Sin embargo, esta última forma de cálculo tampoco está exenta de distorsiones. A fin de mitigar los problemas de gobierno corporativo asociados al ejercicio del derecho de retiro se propone adoptar como forma de determinación del precio el “valor ajustado”.