Offline reinforcement learning aims to learn an agent from pre-collected datasets, avoiding unsafe and inefficient real-time interaction. However, inevitable access to out-ofdistribution actions during the learning process introduces approximation errors, causing the error accumulation and considerable overestimation. In this paper, we construct a new pessimistic auxiliary policy for sampling reliable actions. Specifically, we develop a pessimistic auxiliary strategy by maximizing the lower confidence bound of the Q-function. The pessimistic auxiliary strategy exhibits a relatively high value and low uncertainty in the vicinity of the learned policy, avoiding the learned policy sampling high-value actions with potentially high errors during the learning process. Less approximation error introduced by sampled action from pessimistic auxiliary strategy leads to the alleviation of error accumulation. Extensive experiments on offline reinforcement learning benchmarks reveal that utilizing the pessimistic auxiliary strategy can effectively improve the efficacy of other offline RL approaches.
In this paper, we propose a regularized auxiliary variable (RAV) approach and construct accurate and robust time-discrete schemes for a large class of gradient flows. By introducing an auxiliary variable $r=0$ and constructing an auxiliary equation that naturally fits into the energy relation, the numerical solution $r^{n+1}$ of the auxiliary variable is corrected at each time step to preserve consistency with the original system. The developed RAV scheme satisfies unconditional energy stability with respect to the original variables, and in certain cases the original energy law can be directly recovered. Furthermore, we obtain a uniform bound on the norm of the numerical solution, which allows us to establish the optimal error estimate in $L^\infty(0,T;H^2)$ for the second-order scheme without any restriction on the time step. We present ample numerical results, including comparisons with the scalar auxiliary variable (SAV) approach, to demonstrate the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed RAV approach.
We present a non-parametric reconstruction of the three-dimensional velocity field of the Scorpius-Centaurus OB association (Sco- Cen). Using Gaia DR3 astrometry and radial velocities, we infer the velocity field using information field theory on a 70 x 70 x 50 grid at 3 pc resolution. Our model suggests the existence of a primary stellar velocity field with a secondary field that accounts for an additional young kinematic component in Upper Scorpius and Lupus. We find clear tracers of a feedback-driven expansion of the association, while Galactic rotation appears to play a subordinate role. The results confirm the existence of cluster chains and reveal coherent large-scale expansion with characteristic speeds of 1-2 km s$^{-1}$ and local maxima of about 10 km s$^{-1}$. Power spectra indicate an excess of small-scale structure and slopes shallower than Kolmogorov, consistent with energy injection from stellar feedback. Maps of the divergence reveal net positive values, implying an approximate dispersal timescale of 10-15 Myr. A comparison with molecular gas in Lupus and Ophiuchus shows broadly consistent patterns but systematic velocity offsets of several km s$^{-1}$, suggesting partial decoupling for optically visible young stars and gas. The framework presented provides a physically motivated description of the Sco-Cen velocity field and a basis for quantifying the dynamical state and feedback history of OB associations in the local Galaxy.
For the first time in nearly a decade, a bright transient was detected in the central parsec (pc) of the Galaxy. MAXI J1744-294, or -- as it was known in its previous life -- Swift J174540.2-290037, was discovered in outburst by the MAXI telescope in January 2025. We present the results of a broadband, multi-wavelength study of MAXI J1744-294, including data from the NuSTAR, Chandra, XMM-Newton, Swift, and NICER X-ray telescopes, as well as complementary radio and near-infrared observations. We analyze the changing X-ray emission as the outburst evolved from the high/soft to the low/hard state. Using relativistic reflection features in the data, we estimate a spin of $a>0.92$ and viewing inclination $\theta=28^{+3}_{-4}$ deg, consistent with the parameters measured for Swift J174540.2-290037. Based on the spectral and temporal characteristics of MAXI J1744-294, we reaffirm its classification as a candidate black hole (BH) low-mass X-ray binary (LMXB) -- the third candidate BH transient discovered within 20 arcsec of the Galactic supermassive black hole Sgr~A*. This work provides further evidence for a cusp of BH-LMXBs in the central pc of our Galaxy, as argued for in previous observational studies and suggested by analytical and theoretical work. Our ongoing multi-wavelength study, involving a complementary range of observatories and spanning different outburst states, can serve as a model for future time domain astrophysics research.
Purpose. General aim of this article is the structuring of the functional-semantic field of color terms in the Kazakh language.Results. The article analyzes the experimental results obtained during the psycholinguistic association experiment (AE) conducted in 2021 with students being native Kazakh speakers. The Almaty Corpus of the Kazakh language was used for determining the frequency of basic adjectives in the Kazakh language. There were assigned 8 lexemes as basic color terms in the Kazakh language: қara ‘black’, ақ ‘white’, kok ‘blue’, kyzyl ‘red’, sary ‘yellow’, қоңыр ‘brown’, zhasyl ‘green’ and sur ‘grey’ ‒ on the basis of their frequency, non-derivation, transparency of lexical meaning, wide compatibility with words of different semantic classes and word-formation productivity. The conducted associative experiment was aimed to identify the standards of basic color designations rooted in the linguistic consciousness, as well as the respondents' original reactions to color.Conclusion. The application of the associative experiment revealed the features of the linguistic picture of the world of the Kazakhs in terms of the color representation of reality. The use of AE made it possible to obtain information about different levels of color awareness, which allows clarifying and verifying one of the possible ways to study color designations. A significant proportion of stable associations lie in the emotional, spiritual and intellectual spheres, whereas objects of the environment acting as standards for color values are represented by a large number of single, individual associations.
Seonghyeon Lee, Sanghwan Jang, Seongbo Jang
et al.
Auxiliary function is a helpful component to improve language model's code generation ability. However, a systematic exploration of how they affect has yet to be done. In this work, we comprehensively evaluate the ability to utilize auxiliary functions encoded in recent code-pretrained language models. First, we construct a human-crafted evaluation set, called HumanExtension, which contains examples of two functions where one function assists the other. With HumanExtension, we design several experiments to examine their ability in a multifaceted way. Our evaluation processes enable a comprehensive understanding of including auxiliary functions in the prompt in terms of effectiveness and robustness. An additional implementation style analysis captures the models' various implementation patterns when they access the auxiliary function. Through this analysis, we discover the models' promising ability to utilize auxiliary functions including their self-improving behavior by implementing the two functions step-by-step. However, our analysis also reveals the model's underutilized behavior to call the auxiliary function, suggesting the future direction to enhance their implementation by eliciting the auxiliary function call ability encoded in the models. We release our code and dataset to facilitate this research direction.
This work reviews the long-term evolution of the atmosphere of Venus, and modulation of its composition by interior/exterior cycling. The formation and evolution of Venus’s atmosphere, leading to contemporary surface conditions, remain hotly debated topics, and involve questions that tie into many disciplines. We explore these various inter-related mechanisms which shaped the evolution of the atmosphere, starting with the volatile sources and sinks. Going from the deep interior to the top of the atmosphere, we describe volcanic outgassing, surface-atmosphere interactions, and atmosphere escape. Furthermore, we address more complex aspects of the history of Venus, including the role of Late Accretion impacts, how magnetic field generation is tied into long-term evolution, and the implications of geochemical and geodynamical feedback cycles for atmospheric evolution. We highlight plausible end-member evolutionary pathways that Venus could have followed, from accretion to its present-day state, based on modeling and observations. In a first scenario, the planet was desiccated by atmospheric escape during the magma ocean phase. In a second scenario, Venus could have harbored surface liquid water for long periods of time, until its temperate climate was destabilized and it entered a runaway greenhouse phase. In a third scenario, Venus’s inefficient outgassing could have kept water inside the planet, where hydrogen was trapped in the core and the mantle was oxidized. We discuss existing evidence and future observations/missions required to refine our understanding of the planet’s history and of the complex feedback cycles between the interior, surface, and atmosphere that have been operating in the past, present or future of Venus.
Interchanges are the key nodes of the freeway. Due to the existence of weaving behavior, the traffic flow situation is more complicated for small spacing interchanges. Continuous auxiliary lanes are usually used to connect the entrance and exit to form a compound interchange to reduce the interference of weaving behavior. However, when it comes to the design of auxiliary lane forms, China lacks relevant design specifications and research in this area. As a result, there often exists the phenomenon of mismatch between the design form and the traffic volume. In this paper, we took a compound interchange in Xi’an as the research object, proposing four auxiliary lane design schemes and using VISSIM (2022 student) software to establish the simulation model. Additionally, various traffic conditions were simulated through sensitivity analysis. Finally, using the factor analysis method and entropy method, we comprehensively assigned weights to the indexes. By obtaining the weighted scores for various schemes, it became possible to determine the applicability of each scheme under different traffic conditions. The results indicate that the gradient auxiliary lane can be applied to most traffic conditions and has a smaller land occupation than the traditional design, which is an optimization and improvement for the traditional design form.
The purpose of the work is to identify, highlight and generalize the innovative practice of preserving the documented historical and cultural heritage, providing access to it, studying it and promoting it through the use of immersive technologies. The methodology includes the use of a complex of scientific methods - heuristic, included observation, descriptive, analysis, generalization - the combination of which made it possible to identify, understand, summarize and reveal the experience of creating immersive products of documented historical and cultural heritage and their advantages for library practice. The scientific novelty consists in revealing the information and communication potential of immersive technologies to ensure wide access to documented historical and cultural heritage, its preservation, study and promotion, substantiation of immersive products of documented historical and cultural heritage as syncretic cultural monuments, outlining the role of libraries in the creation of such products. Conclusions. Immersive products of documented historical and cultural heritage open up new prospects for user access to valuable monuments of library collections, familiarization with them and their research. The integration of distributed various formats information with the help of immersive library and information products, accompanying the digital copy of the object with expert comments, a multimedia series, the possibility of studying details due to tools for magnification and rotation, the reconstruction of the authentic environment around the object form the basis for a complex perception and understanding of information, maximum immersion in the research subject. Immersive library and information products of documented historical and cultural heritage are a promising tool for preserving the nation's spiritual treasures by creating high-quality digital copies of documents, familiarizing a wide audience with the nation's documented spiritual heritage and popularizing the most valuable objects of library fonds as places of memory, expanding the source base historical and cultural research and training of relevant specialists, strengthening the positive image of libraries as institutions of memory, integrated into the processes of today, strengthening the international prestige of the state.
El sector norte del golfo San Matías posee loci arqueológicos y fechados radiocarbónicos con ocupaciones humanas correspondientes al Holoceno medio y tardío. Los resultados obtenidos previamente sugieren que la interacción entre procesos eólicos (corrasión, transporte y depositación) y las características del conjunto (composición granulométrica artefactual) influyen sobre las configuraciones del registro arqueológico que hallamos actualmente. En este trabajo se presentan y comparan los resultados obtenidos del análisis tafonómico de los conjuntos líticos de superficie recuperados en cuatro localidades arqueológicas. Estas se emplazan principalmente en dos tipos de geoformas (dunas y antiguas terrazas marinas), con características de preservación diferencial. Asimismo, se presentan e integran los resultados del análisis tecno-morfológico que son relevantes para la evaluación de la historia postdepositacional de los artefactos y los potenciales sesgos tafonómicos existentes. Los resultados obtenidos permiten identificar tendencias generales. A partir del análisis tafonómico se evidencian condiciones de mayor estabilidad relativa para aquellos conjuntos recuperados en dunas, y una menor estabilidad para los conjuntos sobre terrazas. En relación con el aspecto tecnológico, se retoman estudios previos y se pone énfasis en determinados atributos y su frecuencia en los distintos muestreos. Un análisis integrador de estas dos dimensiones analíticas permitió reconstruir las diversas trayectorias postdepositacionales de estos conjuntos vinculadas a las distintas localizaciones, estimar su representación diferencial y contextualizar las ocupaciones humanas en los distintos espacios costeros en el tiempo.
A two-degree-of-freedom (two-DOF) equation of motion was derived in the frequency domain using a substructuring technique for efficiently calculating the in-structure response spectrum (ISRS) considering equipment–structure interaction. The model of the primary structure was condensed into a mechanical impedance function and combined with the equipment represented by a single-degree-of-freedom oscillator in the frequency domain. This condensed two-DOF system is applied to the efficient calculation of the ISRS considering the equipment–structure interaction without repeated analysis of the coupled model with full DOFs. This coupled analysis procedure was applied to a finite element model of an auxiliary building in a nuclear power plant to validate both the accuracy and impact on the equipment response. Finally, the adequacy of three representative decoupling criteria on the necessity of coupled analysis was investigated by applying those criteria to the auxiliary building example.
The directions of improving the efficiency of economic work and operational efficiency of the company in modern conditions are gradually shifting from the predominant assessment of the main activities to a complex analysis, including auxiliary and non-systemic processes. Such a shift is based on innovative management approaches formed within the framework of the individual functioning of individual commercial organizations, the application of which is complicated by the lack of proven and reasonable ways to optimize activities and increase operational efficiency.The purpose of the study is to identify standardized opportunities to improve the efficiency of the functioning of commercial enterprises based on the use of auxiliary reserves for business processes. The relevance of the topic is determined by the need to develop solutions that provide additional economic benefits to organizations interested in this.The object of the article was to select the activity of private economic organizations from the sphere of transport services, and its subject was their resource base as a reserve for increasing the efficiency of work.Methods of econometric and statistical analysis and modeling, theoretical formulation of promising development directions was used as tools.The results of the article showed the importance of improving operational efficiency to achieve the final financial result of a commercial organization. The development and analysis of optimization solutions aimed at the development and functioning of the company within the framework of orientation to sustainable development were carried out, the negative impact of certain aspects of ESG transformation on the final result of a commercial enterprise was assessed. The economic result of the introduction of the author’s conclusions and recommendations into the workflow of a particular organization was an increase in the effectiveness of its activities.
The history of the Institute of Physics at the University of Florence is traced from the beginning of the 20th century, with the arrival of Antonio Garbasso as Director (1913), to the 1960s. Thanks to Garbasso's expertise, not only did the Institute gain new premises on Arcetri hill, where the Astronomical Observatory was already located, but it also formed a brilliant group of young physicists made up of Enrico Fermi, Franco Rasetti, Enrico Persico, Bruno Rossi, Gilberto Bernardini, Daria Bocciarelli, Lorenzo Emo Capodilista, Giuseppe Occhialini and Giulio Racah, who were engaged in the emerging fields of Quantum Mechanics and Cosmic Rays. This Arcetri School disintegrated in the late 1930s for the transfer of its protagonists to chairs in other universities, for the environment created by the fascist regime and, to some extent, for the racial laws. After the war, the legacy was taken up by some students of this school who formed research groups in the field of nuclear physics and elementary particle physics. As far as theoretical physics was concerned, after the Fermi and Persico periods these studies enjoyed a new expansion towards the end of the 1950s, with the arrival of Giacomo Morpurgo and above all, that of Raoul Gatto, who created the first real Italian school of Theoretical Physics at Arcetri.
The auxiliary latitudes are essential tools in cartography. This paper summarizes methods for converting between them with an emphasis on providing full double-precision accuracy. This includes series expansions in the third flattening, where the truncation error is precisely measured and where estimates of the radii of convergence are given. Also new formulas are given for computing the rectifying and authalic latitudes with minimal roundoff error.
Lower limb orthoses are used to assist gait, reduce pain, decrease weight bearing control movement, control movement and minimize progression of the deformity skills and assist ambulatory patients in achieving near-to-normal gait patterns in walking. Assistive devices can be advised with lower limb orthoses to help the patients ambulate more efficiently. Orthotic management should be specific to the disorders. The placement of orthotic joints should approximate anatomical joints. Most orthoses utilize a three-point force system to ensure proper positioning of the lower limb within the orthoses. Based on a comprehensive history and physical examination, a clear understanding of the patient’s disease process is the foundation for concluding an appropriate prescription. An effective prescription for orthotic treatment summarizes the medical issues related to the patients, details the biomechanical functions desired, and specifies critical technical attributes of the desired orthosis. No single material is a panacea, despite publicity for exotic materials. The selection of an appropriate material for a specific orthosis requires understanding the fundamental principles of engineering mechanics and materials, improving mechanical properties by heat treatment, and similar means, design, and structure. Sound clinical judgment, combined with consciousness fitting and adjustment of well-designed orthoses, remains the hallmark of orthotic treatment. International standards for terminology should be used to describe orthoses to ensure clarity and precision in prescriptions. Two auxiliary functions minimize the physical strain of walking: shock absorption and energy conservation. An optimum orthosis should be a replica of a mechanical system that can store these functions. This article overviews lower limb orthoses in classification, design, and construction and their biomechanical implications in usage in patients. Key words: Orthotics, Lower Limb Orthoses, orthosis, patients, functions, walking, prescription.
ABSTRACT Purpose: The development process of midwifery in Turkey, Germany and Greece, which are home to different history and culture, has also gone through different paths. But the expectation of pregnant women is universal, and traditional midwives have acted on these universal expectations. The aim of this study is to go down the history path and trace the evolutionary process which took midwifery from the traditional phase of being community members supporting the birthing women to modern midwifery education. The study refers to the three countries Turkey, Germany and Greece. Materials and Methods: A literature review was conducted on the traditional midwifery, midwifery history and development of midwifery education system of all three countries by the team of authors as part of an Erasmus + Project [2018-1-TR01-KA202-059488]. The information contained in books, scientific articles, internet library, historical archives and gray literature was included in the research. German, English, Greek and Turkish references are included in the scope of the review. The collected data were converted into a standard shape format and converted into text. The findings obtained from this study are also presented in the project result report (https://projectfirsttouch.blogspot.com) has been published. Findings: Traditional midwifery has been a transfer of knowledge and skills from mother to daughter. Along with rituals influenced by religion, mostly herbal incense, tea and oils have been used in all three countries as auxiliary methods of pregnancy and childbirth. The maternity chair is an auxiliary tool with traditional use in all three countries. There are very few studies in the literature on the scientific effects of traditional methods. Conclusion: As with traditional methods of treatment, there should be evidence-based methods to help childbirth, and there should be methods that will not endanger the health of the mother and baby. More work is needed on this issue.
Nor Aniza Abdullah, Rasheed Abubakar Rasheed, Mohd Hairul Nizam Md. Nasir
et al.
Recommender systems suggest items of interest to users based on their preferences. These preferences are typically generated from user ratings of the items. If there are no ratings for a certain user or item, it is said that there is a cold start problem, which leads to unreliable recommendations. Existing studies that reviewed and examined cold start in recommender systems have not explained the process of deriving and obtaining the auxiliary information needed for cold start recommendation. This study surveys the existing literature in order to explain the various approaches and techniques employed by researchers and the challenges associated with deriving and obtaining the auxiliary information necessary for cold start recommendation. Results show that auxiliary information for cold start recommendation is obtained by adapting traditional filtering and matrix factorization algorithms typically with machine learning algorithms to build learning prediction models. The understanding of similar or connected user profiles can be used as auxiliary information for building cold start user profile to enable similar recommendations in social networks. Similar users are clustered into sub-groups so that a cold start user could be allocated and inferred to a sub-group having similar profiles for recommendations. The key challenges of the process for obtaining the auxiliary information involve: (1) two separate recommendation processes of conversion from pure cold start to warm start before eliciting the auxiliary information; (2) the obtained implicit auxiliary information is usually ranked and sieved in order to select the top rated and reliable auxiliary information for the recommendation. This study also found that cold start user recommendation has frequently been researched in the entertainment domain, typically using music and movie data, while little research has been carried out in educational institutions and academia, or with cold start for mobile applications.