Hasil untuk "Translating and interpreting"

G. Marín, B. Marín

D. Gile

A. Schürch, S. Arredondo-Alonso, R. Willems et al.

BACKGROUND Whole genome sequence (WGS)-based strain typing finds increasing use in the epidemiologic analysis of bacterial pathogens in both public health as well as more localized infection control settings. AIMS This minireview describes methodologic approaches that have been explored for WGS-based epidemiologic analysis and considers the challenges and pitfalls of data interpretation. SOURCES Personal collection of relevant publications. CONTENT When applying WGS to study the molecular epidemiology of bacterial pathogens, genomic variability between strains is translated into measures of distance by determining single nucleotide polymorphisms in core genome alignments or by indexing allelic variation in hundreds to thousands of core genes, assigning types to unique allelic profiles. Interpreting isolate relatedness from these distances is highly organism specific, and attempts to establish species-specific cutoffs are unlikely to be generally applicable. In cases where single nucleotide polymorphism or core gene typing do not provide the resolution necessary for accurate assessment of the epidemiology of bacterial pathogens, inclusion of accessory gene or plasmid sequences may provide the additional required discrimination. IMPLICATIONS As with all epidemiologic analysis, realizing the full potential of the revolutionary advances in WGS-based approaches requires understanding and dealing with issues related to the fundamental steps of data generation and interpretation.

Jianjing Zhang, Peng Wang, Ruqiang Yan et al.

Abstract Reliable tracking of performance degradation in dynamical systems such as manufacturing machines or aircraft engines and consequently, prediction of the remaining useful life (RUL) are one of the major challenges in realizing smart manufacturing. Traditional machine learning algorithms are often constrained in adapting to the complex and non-linear characteristics of manufacturing systems and processes. With the rapid development of modern computational hardware, Deep Learning has emerged as a promising computational technique for dynamical system prediction due to its enhanced capability to characterize the system complexity, overcoming the shortcomings of those traditional methods. In this paper, a new approach based on the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network, an architecture that is specialized in discovering the underlying patterns embedded in time series, is proposed to track the system degradation and consequently, to predict the RUL. The objectives of this paper are: 1) translating the raw sensor data to an interpretable health index with the aim of better describing the system health condition; and 2) tracking the historical system degradation for accurate prediction of its future health condition. Evaluation using NASA’s C-MAPSS dataset verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method. Compared with other machine learning techniques, LSTM turns out to be more powerful and accurate in revealing degradation patterns, enabled by its time-dependent structure in nature.

Urvashi Khandelwal, Angela Fan, Dan Jurafsky et al.

We introduce $k$-nearest-neighbor machine translation ($k$NN-MT), which predicts tokens with a nearest neighbor classifier over a large datastore of cached examples, using representations from a neural translation model for similarity search. This approach requires no additional training and scales to give the decoder direct access to billions of examples at test time, resulting in a highly expressive model that consistently improves performance across many settings. Simply adding nearest neighbor search improves a state-of-the-art German-English translation model by 1.5 BLEU. $k$NN-MT allows a single model to be adapted to diverse domains by using a domain-specific datastore, improving results by an average of 9.2 BLEU over zero-shot transfer, and achieving new state-of-the-art results---without training on these domains. A massively multilingual model can also be specialized for particular language pairs, with improvements of 3 BLEU for translating from English into German and Chinese. Qualitatively, $k$NN-MT is easily interpretable; it combines source and target context to retrieve highly relevant examples.

David Ricks

The tragic period of the Civil War and Cold War in Greece generated much poetry of lasting value, mostly from the Left . The poet T. K. Papatsonis (1895–1976), a fi gure with (among Greek poets) an idiosyncratic political and religious perspective, produced a response of quite a diff erent kind: an 'instant poem' written ira et studio as soon as the show trial of the Hungarian Joseph Cardinal Mindszenty (1949) was concluded. The present discussion provides a reading of Papatsonis' unusual poem within its Cold War context, with attention to its allegiances and its possible contradictions.

Nina Lukić

Reseña

Laura Noriega Santiáñez

Remy Attig

A lo largo de la última década, se observó un incremento de la representación audiovisual de las comunidades latinas en Estados Unidos. Más recientemente, una cantidad sin precedentes de espanglish —o bilingüismo radical español-inglés— se ha convertido en elemento importante de dicha representación. Dado el giro transnacional del mercadeo y la distribución de plataformas audiovisuales, como Netflix, gran parte de ese contenido se ha doblado y subtitulado para audiencias hispanohablantes. En ese contexto, este artículo atiende un triple objetivo. Primero, posiciona el espanglish como una práctica translingüística de la comunidad queer que puede atente a fines muy claros en los textos. Esto rompe con la academia existente en traducción que ha tendido a ver el espanglish como una especie de habla con acento notorio que en su mayor parte da color al personaje. Segundo, es el primer estudio longitudinal que considera la forma como se han traducido al español las fuentes audiovisuales en espanglish. Los estudios de caso analizados en el presente artículo incluyen la película Coco, de Disney/Pixar, las comedias One Day at a Time y Gentefied, de Netflix, y el drama Vida, de Starz. Para terminar, el artículo busca ampliar el texto de Démont “On three modes of translating queer literary texts” (Sobre tres maneras de traducir textos literarios queer, publicado en 2018), indicando que sus “maneras” pueden ayudarnos a entender las prácticas traductivas que afectan a una variedad de comunidades minorizadas.

Sergi Alvarez-Vidal, Antoni Oliver, Toni Badia

The recent improvements in neural MT (NMT) have driven a shift from statistical MT (SMT) to NMT. However, to assess the usefulness of MT models for post-editing (PE) and have a detailed insight of the output they produce, we need to analyse the most frequent errors and how they affect the task. We present a pilot study of a fine-grained analysis of MT errors based on post-editors corrections for an English to Spanish medical text translated with SMT and NMT. We use the MQM taxonomy to compare the two MT models and have a categorized classification of the errors produced. Even though results show a great variation among post-editors’ corrections, for this language combination fewer errors are corrected by post-editors in the NMT output. NMT also produces fewer accuracy errors and errors that are less critical.

Yuri Molinari

Wendell Berry nasceu em 1934 em Henry County, Kentucky (EUA), onde mora com sua família em uma fazenda. É poeta, romancista, ensaísta, crítico cultural, ativista e fazendeiro; no começo dos anos 1960, foi professor universitário. Seu trabalho literário explora fundamentalmente a relação entre sujeito e lugar em um contexto rural – tema presente também em seus ensaios e em seu trabalho de ativismo. Já recebeu numerosos prêmios por sua obra. Sua poesia une traços da écloga e da poesia didática, sem abdicar de aspectos políticos. O poema que ora apresentamos em tradução – “Manifesto: the mad farmer liberation front”, do livro The Country of Marriage (1973) – exemplifica bem a veia política de Berry, calcada em uma peculiar ironia e uma dicção direta, assim como o universo rural de onde emanam as personagens, cenários e problemáticas exploradas pelo poeta.

Magdalena Mitura

Translation as Metarepresentation: Nominal Sentence in Narrative Macro-Structures The style of each writer reflects the individual and fragmentary reflection of non-linguistic reality, which serves as the building material of the world (re)created in a literary work. The formal realisation of this subjective vision takes place through narrative macro-structures, such as narration and description. By its nature, translation of a literary work can be seen as a metarepresentation: a discursive representation created by the translator based on an artistic organization imposed by the author of the original. The aim of the article is to show how the translation techniques of nominal constructions influence the dynamics of the narrative and the way of representation inscribed in the new discourse. Our investigation confirms the hypothesis that the motives of the translator’s choices are not limited to the grammatical asymmetries between the Polish and French language systems, but result from previous stylistic models.

Benjamin Screen

This article details a triangulated eye-tracking experiment carried out at Cardiff University, UK. The experiment sought to compare the quality of final texts, from an end-user's perspective, when different translation modalities (translating and post-editing Machine Translation) were used to translate the same source text. The language pair investigated is English and Welsh. An eye tracker was used to record fixations in a between-groups experimental design as participants read two texts, one post-edited and one translated using the same source text, as well as two subjective Likert-type scales where each participant rated the texts for readability and comprehensibility. Following an analysis of fixation duration, the gaze data of the two groups was found to be statistically identical, and there was no statistically significant difference found between the readability and comprehensibility scores gleaned from subjective Likert-type scales. It is argued following this that post-editing machine translated texts does not necessarily lead to translations of inferior quality in the context of the final end-user, and that this further supports the use of Machine Translation in a professional context.

L. Conyers

Mitizi Gomes

Mitizi Gomes, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)

Maria Clara Zacarin, Virgínia Radighieri, Valéria Biondo

Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar e comparar duas traduções para o português brasileiro da peça Death of a Salesman, do escritor americano Arthur Miller, a fim de discutir os processos tradutórios utilizados por cada tradutor e o modo como a interpretação pessoal de cada um interfere no resultado final do texto traduzido. Para tanto, será realizada uma pesquisa de cunho qualitativo comparando trechos das traduções de José Rubens Siqueira e Flávio Rangel, de acordo com os procedimentos técnicos definidos por Barbosa (1990). Espera-se comprovar que cada tradutor interfere no resultado final segundo seus conhecimentos e sua visão de mundo. Buscamos, com esse estudo, apontar a importância do tradutor, além de demonstrar a necessidade de estudos comparativos.

S. Dharamsi, A. Ho, S. Spadafora et al.

Claudio Baraldi, L. Gavioli

Álvaro Echeverri

En un artículo publicado en 1999, Graham Nuthall afirmaba que las prácticas de enseñanza son en gran parte el resultado de un proceso de aculturación fundado en creencias ampliamente compartidas sobre el aprendizaje y sobre la enseñanza. Este proceso de aculturación que se desarrolla durante la vida escolar de una persona es primordial para la enseñanza. Sin embargo, los procesos de aculturación también explican las dificultades de adaptación de los sistemas educativos a los cambios vividos por las sociedades. La enseñanza de la traducción no es ajena a esta situación. A pesar de haber realizado progresos significativos en varios aspectos, la formación de traductores evidencia cierto grado de estancamiento en lo referente a los conocimientos pedagógicos. Una mirada al interior de los cursos prácticos de traducción revelaría que, con la excepción de unos pocos iconoclastas, las prácticas docentes al interior de las aulas de clase han evolucionado muy poco en los últimos setenta años.

Marie-Evelyne Le Poder

This article consists of a study of the profiles and the skills of the translators of the Departments of Spanish and French who work at the Directorate-General for Translation (Translation DG) in Brussels. Further to a professional internship within the Translation DG of the European Commission, field work based on structured interviews was performed with translators of these Departments. After a brief introduction, we present the theoretical framework of our study (literature review and theoretical basis chosen). Then we present our hypothesis and objectives. Finally, we describe the methodology we have used before analysing the results obtained.