This paper is a corpus-based study of the differences in the use of idioms by males and females in the British National Corpus. Ten datasets of idioms are under analysis: Anxiety and Worries, Boastfulness and Conceit, Equality, Justice, Health and Illness, Beauty, Honesty, Mistakes, Chaos and Disorder and Clothes. The quantitative analysis has revealed unevenness in the dispersion of idioms in terms of male and female uses, the former having more lateral distribution than the latter. Furthermore, it has been found that there is a statistically significant association between gender and genre applying to 50% of the material under study. That said, out of academic, fiction, drama, newspapers, magazines, and informal discourse, the newspapers have shown the strongest association with male authors, which we subsequently relate to the concept of power.
Radom se prikazuje djelovanje Lige protiv tuberkuloze u Osječkoj oblasti kao temelj Štamparove zamisli narodnoga zdravstvenog prosvjećivanja kroz osvrt na dva sastanka (II. i III.) liječnika Osječke oblasti u 1927. i 1928. godini. U uvodnom dijelu donosi se pregled antituberkuloznoga pokreta u Europi te razvoj sustava dispanzera i reforme javnoga zdravstva u Kraljevini Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca 1920-ih. Osnivanje Lige protiv tuberkuloze u Osijeku 1926. rezultat je stvarnoga zdravstvenog stanja stanovništva i provedene široke kampanje za borbu protiv tuberkuloze i reforme javnoga zdravstva na zdravstvenoj misli Andrije Štampara. Prema donesenim društvenim pravilima, rad Lige zasnivao se na antituberkuloznom pokretu s temeljnim zadatkom da se cijelo stanovništvo na području Osječke oblasti nalazi pod jednim organiziranim stručnim nadzorom. U skladu s navedenim, prikazuje se djelovanje Lige protiv tuberkuloze i dva sastanka liječnika Osječke oblasti, s naglaskom na humani odnos liječnika prema bolesnicima i požrtvovan pristup liječenju tuberkuloze kao opake socijalne bolesti. Brojčani podatci o raširenosti bolesti kao prijetnji stanovništvu predočuju medicinsku skrb zamišljenu kao široku akciju usmjerenu na ostvarenje socijalno-medicinskih ciljeva. Posebno je u tom kontekstu naglašena uloga liječnika Prokopija Uzelca, tajnika Lige, te se detaljno navodi njegovo izlaganje na II. sastanku liječnika Osječke oblasti, kao i 14. točaka rezolucije o radu Lige koju je predložio, što pokazuje sveobuhvatni pristup i razumijevanje težine problema zaštite od tuberkuloze. U radu se donosi i kraći opis III. sastanka liječnika Osječke oblasti, izvodi iz govora sudionika te navodi iz govora Andrije Štampara, koji je nazočio sastanku. Opisom liječničkih sastanaka te navođenjem izvadaka iz njihovih govora, kao i predloženom rezolucijom želi se prikazati presudni zaokret u načinu zdravstvenoga prosvjećivanja te prelazak iz osobnoga angažmana liječnika u status društveno angažiranoga i organiziranoga pristupa liječenju tuberkuloze kao socijalne bolesti. Radom se također analizira dostupna građa s ciljem davanja uvida u društvenu atmosferu i spremnost osječkih liječnika da aktivno podupiru Ligu kao važnu društveno organiziranu akciju u prevenciji i saniranju posljedica bolesti.
This is the corrected version of the retracted article under the same title, which was published with the following DOI: https://doi.org/10.11649/cs.2445
Towards Constructing an Integrated Model for the Cognitive System: Revisiting Semantic Networks
Integrative approaches try to relate different constructs in different theories and reinterpret them within a common conceptual framework. In this paper, an integrative framework for cognitive constructs is modelled, proposed and evaluated, using the concept of processing levels. Cognitive processing is divided into feature-based, semantic, and conceptual levels, based on the volume of information used to represent a stimulus. To quantitatively evaluate the structure of this model, 47 participants with impaired valance systems were selected from psychological clinics in Mashhad according to the convenience sampling method. The functioning of the participants’ cognitive networks was assessed by the Beck Depression Inventory II, the Semantic Distance Task, the Verbal Fluency Test, the Computerized Dot Probe, the Stroop Test, the Implicit Association Test, and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. The proposed structural model was formed by using tests scores as predictor variables and levels of processing as mediating variables. The research data were analysed through the PLS Structural Equation Model and the exploratory approach. The best fitted model with a normative fit index of 0.92 confirmed the three-level data clustering hypothesis. Path coefficients between feature-oriented and semantic levels and for semantic and conceptual levels obtained Φ = 0.38 and Φ = 0.46 respectively. In previous studies, interpretations of both the Implicit Association Test and the Verbal Fluency Test were controversial. Using the notion of processing levels, these variations have been reinterpreted.
To jest poprawiona wersja wycofanego artykułu o tym samym tytule, który był opublikowany pod następującym numerem DOI: https://doi.org/10.11649/cs.2445
Konstruowanie zintegrowanego modelu systemu poznawczego. Rewizja sieci semantycznych
Podejścia integracyjne próbują powiązać różne konstrukty w różnych teoriach i zreinterpretować je we wspólnych ramach konceptualnych. W niniejszym artykule modelowane są i oceniane ramy integracyjne dla konstruktów kognitywnych z zastosowaniem koncepcji poziomów przetwarzania. Przetwarzanie poznawcze podzielone jest na poziomy: cechowy, semantyczny i konceptualny, w oparciu o ilość informacji wykorzystywanych do reprezentowania bodźca. Do ilościowej oceny struktury tego modelu wybrano 47 uczestników z zaburzonymi systemami walencyjnymi z poradni psychologicznych w Mashhad, zgodnie z metodą doboru próby losowej. Funkcjonowanie sieci poznawczych uczestników oceniano za pomocą II inwentarza depresji Becka, testu dystansu semantycznego, testu biegłości słownej, komputerowej sondy punktowej, testu Stroopa, testu asocjacji niejawnych oraz testu sortowania kart z Wisconsin. Zaproponowany model strukturalny został utworzony na podstawie wyników testów jako zmiennych predykcyjnych oraz poziomów przetwarzania jako zmiennych pośredniczących. Dane badawcze były analizowane za pomocą modelu równań strukturalnych PLS oraz podejścia eksploracyjnego. Najlepiej dopasowany model o normatywnym wskaźniku dopasowania 0,92 potwierdził hipotezę o trójpoziomowym grupowaniu danych. Współczynniki ścieżek pomiędzy poziomem zorientowanym na cechy a poziomem semantycznym oraz dla poziomu semantycznego i konceptualnego uzyskały odpowiednio Φ = 0,38 i Φ = 0,46. W poprzednich badaniach interpretacje zarówno testu asocjacji niejawnych, jak i testu biegłości słownej budziły kontrowersje. Wykorzystując pojęcie poziomów przetwarzania, dokonano reinterpretacji tych wariantów.
Computational linguistics. Natural language processing, Semantics
Сергей Игоревич Монахов, Владимир Владимирович Турчаненко, Екатерина Алексеевна Федюкова
et al.
Цель исследования, первые результаты которого представлены в настоящей статье, — анализ состава и особенностей функционирования терминологической лексики в учебниках для средней школы Российской Федерации с помощью методов и средств компьютерной лингвистики. Количество терминов из разных областей знания, которое школьник должен усвоить за время обучения в средней школе, никогда не подвергалось оценке. По предварительным подсчетам, произведенным на материале Примерной основной образовательной программы общего и среднего образования 2015 года только в части предмета «Русский язык», ученик в 5–11 классах средней школы должен понимать, распознавать и уметь употреблять около 1000 терминов и терминологических сочетаний из этой сферы знания. Таким образом, учитывая количество школьных дисциплин, общее число единиц специальной лексики, изучаемых в общеобразовательной школе, измеряется тысячами. В то же время сопоставительные характеристики состава и функционирования терминов в учебниках для разных школьных предметов не изучены и остаются неизвестными. Неясна корреляция между терминологической плотностью учебного текста в школьных учебниках по разным предметам и местом, занимаемым этими предметами в учебных планах. Традиционным способом вычленения терминов из специальных текстов является их просмотр и «ручное» формирование соответствующих перечней. При надежности такого способа в отношении интеллектуализации принципов отбора он плохо приложим к большим массивам данных и не отражает ни частотность употребления терминов, ни специфику их синтагматических связей, ни системные отношения между терминами, формируемые их сочетаемостным поведением. Реализация описываемого проекта предусматривает создание полнотекстового корпуса на материале текстов школьных учебников 5–11 классов, включенных в Федеральный перечень Министерства просвещения РФ, автоматическое вычленение и стратификацию терминов при помощи методов дистрибутивной семантики, создание и обучение глубокой нейросети, способной по поданной на вход группе векторных представлений терминов определить учебную дисциплину, уровень обучения и учебную тему. Результаты исследования могут представлять теоретический интерес в перспективе развития терминоведения и иметь практическое применение при создании школьной учебной литературы разных типов.
This article examines the etymology of the word gibbon, which is not yet clear. The article presents a phonemic analysis using the ALINE algorithm which suggests that the root word is Northern Aslian kbɔɲ, used by Menraq communities in the heart of Peninsular Malaysia. This article reviews morphological, ethno-geographical, semantic, historical and linguistic evidence that supports this hypothesis. The article proposes Malay as an intermediary, noting that several other Aslian words entered European languages via Malay.
Новый энциклопедический словарь по русскому языку, подготовленный в Российском государственном педагогическом университете им. А. И. Герцена, адресован в первую очередь ученикам старших классов общеобразовательной школы и учителям-словесникам. Словарь продолжает не очень богатую отечественную традицию научных лингвистических энциклопедических изданий для школьников и в то же время выделяется из круга подобных изданий принципами отбора терминов, характером описания их содержания, внедренными в словарь элементами контроля усвоения знаний и нестандартными формами иллюстративно- инфографического сопровождения и навигации. Состав словника, как и в целом набор терминов, наличествующих в словаре, задан терминологическим наполнением нормативных документов в области школьного образования: Федеральным государственным образовательным стандартом и детализирующими его примерными программами. Словарные статьи написаны в строгом, энциклопедическом стиле и при этом многофункциональны: они раскрывают теоретическое содержание лингвистических понятий, ориентируют читателя в вопросах словоупотребления с точки зрения нормы литературного языка и в ряде случаев содержат сведения, выходящие за рамки школьной программы, но важные для усвоения сути характеризуемого явления или потенциально способствующие формированию мотивации учащихся к углублению знаний в области русского языка и языкознания. Словарные статьи сопровождены заданиями, которые в большинстве случаев носят творческий и проектный характер и могут быть использованы учителем русского языка при организации учебного процесса. В словарь включены терминологический и тематический указатель. Последний представляет собой схематическое «терминологическое древо» с выявленными родо-видовыми отношениями между лингвистическими понятиями, что позволяет использовать словарь как учебное пособие с последовательным изложением материала по конкретной лингвистической теме. Иллюстративный ряд словаря также несет определенную дидактическую нагрузку. Некоторые статьи иллюстрируются нетривиально связанными с содержанием статьи кадрами из кинофильмов и телеспектаклей, поставленных по произведениям русской классической литературы. Читателю предстоит вспомнить сюжетные или стилистические особенности литературного текста и соотнести их с характеризуемым в словарной статье лингвистическим понятием. Ряд статей снабжен схемами, в упрощенном графическом виде представляющими облако лингвистических понятий, раскрываемых в статье, с взаимными отношениями между терминами, выявленными методами дистрибутивной семантики при помощи компьютерного анализа лексического состава статьи.
The outstanding position in which the studies on the Spanish spoken in the Canary Islands are at present is the result of an uninterrupted line of research that begins to take root from the forties, when true linguists started to carry out the tracking and study of materials. Before that date, the situation was very different in terms of the quantity and quality of the data and the substance of the analysis, but that does not mean, in any way, that these early contributions have no value, a fact that can be verified in this paper, focused on one of these initial works, that of Antonino Pestana Rodríguez, and that contains the edition of his Vocabulario palmero, essential to have a full notion concerning the extent of this contribution.
The Functional-Cognitive Category of Femininity in Modern Ukrainian
The article describes in detail the latest feminine nouns of professions, job titles, and other activities. These nouns form part of the lexico-semantic system of Ukrainian and at the same time demonstrate its continuous dynamics. These neo-derivatives are actively used in modern Ukrainian media texts, contributing to the modernization and liberalization of the text, and to the creation of gender-linguistic balance. The need to involve feminitives in linguistic use is indicated by their codification in the new Ukrainian Orthography, although in previous editions they were ignored. These arguments and the focus on the idea of bilateral interpretation (semantics as dominant and formal), including in the context of anthropocentrism and active communication, form the basis for the development of the functional-cognitive category of femininity. Research into derivatology and semantic syntax make it possible to consider feminine personal nouns as elements with certain semantic-syntactic features, representing a profound and comprehensive aspect of the research. This is supplemented by the lexico-semantic classification of these units. The specific characteristics of Ukrainian-language names are identified by a detailed study of the means of expressing femininity – suffixes and case forms of feminine personal nouns – and their codified use. This set of features serves as the basis for the interpretation of the category of femininity as an abstract concept that generally denotes units with the meaning of feminine gender and combines three grammemes with a narrower categorical meaning: feminitive subjectivity; feminitive objectivity; and feminitive addressant, which form a certain hierarchy and semantic-cognitive paradigm.
Kategoria funkcjonalno-kognitywna kobiecości we współczesnym języku ukraińskim
W artykule opisano najnowsze rzeczowniki rodzaju żeńskiego zawodów, tytułów zawodowych i innych czynności. Rzeczowniki te stanowiąc część systemu leksykalno-semantycznego języka ukraińskiego, świadczą o dynamice rozwoju języka ukraińskiego. Te neopodchodne formacje są często wykorzystywane we współczesnych ukraińskich tekstach medialnych, co przyczynia się do modernizacji i liberalizacji tekstu oraz wytworzenia równowagi płciowo-językowej. Na potrzebę włączenia cechy kobiecości do języka wskazuje ich kodyfikacja uwzględniona w nowej „ortografii ukraińskiej”. Wcześniejsze edycje tę kwestię pomijały. Te argumenty oraz skupienie się na idei interpretacji dwukierunkowej (semantyka jako dominująca i formalna, uzupełniająca pierwszą), w tym w kontekście antropocentryzmu i aktywnej komunikacji, stanowią podstawę rozwoju funkcjonalno-poznawczej kategorii kobiecości. Badania nad derywatologią i składnią semantyczną umożliwiają uznanie tych rzeczowników za elementy o pewnych cechach semantyczno-składniowych, reprezentujących głęboki i kompleksowy aspekt badań. Specyficzne cechy nazw żeńskich w języku ukraińskim są identyfikowane w szczegółowym badaniu sposobów wyrażania kobiecości, z uwzględnieniem takich elementów, jak przyrostki czy budowa imion żeńskich oraz ich skodyfikowane użycie. Ten zestaw cech posłużył za podstawę do interpretacji kategorii kobiecości jako abstrakcyjnej koncepcji, która ogólnie oznaczając jednostki ze znaczeniem płci żeńskiej, łączy w sobie trzy obszary o węższym kategorycznym znaczeniu: feminitywa podmiotowe, feminitywa obiektywne i feminitywa adresowe, tworzące określoną hierarchię oraz paradygmat semantyczno-poznawczy.
Computational linguistics. Natural language processing, Semantics
The paper examines adjectives denoting horizontal and vertical size
(‘long’ and ‘short’) in the Buryat language and Russian-Buryat dictionaries. The analysis shows that adjectives to define objects in horizontal orientation are fewer than those
dealing with vertical orientation. At the same time, adjectives of vertical orientation
(oodon and ohor) are distinguished by exclusive compatibility characteristics. The adjective oodon characterizes objects hanging down, such as tails, lower hems, bottom
edges of trousers, shoulder weapons, etc.; and the word ohor defines vertical, upwardsdirected objects, e.g., grass, rocks, etc. The dominant adjectives in synonymic chains
of both orientations coincide and serve as general definitions of certain qualities or
characteristics of an object (uta and bogony). For deeper understanding of peculiarities inherent to these adjectives, the paper examines no pictorial, stylistically loaded
adjectives since those are often essentially evaluative and do not act as object definers
directly; the single exception examined being the somewhat evaluative adjective unzhagar ‘long’ containing semes of both horizontal and vertical orientations. It defines
objects stretched in perspective, as well as ones that hang down or face upwards. As
for the analyzed adjectives, in both the synonymic chains the adjectives bogony and
oodon ‘short’ are not used in a figurative sense, while uta and ohor are active enough
in this function. This fact, apparently, attests to that those are basically used in their
direct, utilitarian function ― determination of physical parameters of an object used in
practice and economic activities. So, a different story is that of the word ohor which,
when combined with ukhaan, bodol, naγan, express figurative meanings (ohor ukhaan
‘dull mind’, ohor γanaan ‘short-sighted’, ohor naγan ‘short life / short century’). Some
of these adjectives are used to form compound nouns and adjectives, e.g., uta honshoor
‘bittern’, ohor γüül ‘tailbone’, oodon buu ‘carbine’, oodon terge ‘uniaxial cart’, oodon
ümden ‘shorts’, etc. Distinction between Buryat (and other Mongolic) synonyms in
vertical orientation requires a deeper analysis based on their etymologies, and in lexicographical practice – accompaniments in the form of semantic explanations.
History of Asia, Political institutions and public administration - Asia (Asian studies only)
This contribution deals with a new digital English–Spanish–English lexicographical project that started as an assignment from the Danish high-tech company Ordbogen A/S which signed a contract with the University of Valladolid (Spain) for designing and compiling a digital lexicographical product that is economically and commercially feasible and can be used for various purposes in connection with its expansion into new markets and the launching of new tools and services which make use of lexicographical data. The article presents the philosophy underpinning the project, highlights some of the innovations introduced, e.g. the use of logfiles for compiling the initial lemma list and the order of compilation, and illustrates a compilation methodology which starts by assuming the relevance of new concepts, i.e. object and auxiliary languages instead of target and source languages. The contribution also defends the premise that the future of e-lexicography basically rests on a close cooperation between research centers and high-tech companies which assures the adequate use of disruptive technologies and innovations.
Philology. Linguistics, Languages and literature of Eastern Asia, Africa, Oceania
Through the study of ancient Egyptian magical texts, this article brings out mentions of a specific vocabulary linked to justice and laws. The magical ritual may be compared with a trial and the numerous threats that could be found within the formulae come to support this hypothesis.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Sociology (General)
The internet literary magazine iLiteratura.cz was built from 2000 to 2002. From different angles it captures and comments the current state of book supply in the Czech Republic and abroad, but at the same time it serves as an extensive archive with more than 8 thousand texts and a valuable source of information for professional and general public. It targets mainly on contemporary literature. As the only one of the Czech literary projects it is dedicated to literatures written in different languages including minority ones. The portal, structured in fourty sections, defined mostly by the language of the particular literature, is a modern alternative to traditional literary and cultural periodicals, it publishes similarly aimed articles. However, it offers them in a different environment and in uncomparably much larger quantities. It focuses on wide audience, the typical reader of iLiteratura.cz is a person with university degree. The chief editor of iLiteratura.cz is the translator, literary journalist and university teacher Jovanka Šotolová. The Bulgarian section „knigi: Bulharsko“, where I work as an editor, started its activity in 2003. The content of the section tries to cover all the reception of Bulgarian literature in our country, the situation in Bulgaria is mapped selectively. The greatest attention has been paid to two important and the most translated contemporary Bulgarian authors Georgi Gospodinov and Alek Popov, from the women authors the novelist and playwright Teodora Dimova is leading, attention is paid also to much younger authors or vice versa classics. Members of ethnic minorities are represented also. The readers meet with great interest also texts from the field of lexicography. In the field of non-fiction the sociological theme about Bulgarian Vojvodovo of Marek Jakoubek and Lenka Jakoubková Budilová has provoked an interest. The Bulgarian section informs through invitations and news about literary prizes, events and festivals. As for articles reviews prevail clearly, next are extracts and writers’ portraits. Among the contributors are represented all ages, but especially young generation to middle age one. If we look at the attendance of the Bulgarian section, undoubtedly Ani Burova’s review „Bulgarian literature during the last fifteen years“ has being led for a long time, but there is a considerable interest in other summarizing texts by other authors. A classic printed yearbook „Literature in the world and in Europe“, which brought articles on literature written in Bulgarian, has become an accompanying action. iLiteratura.cz panel at the International book fair Book World Prague 2005, devoted to Slavonic literatures, also talked about Bulgarian literature.
Anthropology, Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology
Geografska imena, kao predmet interdisciplinarnih istraživanja, proučavaju se ponajprije s jezičnoga, a u posljednje vrijeme i s geografskoga, povijesnoga, arheološkoga, etnološkoga, kartografskoga, leksikografskoga i ponajmanje geodetskoga aspekta. Svrha ovoga istraživanja jest odrediti odnos između triju znanosti (znanstvenih disciplina) – toponomastike, geografije i leksikografije – u obradi toponima zastupljenih u leksikografskim djelima. U radu se ispituje tretman toponima i način obrade u leksikografskim izdanjima (rječnicima, leksikonima, enciklopedijama i atlasima) analizom: a) zastupljenosti toponima unutar analiziranoga djela, b) zastupljenosti i strukture jezične obrade toponima u odabranim toponomastičkim natuknicama jednojezičnih rječnika, c) zastupljenosti i strukture geografskih sadržaja kod odabranih toponimskih natuknica u leksikonima, enciklopedijama i atlasima Leksikografskoga zavoda Miroslav Krleža. Primjerima je potvrđena činjenica da je jezična obrada malobrojnih toponima iscrpnija u jednojezičnim rječnicima nego u ostalim leksikografskim izdanjima, a geografska je obrada u rječnicima veoma sažeta. Zaključeno je da je zastupljenost toponima (osobito u Atlasu svijeta) i geografskih sadržaja u općem tipu zavodskih edicija zadovoljavajuća. Potvrdila se pretpostavka da je geografska obrada toponimskih natuknica, koje predstavljaju složene prostorne strukture, poput naselja, regija i država, u enciklopedijama, leksikonima i atlasima dostatno zastupljena, ali su geografski sadržaji strukturirani prema klasičnom nabrajalačkom, danas neprimjerenom principu. Razlozi tomu leže podjednako u slabostima hrvatske geografije i leksikografije.
Fuertes-Olivera and Tarp's Theory and Practice of Specialised Online Dictionaries is a long-awaited volume, offering a systematic description of the tenets of function theory. The authors present this theoretical framework both as a guideline in order to accomplish different lexicographical tasks (i.e. from compiling dictionaries to assessing the lexicographical suitability of other theoretical models), and as a valuable methodological tool which can be used to detect the users' needs. The 'Functional approach' is thus considered to be an alternative method to the research on users' behaviour. However, not only the new ideas and the terminology used within this field of lexicographical research deserve attention, but also some issues related to the concept of specialised lexicography, which are briefly outlined by Fuertes-Olivera and Tarp in the book. Their definition of this sub-discipline stimulates further reflections on the epistemic status of the two branches of lexicography (general and specialised) as well as on the related concepts of general and cultural knowledge.
Removing grammar ambiguity of word forms by statistical methods
Research is devoted to the study of behaviour of linguistic processor at simultaneous application of software supporting functions (taking into account the characteristics of the writing word forms (capital / small letters), punctuation marks in trigrams and location of trigrams within a sentence). The article analyses qualitative quantitative characteristics of the results removing grammatical homonyms of word forms using statistical methods in compliance with requirements. The research is based on the texts of normative legal document.
Computational linguistics. Natural language processing, Semantics