Hasil untuk "History of Poland"

S. Katsanevakis, I. Wallentinus, A. Zenetos et al.

Stelios Katsanevakis*, Inger Wallentinus, Argyro Zenetos, Erkki Leppakoski, Melih Ertan Cinar, Bayram Ozturk, Michal Grabowski, Daniel Golani and Ana Cristina Cardoso European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), Ispra, Italy Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Inland Waters, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Ag. Kosmas, Greece Department of Biosciences, Environmental and Marine Biology, Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland Ege University, Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Hydrobiology, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey Faculty of Fisheries, Marine Biology Laboratory, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey Department of Invertebrate Zoology & Hydrobiology, University of Lodz, Poland Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior and the National Natural History Collections, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel

D. Wood, F. Palace

N. Schiller, G. Fouron

Combining history, autobiography, and ethnography, Georges Woke Up Laughing provides a portrait of the Haitian experience of migration to the United States that illuminates the phenomenon of long-distance nationalism, the voicelessness of certain citizens, and the impotency of government in an increasingly globalized world. By presenting lively ruminations on his life as a Haitian immigrant, Georges Eugene Fouron—along with Nina Glick Schiller, whose own family history stems from Poland and Russia—captures the daily struggles for survival that bind together those who emigrate and those who stay behind. According to a long-standing myth, once emigrants leave their homelands—particularly if they emigrate to the United States—they sever old nationalistic ties, assimilate, and happily live the American dream. In fact, many migrants remain intimately and integrally tied to their ancestral homeland, sometimes even after they become legal citizens of another country. In Georges Woke Up Laughing the authors reveal the realities and dilemmas that underlie the efforts of long-distance nationalists to redefine citizenship, race, nationality, and political loyalty. Through discussions of the history and economics that link the United States with countries around the world, Glick Schiller and Fouron highlight the forces that shape emigrants’ experiences of government and citizenship and create a transborder citizenry. Arguing that governments of many countries today have almost no power to implement policies that will assist their citizens, the authors provide insights into the ongoing sociological, anthropological, and political effects of globalization. Georges Woke up Laughing will entertain and inform those who are concerned about the rights of people and the power of their governments within the globalizing economy. “In my dream I was young and in Haiti with my friends, laughing, joking, and having a wonderful time. I was walking down the main street of my hometown of Aux Cayes. The sun was shining, the streets were clean, and the port was bustling with ships. At first I was laughing because of the feeling of happiness that stayed with me, even after I woke up. I tried to explain my wonderful dream to my wife, Rolande. Then I laughed again but this time not from joy. I had been dreaming of a Haiti that never was.”—from Georges Woke Up Laughing

R. Breen

Maureen Watt, Inmaculada Martinez-Saguer, Angela Simon et al.

Abstract Background Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare genetic disease manifesting as recurrent painful, burdensome, and potentially life-threatening swelling attacks. This noninterventional, cross-sectional, web-based survey of adult (aged ≥ 18 years) participants with HAE from Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Croatia, Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, and Sweden sought to deepen the understanding of HAE burden. Individuals were eligible if they had a self-reported physician diagnosis of HAE, ≥ 1 HAE attack or prodromal symptom within the last year, and received HAE medications within the last 2 years. Data were collected on participant demographics, clinical characteristics, and patient-reported outcomes using validated questionnaires; these included disease control (Angioedema Control Test [AECT]), health-related quality of life (HRQoL; Angioedema Quality of Life [AE-QoL]), general health status (12-Item Short Form Survey [SF-12 v2]), anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [HADS]), and work productivity impairment (Work Productivity and Activity Impairment: General Health [WPAI:GH]). Results Overall, 260 participants were included; age (mean ± SD) was 43.3 ± 13.5 years; 72.7% of participants were female, 89.6% had HAE due to C1 inhibitor deficiency, and 78.5% reported family history of HAE. Participants reported 11.5 ± 14.2 (mean ± SD) HAE attacks in the 6 months before the survey, with 68.5% reporting their most recent attack occurring within the last 4 weeks. Of 260 participants, 153 (58.8%) reported currently using any medication for long-term prophylaxis, but only 56/153 (36.6%) reported using a first-line LTP option per international guidelines. Patient-reported disease burden included, on average, moderate to large HRQoL impairment (AE-QoL total score [mean ± SD] 42.9 ± 23.2), poor disease control (AECT score [mean ± SD] 7.4 ± 3.1), and work productivity impairment (WPAI:GH overall work productivity loss score [mean ± SD] 26.9% ± 32.2). Participants with a lower versus higher number of HAE attacks in the past 6 months reported better disease control, less HRQoL impairment, and less work productivity loss. Conclusion Results of this large multinational survey highlight that patients included in this study, most of whom were not using first-line LTP, reported being burdened by their disease, including frequent HAE attacks, HRQoL impairment, poor disease control, and work productivity impairment.

Zofia Trafas, Victoria Kamasa

Lata 2021 i 2022 przyniosły radykalną zmianę sytuacji migracyjnej w Polsce. W 2021 roku rozpoczął się kryzys humanitarny na granicy polsko-białoruskiej, który przyczynił się do wprowadzenia na większą skalę tematu migracji do dyskursu publicznego w Polsce. Z kolei inwazja Rosji na Ukrainę, rozpoczęta 24 lutego 2022 roku, wywołała jedną z największych, przymusowych migracji od czasu II wojny światowej, w znaczącej części do Polski. Prezentowane przez nas badanie, bazując na dużych korpusach tekstów prasowych (ponad milion słów dla granicy polsko-białoruskiej i blisko 4 mln słów dla granicy polsko-ukraińskiej) oraz wspierając się ilościowymi metodami analizy tekstu, przedstawia skoncentrowaną na wzorcach rekonstrukcję dyskursywnej konstrukcji Osób w drodze w tekstach prasowych. Przeprowadzona analiza ujawnia zarówno typowe, jak i unikalne elementy tej konstrukcji. Do elementów typowych należy między innymi odwołanie do dyskursu obcości i dehumanizujący język obecny w dyskursie. Unikalne są odniesienia do dyskursu swojskości, a także znacząca przewaga niestreotypizującego dyskursu solidarności w korpusie dotyczącym granicy polsko-ukraińskiej.

Joanna Miklaszewska

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest ukazanie kierunków rozwoju opery od połowy lat siedemdziesiątych XX wieku do czasów współczesnych, z uwzględnieniem między innymi oper, w których wykorzystana została nowa technologia. W niniejszym artykule postawiona zostanie hipoteza, iż okres ten, mierzony sukcesami takich muzycznych arcydzieł jak trylogia oper portretowych Philipa Glassa czy opera Nixon w Chinach Johna Adamsa, można określić jako renesans opery na przełomie XX i XXI wieku. Wiele ze skomponowanych w ostatnim pięćdziesięcioleciu dzieł weszło do repertuaru czołowych teatrów operowych, zadziwiając współczesne audytoria nowymi, oryginalnymi koncepcjami muzyczno-wizualnymi, eksplorując nowe treści i stawiając wyzwania tradycyjnym ujęciom gatunku.

Alexander Yu. Bendin

The author examines the regional characteristics of the Polish separatist uprising of 1863 (January Uprising) in the territory of Lithuania and Belarus, a territory which was part of Western Russia at the time. The general goals of the uprising aimed at separating the Kingdom of Poland and Western Russia from the Russian state, and its regional Western Russian characteristics had a direct impact on the formation of the political discourse of the Orthodox clergy and their conceptual output. The special role played in the uprising by the politicized Roman Catholic clergy determined the content of those concepts and the ideological values of the component of discourse used by them. An important role in the religious and political propaganda of the Polish Catholic clergy was played through the issue of restoring the Uniate Church of Western Russia, which had been abolished at the Synod of Polotsk in 1839. The Western Russian Orthodox clergy, which mainly consisted of former Uniates, turned out to be an attractive subject for such propaganda. The propaganda arguments in favor of restoring the union were accompanied by threats, violence, and murders of Orthodox priests. The response to the actions of the separatists was a political discourse, the main concepts of which were formed by Metropolitan Joseph (Semashko) of Lithuania, who had previously belonged to the union. The historical basis of the discourse was the conceptual ideas of N.G. Ustryalov, who considered the history of Russia as all-Russian, including the history of Western Russia. The author comes to the conclusion that the main concepts of the political discourse were “Russian nationality” and the unity of Western Russian Orthodoxy (political, ecclesiastical, and ethnic) with the Russian monarchy, the Russian Church, and the Russian people. The political discourse of the Western Russian clergy found expression in church services, publications of the church press, sermons, and overt actions to support the policies of Alexander II.

Alexandra Agache, Ervin Toth, Niels Qvist et al.

<b>Background and Aims</b>: Colon capsule endoscopy (CCE) provides a non-invasive alternative to traditional colonoscopy. This study evaluated the feasibility, safety, diagnostic yield (DY), and patient satisfaction of the OMOM CC100 CCE system, with special focus on fully remote (n = 30) and partially remote (n = 89) administration across four centres to advance decentralised models. <b>Methods:</b> This prospective, investigator-initiated, international multicentre feasibility study enrolled 119 patients aged 18–75 years at centres in Denmark, Sweden, Portugal, and Poland from July 2024 to May 2025. Indications included rectal bleeding, iron-deficiency anaemia, a positive faecal immunochemical test, changes in bowel habit, suspected inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), post-polypectomy or colorectal cancer (CRC) surgery surveillance, and a family history of CRC. The OMOM CC100 capsule was employed with a standardised bowel preparation regimen. Administration was fully remote in Denmark using the IntelliGI™ platform and partially remote (clinic ingestion, home completion) at the other sites. Primary outcomes encompassed procedure feasibility, completion rate (capsule excretion or anal verge visualisation), bowel cleanliness (Leighton-Rex scale ≥ 3), diagnostic yield, and patient satisfaction. Secondary measures included transit times, adverse events, and technical failures. <b>Results</b>: Median age was 55.7 years (65 males, 54 females). Overall completion rate was 79%, varying by centre: Sweden (90%), Portugal (81%), Denmark (80%), and Poland (63%). Adequate bowel cleanliness was achieved in 71% of cases. Diagnostic findings included polyps (25 patients), angioectasia (20), diverticulosis (17), and mucosal inflammation (17); 42% were normal. Fully remote administration yielded 80% completion and 89.7% satisfaction. No serious adverse events occurred; overall satisfaction was 81%, with 87% preferring home-based procedures. <b>Conclusions:</b> The OMOM CC100 CCE system is feasible, safe, with DY comparable to established systems. IntelliGI™-enabled remote administration promotes decentralised care, enhancing accessibility.

Justyna Adamczuk, Magdalena Chlabicz, Natalia Koda et al.

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is the most prevalent viral infection of the central nervous system (CNS) in Poland. The disease is characterized by the presence of two stages. The first phase, called the viremic stage, presents with flu-like symptoms, while the second stage of TBE is characterized by damage to the nervous system and may follow a severe and dramatic course. The aim of this paper is to increase the awareness of the potential sequelae after TBE. In this study, we report cases of severe TBE in 36-year-old and 57-year-old female patients. The outcome of TBE varies from patient to patient, but there are some factors that can help to predict the severity of TBE infection. The risk factors presented in these patients were as follows: the monophasic course of TBE, high pleocytosis in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and older age. Both of our patients were not vaccinated despite the World Health Organization’s (WHO’s) recommendations. Both patients had no history of travel outside their region of residence prior to the onset of illness. The few risk factors shown in our patients and the serious sequelae of the disease may indicate the need to test patients for possible gene mutations.

Oliwia Olesiejuk

Konferencja „Herstorie. Praca organiczna kobiet” odbyła się w październiku 2022 r. jako pierwsze w pełni herstoryczne wydarzenie organizowane w Pałacu Generała Dąbrowskiego w Winnej Górze, instytucji kultury Samorządu Województwa Wielkopolskiego. Tematem konferencji stały się herstorie wielkopolskich organiczniczek, których działalność może inspirować do rozwiązywania aktualnych problemów. Punktem wyjścia stała się wymiana doświadczeń pomiędzy kobietami zaangażowanymi społecznie, reprezentującymi różne dziedziny i profesje. Zaproszone do dzielenia się swoim doświadczeniem uczestniczki zaprezentowały własne doświadczenia pracy społecznej, kulturalnej i edukacyjnej; podzieliły się także wiedzą na temat pozyskiwania środków i współpracy z jednostkami samorządowymi. Istotnym elementem konferencji było podkreślenie znaczenia odkrywania i włączania herstorii jako narracji współtworzącej narodową tożsamość oraz inspirującej do walki o szeroko rozumianą sprawiedliwość społeczną. Wydarzeniu towarzyszyła wystawa prac artystycznych i rzemieślniczych lokalnych twórczyń z Powiatu Średzkiego: członkiń Kół Gospodyń Wiejskich i indywidualnych artystek. Drugiego dnia konferencji odbyły się warsztaty dla kobiet mieszkających lokalnie konferencji o tematyce ekofeministycznej.

Joanna Szady

Artykuł przestawia udział Sióstr Miłosierdzia w opiece nad chorymi w Szpitalu św. Ducha w Koninie w latach 1906-1938. Przedstawiono w nim stan zakonnego personelu szpitala konińskiego, odtwarzając lata pracy poszczególnych sióstr w mieście W tekście zarysowane zostały tradycje szpitalnictwa miejskiego wraz z okolicznościami sprowadzenia szarytek do miasta, jak również przedstawiono warunki ich pracy. Sytuacja kadrowa szpitala zaprezentowana została w szerszym aspekcie geograficzno-historycznym, ukazującym sieć placówek szpitalnych w wybranych przedziałach czasowych. Do opracowania tematu wykorzystano materiały archiwalne z Archiwum Diecezjalnego we Włocławku, Archiwum Sióstr Miłosierdzia w Warszawie oraz dane badawcze z zasobów Ośrodka Badań nad Geografią Historyczną Kościoła w Polsce. Tekst artykułu wzbogaca materiał kartograficzny oraz ikonograficzny.

Helena Hryciuk

Paweł Kubik, Daniela Gallo, Maria Laura Tanda et al.

The aim of this study was to test the effect of hyaluronic acid cross-linked with polyethylene glycol containing micronized portions of calcium hydroxyapatite (Neauvia Stimulate) on both local tissue and systemic consequences, which are crucial from the perspective of long-term safety, in patients suffering from Hashimoto’s disease. This most common autoimmune disease is a frequently mentioned contraindication to the use of fillers based on hyaluronic acid as well as biostimulants based on calcium hydroxyapatite. Broad-spectrum aspects of histopathology were analyzed to identify key features of inflammatory infiltration before the procedure and 5, 21, and 150 days after the procedure. A statistically significant effect on the reduction of the intensity of the inflammatory infiltration in the tissue in relation to the state before the procedure was demonstrated, combined with a reduction in the occurrence of both antigen-recognizing (CD4) and cytotoxic (CD8) T lymphocytes. With complete statistical certainty, it was demonstrated that the treatment with Neauvia Stimulate had no effect on the levels of these antibodies. All this corresponds with the risk analysis that showed no alarming symptoms during the time of observation. The choice of hyaluronic acid fillers cross-linked with polyethylene glycol should be considered justified and safe in the case of patients suffering from Hashimoto’s disease.

Szepietowska M, Dabrowska A, Dziasek S et al.

Marta Szepietowska, Alicja Dabrowska, Szymon Dziasek, Bartosz Lisicki, Katarzyna Skinderowicz, Bartosz Wilczynski, Piotr K Krajewski, Jacek C Szepietowski Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, PolandCorrespondence: Jacek C Szepietowski, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wroclaw Medical University, Chalubinskiego 1, Wroclaw, 50-368, Poland, Tel +48-601534853, Email jacek.szepietowski@umw.edu.plBackground: Hand eczema (HE) is a common inflammatory skin disease occurring in subjects of any age. Literature data on knowledge of HE in different age-groups are scarce.Purpose: To evaluate knowledge and attitudes related to HE among adolescents.Methods: A total of 258 high school students were invited to participate in this project. A specially designed questionnaire created on the base of previous studies was used to assess adolescents’ knowledge of HE. HE was self-reported answering the validated single question “Have you ever had hand eczema?&#x201DResults: Data from 243 students (94.2% response rate) were obtained for final analysis. There were 117 (48.1%) females and 126 (51.9%), males with a mean age of 16.0± 1.7 years. Sixty-eight students (28%) reported a personal history of HE, and 32.8% declared having knowledge of HE. More females than males (P=0.023) declared that they knew what HE was (39.3% and 26.2%, respectively). Hand cream was used on a regular basis by 49% of adolescents. Females used hand cream more frequently (P< 0.001) than males. No difference in declared knowledge of HE was found between subjects with and without a personal history of hand lesions. Students declaring having adequate knowledge of HE used hand cream more commonly (P=0.045).Conclusion: Although HE is a common disease in the general population, including adolescents, less than a third of subjects were aware of this entity. Almost half were using hand cream, but interestingly, personal history of HE did not increase the regular application of hand cream.Keywords: hand eczema, children, adolescents, knowledge

Dariusz Miszewski

In 1939–40, in the agreements imposed by the Soviet Union by force on Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia, these nations were forced to withdraw from the Baltic Entente, and in the agreements of 1940 and 1944, it forbade Finland from joining the Scandinavian states. It also rejected the right of “small states”-Poland and Czechoslovakia, as well as Yugoslavia and Greece (1942)-to join plans for regional integration supported by Great Britain. It should be recalled that in the interwar period, the Soviet Union had opposed Aristide Briand’s plan (1929) for a united Europe, which Soviet propaganda called “the holy capitalist alliance”. The Soviet Union policy believed that as a socialist state it resolved national, economic and social problems in the spirit of brotherhood and cooperation between nations. Capitalist states were allegedly incapable of equal unions of states. The Soviet Union described itself as a union of republics which were formally independent and equal states. In fact their independence was superficial, and the republican institutions were strictly controlled by the Communist party and the Soviet secret services. In foreign policy, the concept of Soviet federalism served to justify the successive annexation of neighbouring nations as republics “liberated” by the Red Army. The Soviet goal was to unite Europe, and even the whole world, on the basis of Communist ideology.

M.E.

The article examines the world famous action «Museum Night» as one of the successful examples of museum communication. This event, as a rule, is held on the International Day of Museums and is one of the ways to create a positive image of the museum, its popularization and advertising. The author presents the history of the emergence of this action, tells about the peculiarities of its implementation in several countries of the world, in particular, focuses on the experience of Ukraine’s neighbor, Poland. The text demonstrates the degree of attraction of Ukrainian museums to the «Museum Night», shows interesting attractions that were offered to visitors in 2017–2021. It has been proved that the «Museum Night» action is gaining more and more popularity in the world and in Ukraine every year, that not only museums, but also cultural and educational institutions, in particular art galleries, Academies of Sciences, universities, libraries, mass media, are joining its holding more and more actively. It was noted that most often in the «Museum Night» free admission to institutions is offered or a reasonable price for a ticket is set. Among the most popular activities are presentations of books and clothing collections, master classes and quests, theatrical performances, concerts, movie screenings. An attention to the difficulties in holding the «Museum Night» in Ukraine and the world is drawn. In addition to the restrictions on museums related to COVID-19, economic difficulties in Ukraine are added to the global pandemic: insufficient funding from the state, low involvement of sponsors (especially in the provinces), passivity of ordinary citizens, underdeveloped infrastructure, in particular transport, insufficient use of advertising opportunities.

Gross Marta, Lin Chao

Real estate management systems differ all over the world. Differences arise from the different history of regions, different cultures and customs. The paper presents information about the real estate management systems in China and Poland, two extremely different countries. The authors have tried to show the differences and similarities between the countries. The research methods that were used to prepare the paper include a TOWS/SWOT analysis and a comparative analysis.

Dariusz Zalega

The Wave of Social Radicalism and Its Impact on Silesian Uprisings, 1917–1923 Three Silesian Uprisings (1919, 1920, 1921) all contributed to incorporating a portion of industrial Upper Silesia to Poland after the First World War. Until now, history has been emphasizing mostly the national nature of these upheavals. However, the revolutionary wave of between 1917 and 1923 left an enormous impact on the region, influencing the character of the aforementioned uprisings as well. Already in 1917, the Upper Silesia was witness to mass hunger strikes, and in 1918 the region became one of the important centers for the German Revolution. The Communist Party of Upper Silesia counted twenty thousand members, and its activity both affected and reflected a radicalization of sentiment in Silesian laborers. Two sides of the conflict over Silesia,the Polish and the German, both feared the communist influence, but at the same time they were forced by it to put forward more radical democratic and social slogans, as part of their propaganda. Raising of such voices was further encouraged by emergence of Workers’ Councils, by which the workers were drawn directly into the world of politics, and also by the post-war „democratization” of weaponry that led to armament of numerous worker communities. The author’s primary thesis is concerned with how the revolutionary wave influenced the character of the Silesian Uprisings – both in activity (strikes, laborer militias) as well as in dialogue (radical democratic and social slogans). This period in the Silesian history should not be reduced to a Polish-German conflict.   Wpływ fali radykalizmu społecznego lat 1917–1923 na powstania śląskie Trzy powstania śląskie (1919, 1920, 1921) przyczyniły się do przyłączenia części przemysłowego Górnego Śląska do Polski po I wojnie światowej. W dotychczasowej historii podkreślano narodowy charakter tych zrywów, w których brali udział śląscy robotnicy polskiej opcji. Okazuje się jednak, że fala rewolucyjna lat 1917–1923 wywarła ogromny wpływ na ten region, w tym także na charakter wspomnianych powstań. Już w 1917 roku na Śląsku doszło do masowych protestów głodowych, a w 1918 roku region ten był jednym z ważnych ośrodków rewolucji niemieckiej. Komunistyczna Partia Górnego Śląska liczyła 20 000 członków, przede wszystkim jednak jej działalność oddziaływała na radykalizację nastrojów robotników, jak i ją też odzwierciedlała. Obie strony konfliktu o Śląsk – polska i niemiecka, obawiały się komunistów, ale też musiały pod ich wpływem wysuwać w propagandzie radykalne hasła demokratyczne i społeczne. Podnoszeniu tych haseł sprzyjały także powstające rady robotnicze, wciągające w świat polityki załogi fabryk, oraz powojenna „demokratyzacja” broni prowadząca do uzbrojenia licznych środowisk robotników. Główna teza autora dotyczy tego, że fala rewolucyjna lat 1917–1923 w ogromnym stopniu wpłynęła na charakter powstań śląskich – tak w sferze działań (strajki, bojówki robotnicze), jak i głoszonych haseł (radykalnie demokratycznych i społecznych). Tego okresu na Śląsku nie można sprowadzać wyłącznie do konfliktu polsko-niemieckiego.

Eryk Krasucki

Piotr Zaremba (1910–1993) was the first post-war president of Szczecin, an internationally renowned urban planner and planner, and the author of fascinating memories of the first post-war years. He was also the winner of several plebiscites, a specific game crowning the end of the previous century. The verdict of the participants was recognized as “Szczecin of the century” and “Pomerania of the century”. It is therefore astonishing that there is no extensive biography of the former rector of the Szczecin University of Technology and one of the co-founders of the University of Szczecin, although it would have been a study that would have given contemporary people considerable knowledge about the important problems of 20th century history. Not only regional, but also national and European history. By discussing selected threads: family, urban and political, the author of the article tries to show, on the one hand, the richness of source material connected with Piotr Zaremba’s biography and, on the other hand, the possibility of multi-faceted lighting of its individual fragments. He tries to multiply the questions more than to give final answers. For these to appear, an extensive biographical book is necessary. In the second part of the text, therefore, the aim of the text is to analyse the reasons why serious biographical reflection on Piotr Zaremba does not exist, despite the fact that he is an emblematic figure for Szczecin and Western Pomerania. The author also follows whether the case under examination is something exceptional for the West Pomeranian biography, characterising the state of biographical writing in relation to people relevant to the post-war history of the region. This seems to me to be a particularly justified question in a situation where biography – after years of neglect in this area – has for some time become an extremely popular genre of historical writing in Poland, giving historians the opportunity to go far beyond the circle set by academic circles with their message. The article is based on a wide range of archival queries, often referring to documentation that has not been in scientific circulation so far.