Hasil untuk "History and principles of religions"

Avguštin Lah

Jože Rajhman se v svojih razpravah osredotoča na bivanjska vprašanja današnjega človeka in ga umešča v odnos z Bogom in Boga s človekom. Tako človekova razpetost med bivanjem in nebivanjem, med polnostjo in praznino, med smislom in nesmislom v svoji paradoksalni izkušnji vodi v doživljanje Božje vseprisotnosti. V vsaki »mejni situaciji«, posebno pa v trpljenju je človeku dano srečanje z Bogom, ker človek potrebuje Boga in Bog potrebuje človeka. S tem se afirmira dejstvo, da je Bog v resnici »Emanuel«, »Bog z nami«, in je Bog res Bog za človeka in v človeku. Tako postane očitno, da Bogu gre za človeka, da bi tako človeku šlo za Boga in za človeka. Bog je v bistvu Skrivnost, ki se ne da magično polastiti in uporabiti za individualne interese. V osebni odločitvi za Boga v veri človek dojema smisel življenja in potencial za ustvarjanje kvalitetnih medčloveških odnosov v družbi in Cerkvi ter kritično držo do družbenih in cerkvenih institucij.

Yu Shi, Hao Li, Bram Adams et al.

Automated program repair (APR) has recently shifted toward large language models and agent-based systems, yet most systems rely on local snapshot context, overlooking repository history. Prior work shows that repository history helps repair single-line bugs, since the last commit touching the buggy line is often the bug-introducing one. In this paper, we investigate whether repository history can also improve agentic APR systems at scale, especially for complex multi-hunk bugs. We present HAFixAgent, a History-Aware Bug-Fixing Agent that injects blame-derived repository heuristics into its repair loop. A preliminary study on 854 Defects4J (Java) and 501 BugsInPy (Python) bugs motivates our design, showing that bug-relevant history is widely available across both benchmarks. Using the same LLM (DeepSeek-V3.2-Exp) for all experiments, including replicated baselines, we show: (1) Effectiveness: HAFixAgent outperforms RepairAgent (+56.6\%) and BIRCH-feedback (+47.1\%) on Defects4J. Historical context further improves repair by +4.4\% on Defects4J and +38.6\% on BugsInPy, especially on single-file multi-hunk (SFMH) bugs. (2) Robustness: under noisy fault localization (+1/+3/+5 line shifts), history provides increasing resilience, maintaining 40 to 56\% success on SFMH bugs where the non-history baseline collapses to 0\%. (3) Efficiency: history does not significantly increase agent steps or token costs on either benchmark.

John Drummond, Wayne Orchiston, Carolyn Brown et al.

C/1910 A1 was one of the Great Comets of the twentieth century. Although it was widely observed from the Northern Hemisphere, it was first discovered by observers south of the Equator. The comet arrived just months before the widely anticipated apparition of Comet 1P/Halley and was significantly more spectacular. As a result, the two comets were confused, and many who, in later years, talked about how prominent Comet 1P/Halley was in 1910 were often remembering C/1910 A1. In this paper, we present the results of a detailed search through historical records and media publications in Aotearoa / New Zealand, to investigate how extensively C/1910 A1 was observed from New Zealand. We compare our results with observations reported for Comet 1P/Halley later in 1910, finding that surprisingly few observations of C/1910 A1 were made by New Zealand observers. We discuss cases where the comet was misidentified as being an early sighting of 1P/Halley and compare the observations made in New Zealand with international observations/records/accounts. We find that, although the Great January Comet of 1910 was observed from New Zealand, it was witnessed by few compared to other parts of the world, meaning that the apparition of C/1910 A1 was something of a missed opportunity for New Zealand astronomers.

Janusz Krawczyk

In the well-known and frequently cited article by Prof. Andrzej Tomaszewski, Towards a Pluralistic Philosophy of Conservation in the 21st Century, from 2002, the history of heritage conservation was divided into three periods. The earliest was called the period of “primary pluralism” because the diversity of concepts and approaches to conservation issues resulted from the isolation of individual “cultural areas” on the world map. The specificity of the second period was determined by efforts to unify the theoretical foundations of conservation work by popularising European experiences and models which, as it was once believed, were universal. The third period, which Tomaszewski believed we entered at the beginning of the 21st century, should be a time of “universal pluralism”, and the contemporary philosophy of conservation, focused on the issues of protecting cultural diversity on a global scale, will no longer turn against local experiences and traditions. The article aims to analyse the assumptions of the pluralism postulated by Tomaszewski in the context of the development of heritage studies and the transformation of UNESCO's global conservation policy. The periodisation proposed by Tomaszewski will be used as a primary reference for analyses aimed at identifying those trends in contemporary conservation discourse that engage in polemics with Eurocentric views. In the summary of considerations on Eurocentrism, an attempt will also be made to answer whether the progressive relativisation of European conservation traditions and values ​​is equivalent to their invalidation as a starting point for new regional concepts for the protection and conservation of architectural heritage. The article will use the results of an analysis of UNESCO and ICOMOS documents, current research by conservation theorists and selected publications in contemporary heritage studies.

Leonardo Castellani, Anna Gabetti

The formalism of generalized quantum histories allows a symmetrical treatment of space and time correlations, by taking different traces of the same history density matrix. We recall how to characterize spatial and temporal entanglement in this framework. An operative protocol is presented, to map a history state into the ket of a static composite system. We show, by examples, how the Leggett-Garg and the temporal CHSH inequalities can be violated in our approach.

Tsering Wangmo Dhompa

A poem

Viktor Koronevskii

Documents from the collections of the Russian State Historical Archives and the National Historical Archives of Belarus are considered for publication, shedding light on the discussion of history that unfolded in the highest circles of representatives of the Russian Empire in 1909–1910 about the remains of Jesuit Andrew Bobola, revered by Catholics as a holy, kept in the Dominican church of Polotsk. Actualization of the Bobola problem, whose history went back to its origins at the beginning of the 19th century, was dangerous with the preparation of the transfer of the relics of St. Euphrosyne of Polotsk. The cult of Andrew Bobola has long been used by Polotsk Dominicans to lure the Orthodox inhabitants of Polotsk into Catholicism, so the church and secular authorities of the Russian Empire feared that by appealing to the figure of Bobola, Catholics might try to spoil the ceremony of transferring the relics of St. Euphrosyne and use a great Orthodox celebration to promote their faith. In this regard, the question was raised about the fate of the remains of Andrew Bobola. Some officials believed that it would make sense to take the Catholic relic outside of Polotsk (for example, to Pinsk). However, the milder version prevailed. It was decided not to touch the remains of Bobola, so as not to give Catholics an extra reason for propaganda and exaltation of him as a saint. The following documents are published: presentation of the Vitebsk Governor B.B. Gershau-Flotov addressed to the Minister of Internal Affairs P.A. Stolypin on the desirability of transferring the Catholic relic from Polotsk; a fragment of the most obedient report on the state of the Vitebsk province for 1908, in which the same idea is defended; the initial response of the Minister of the Interior to B.B. Gershau-Flotov; minutes of a meeting of a special meeting convened on the initiative of Nicholas II and designed to decide the fate of Bobola's remains.

Jakub Lewicki

W tekście zaprezentowano propozycje zasad i form kształtowania przestrzeni publicznych w Warszawie i na Mazowszu analizując aspekty konserwatorskie i ekologiczne. Szczególny nacisk położono na przeanalizowanie propozycji wprowadzania zieleni w najważniejszych przestrzeniach publicznych miast zabytkowych. Pokazano negatywne i pozytywne przykłady wprowadzenia zieleni - dobre praktyki w kształtowaniu przestrzeni publicznych w miastach historycznych – na przykładzie placów i ulic Warszawy i innych mazowieckich miast – Zakroczymia, Piaseczna, Ciechanowa i Wyszogrodu.

Parı Alaskarova

Makalede Yahudi temel kaynaklarına göre kadınların yaratılışta ve dini hayattaki rolü ve Yahudi kutsal kitaplarına göre kadınların örtünme geleneği araştırılmıştır. Ülkemizde bu konuda Dinler tarihine katkı sağlanması amacıyla böyle bir konu ele alınmıştır. Aynı zamanda örtünmenin sadece İslam’la sınırlandıranlara Yahudilik üzerinden diğer dinlerde de kadınların örtünmesi gerektiği bilgisini aktarmaktır. Bu makale literatür taramasına dayalı bir araştırmadır. Çalışma özet, giriş, 3 alt başlık, sonuç ve kaynakça kısımlarından ibarettir. • Eski Ahit’te kadınların yaratılış statüsünde Yahvist ve Elohist metinlere göre kadınların yaratılışı incelenmiştir. Her iki metinde kadınların yaratılış hikâyesi birbirinden farklı şekilde anlatılmaktadır. Nitekim Elohist metinde kadın yaratılışta erkeğe eşit şekilde, Yahvist metinde ise erkeğe hizmetkâr olarak anlatılmıştır. • Eski Ahit’te kadınların dini statüsünde Yahudi kadınların ferdi ve cemaatle ibadetleri, Tevrat okunması ve Tevrat’ın öğretilmesi ve öğrenilmesi, kadın dua grupları gibi konular işlenmiştir. Kadınlar ferdi ibadetlerde erkeklerden farklı olarak ibadet sırasında okunacak bütün duaları söyleyemez, tefilin ve tzitzit giyemez. Kadınlar cemaatten sayılmaz, Tevrat okuyamaz ve öğretemez. Kadınlar sadece Hanuka mumunu yakmalı, Şabat akşamları Kiduş’u söylemeli, Yom Kipur’da oruç tutmalı ve bu gibi birkaç emri yerine getirmelidir. • Eski Ahit, Mişna ve Talmud’da kadınların örtünmesi ile ilgili bilgiler aktarılmıştır. Hür ve iffetli kadınların örtünme şekli hayat kadınları, köleler ve cariyelerden seçilmiştir. Nitekim hür kadınlar peçe takarken, hayat kadınları renkli ve farklı şekillerde örtünme biçimi kullanmıştır. Evlenen köle kadınların seçilmesi için saçları kesilmiştir. Zamanla örtünmenin yerini peruk tutsa da günümüzde sadece Ortodoks kadınlar dua esnasında peruk kullanmaktadırlar.

Sylvia Wenmackers

Problems with uniform probabilities on an infinite support show up in contemporary cosmology. This paper focuses on the context of inflation theory, where it complicates the assignment of a probability measure over pocket universes. The measure problem in cosmology, whereby it seems impossible to pick out a uniquely well-motivated measure, is associated with a paradox that occurs in standard probability theory and crucially involves uniformity on an infinite sample space. This problem has been discussed by physicists, albeit without reference to earlier work on this topic. The aim of this article is both to introduce philosophers of probability to these recent discussions in cosmology and to familiarize physicists and philosophers working on cosmology with relevant foundational work by Kolmogorov, de Finetti, Jaynes, and other probabilists. As such, the main goal is not to solve the measure problem, but to clarify the exact origin of some of the current obstacles. The analysis of the assumptions going into the paradox indicates that there exist multiple ways of dealing consistently with uniform probabilities on infinite sample spaces. Taking a pluralist stance towards the mathematical methods used in cosmology shows there is some room for progress with assigning probabilities in cosmological theories.

Jan Dominik Bogataj

This paper analyses Tertullian’s innovative syntagm “religious freedom” (libertas religionis) from several perspectives, presenting the historical and literary context that enabled the Carthaginian thinker to coin this idea. In the second part of the study, which is devoted to a critical reflection on the relationship between religious freedom and religious pluralism in Tertullian’s optic, it becomes clear that when the principle of religious freedom emerged at the end of the 2nd century in North Africa, at least in the case of the Carthaginian teacher, there was no talk of any religious indifferentism. Tertullian makes the greatest Pauline-like concession to other religions in merely recognising that other religions, even if unconsciously, already worship the one true God, the God of the Christians. For Tertullian believes that every human soul is already Christian by nature, but this belief cannot be equated with a principled acceptance of religious pluralism in the sense of indifferentism.

Élodie Guillon, Antoine Laurent

This article presents several digital tools used in the ERC MAP project (Mapping Ancient Polytheisms), which deals with the history of religions in the ancient Mediterranean. The project uses database management systems (DBMS), webmapping and formalization tools, in order to deal with substantial but heterogeneous documentation, with a chrono-geographical scope unique in the field. The article focuses on the choices and stages of implementation of tools that respect the FAIR data principles. It provides a concrete example highlighting a multidisciplinary scientific project at the crossroads of history and digital practices.

Eric-Jan Wagenmakers, Alexander Ly

The Jeffreys-Lindley paradox exposes a rift between Bayesian and frequentist hypothesis testing that strikes at the heart of statistical inference. Contrary to what most current literature suggests, the paradox was central to the Bayesian testing methodology developed by Sir Harold Jeffreys in the late 1930s. Jeffreys showed that the evidence against a point-null hypothesis $\mathcal{H}_0$ scales with $\sqrt{n}$ and repeatedly argued that it would therefore be mistaken to set a threshold for rejecting $\mathcal{H}_0$ at a constant multiple of the standard error. Here we summarize Jeffreys's early work on the paradox and clarify his reasons for including the $\sqrt{n}$ term. The prior distribution is seen to play a crucial role; by implicitly correcting for selection, small parameter values are identified as relatively surprising under $\mathcal{H}_1$. We highlight the general nature of the paradox by presenting both a fully frequentist and a fully Bayesian version. We also demonstrate that the paradox does not depend on assigning prior mass to a point hypothesis, as is commonly believed.

Udi Boker, Karoliina Lehtinen

Automata models between determinism and nondeterminism/alternations can retain some of the algorithmic properties of deterministic automata while enjoying some of the expressiveness and succinctness of nondeterminism. We study three closely related such models -- history determinism, good for gameness and determinisability by pruning -- on quantitative automata. While in the Boolean setting, history determinism and good for gameness coincide, we show that this is no longer the case in the quantitative setting: good for gameness is broader than history determinism, and coincides with a relaxed version of it, defined with respect to thresholds. We further identify criteria in which history determinism, which is generally broader than determinisability by pruning, coincides with it, which we then apply to typical quantitative automata types. As a key application of good for games and history deterministic automata is synthesis, we clarify the relationship between the two notions and various quantitative synthesis problems. We show that good-for-games automata are central for "global" (classical) synthesis, while "local" (good-enough) synthesis reduces to deciding whether a nondeterministic automaton is history deterministic.

Somil Gupta, Neeraj Sharma

The rise of intelligent assistant systems like Siri and Alexa have led to the emergence of Conversational Search, a research track of Information Retrieval (IR) that involves interactive and iterative information-seeking user-system dialog. Recently released OR-QuAC and TCAsT19 datasets narrow their research focus on the retrieval aspect of conversational search i.e. fetching the relevant documents (passages) from a large collection using the conversational search history. Currently proposed models for these datasets incorporate history in retrieval by appending the last N turns to the current question before encoding. We propose to use another history selection approach that dynamically selects and weighs history turns using the attention mechanism for question embedding. The novelty of our approach lies in experimenting with soft attention-based history selection approach in an open-retrieval setting.

Josip Bratulić

The role of St. Jerome is without any doubt of great importance for the Croatian culture and literature. This specific intertwinement between the two is first based on the feverish search for ubicating his birthplace Stridon, which lies, according to some hypotheses, in the territory of the present Croatia. Apart from this, Croatian culture is closely related to St. Jerome through the Glagolic tradition. These two topoi belong to a diversified controversy about St. Jerome in the Croatian literature as well as in the broader Croatian culture.

Vladimir Astaviev, Artem Krestyaninov

This article publishes several reports on the exhortations of the parish priest of the village of Gryaznukha of Kazan Diocese, Vasily Yakovlevich Smelov, to his parishioners, who are accused of deviating from the Old Belief (Spasovo denomination). Texts of exhortations date to 1857 and 1858. In conditions when the transfer of Orthodox believers to other faiths was prohibited, the responsibility for the return of those who refused to go back to Orthodoxy was associated with parish priests and pious people, who were to exhort the accused. In this situation was V. Ya. Smelov. The spiritual consistory required from him regular reports on the results of exhortations. The logic of the parish priest’s exhortations with Old Believers is quite typical for polemic conversations. However, their content is unique, as V. Ya. Smelov, guided by the book tradition of Old Believers, tried to formulate polemic arguments of his own. In addition, the exhortation reports also refl ect certain religious views on the Orthodox parish and the Church of the Old Believers of Spasovo denomination, which is still poorly studied in historiography.

Günther Of, Raphael Watschinger

We consider a fast, data-sparse directional method to realize matrix-vector products related to point evaluations of the Helmholtz kernel. The method is based on a hierarchical partitioning of the point sets and the matrix. The considered directional multi-level approximation of the Helmholtz kernel can be applied even on high-frequency levels efficiently. We provide a detailed analysis of the almost linear asymptotic complexity of the presented method. Our numerical experiments are in good agreement with the provided theory.

Jeroen van Dongen

Albert Einstein's practice in physics and his philosophical positions gradually reoriented themselves from more empiricist towards rationalist viewpoints. This change accompanied his turn towards unified field theory and different presentations of himself, eventually leading to his highly programmatic Autobiographical Notes in 1949. Einstein enlisted his own history and professional stature to mold an ideal of a theoretical physicist who represented particular epistemic virtues and moral qualities. These in turn reflected the theoretical ideas of his strongly mathematical unification program and professed Spinozist beliefs.

Əlirza Qafarov

İnsan öz fitrəti etibarilə məqsəd və hədəfini müəyyən etməyə can atır. Dünyaya gəlmə səbəbini və həyatda nail olmağa çalışdığı hədəfini araşdıran insan bəzi mövzulara vaqif olub suallara cavab verə bilsə də, mənəvi yöndən bəzi boşluqları, sadəcə, Allahın göndərdiyi din ilə doldura bilmişdir. İslam dininin insana yön verməsi, ona yeni hədəflər qazandırması vəhy yolu ilə olmuşdur. İnsanın bilik əldə etməsinin müxtəlif yolları mövcuddur. Bunlardan ən mühümlərindən biri də vəhydir. Bu baxımdan, “Qurani-Kərim” həyatda özünə yer tapması üçün insana köməklik göstərən ilahi kitab hesab olunur. Allah tərəfindən ilahi vəhy olaraq göndərilən “Qurani-Kərim”, sadəcə, dini yaşamaq mövzusunda deyil, eyni zamanda, insanın unutduğu, yaxud gözardı etdiyi əxlaq, hüquq, tarix mövzularında da bir çox məsələlərə toxunmuşdur. Quran həm nazil olduğu dövrdə, həm də müasir dövrümüzdə istər üslubu baxımından, istərsə də mövzuları baxımından cəlbedicidir. Eyni zamanda, İslam düşüncəsində təkraredilməzliyi ilə möcüzə olaraq qəbul edilmişdir. Məqalədə vəhyin mahiyyəti, Quranın nazil olması və başa düşülmə yolları haqqında qısaca bəhs edilmiş, mövzuya aydınlıq gətirmək üçün bəzi nümunələr verilmişdir.