This entry explores the history, structure, applications, and challenges of both the General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS) and GTFS Realtime (GTFS‐RT), and illustrates their impact on transit systems and their role in shaping future transportation analytics. The GTFS is the de facto open data standard for the representation, communication, and analysis of public transportation systems. As well as providing a foundation for trip planning, transit mapping, and analytics applications, the GTFS includes several text‐based files that describe key transit elements, such as routes, trips, stops, and operating schedules. It is highly standardized, accessible, and flexible, which makes it a valuable resource of transit schedule for developers, transit agencies, and researchers. Beyond the schedule, the GTFS‐RT has been introduced to provide updates on vehicle positions, trip changes, and service disruptions. By supporting better‐informed travel decisions in real‐time trip planning apps, the GTFS‐RT has become a critical tool for performance monitoring and system optimization.
Problem Statement and Purpose. This article examines the current state of geography in Ukraine, which appears to be negative. Therefore, the issue is relevant and of practical importance. The purpose of the study is to consider and discuss the object of geography, its goals, subject matter, and overall significance in Ukrainian society. To achieve this purpose, the following tasks were set: (1) to analyze the formation of modern geography in Ukraine, which historically developed based on global experience; (2) to reveal the structure of geography as a reflection of the harmonious organization of the geographical envelope; (3) to assess the long-term stability of the essence of geography. The study also presents views on the scientific relationship between geography and ecology. The paper contributes to the development of physical geography theory and promotes rational and sustainable nature management. Data and Methods. The research is based on the fundamental laws of cognition and dialectics, reference and normative literature, and the main principles of philosophy and geography. The analysis of materials was conducted in accordance with the laws of transition from quantity to quality, the negation of negation, environmental unity, geographical locality, systematization, and hierarchy of geographical objects and processes. The study takes into account the scientific principles of cartography, geomorphology, climatology, hydrology, coastal studies, oceanology, mathematical geography, and other sectoral and interdisciplinary branches of geography. Consideration is also given to the influence of various geospheres on the state, structure, and properties of the Earth’s geographical envelope. Results and Discussion. Within modern European civilization, geography emerged in ancient times through the reasoning of natural philosophers to ensure access to natural resources and to establish a progressive worldview. The accumulation of geographical knowledge, population growth, the need for trade routes, and the increasing demand for material resources led to an explosive development of geography. Its gradual evolution resulted in the diversification of geographical disciplines with solid theoretical foundations, all interconnected by the general theory of geography. The classification of geography and Earth sciences as different disciplines within Ukraine’s education system is erroneous and harmful. It disrupts the principles of continuous geographical development that have existed for over 2,500 years. Such separation poses real threats to rational nature management, spatial awareness, and a healthy worldview of society and individuals. Geography studies the geographical envelope as the natural environment of human existence across countries and regions, incorporating all geospheres and exogenous sectors within a natural-anthropogenic systemic diversity resulting from long-term differentiation of each sector. This diversity necessitated hierarchical systematization based on the general theory of geography. The further development of this theory requires the establishment of up to thirty sectoral and interdisciplinary geographical sciences, harmonized through long evolutionary processes. Their number, purpose, and properties correspond to the structure of the geographical envelope. The totality of geographical research is based on the diversity of natural objects as components of the geographical envelope. This categorically excludes equating the geographical and landscape envelopes, since their nature is fundamentally different and predominantly exogenous. Therefore, the geographical envelope is divided into three main surface exogenous sectors: landscape, thalassogenic, and coastal-marine. Eleven hierarchical systems are defined for each, from the elementary to the most complex, corresponding to the number of separate geographical disciplines. For the first time, a theoretical scheme for the comparison and correlation of these hierarchical systems across different sectors of the geographical envelope is proposed, taking into account the influence of geospheres. According to the definitions of geography and the classification of “Earth sciences” by the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, their division into separate academic disciplines is not only irrational but also detrimental. The illogical nature of this separation contradicts the long historical development of geography, the principles of the general theory of geography, the findings of science studies, and the universal laws and principles of natural sciences. Such contradictions are antagonistic and may lead to the rapid disintegration of the relationship between physical (“natural”) and socio-economic (“human”) geography, ultimately threatening the degradation of geography as a fundamental life-oriented and worldview-forming science.
Seungwook Han, Jyothish Pari, Samuel J. Gershman
et al.
Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive real-world utility, exemplifying artificial useful intelligence (AUI). However, their ability to reason adaptively and robustly -- the hallmarks of artificial general intelligence (AGI) -- remains fragile. While LLMs seemingly succeed in commonsense reasoning, programming, and mathematics, they struggle to generalize algorithmic understanding across novel contexts. Our experiments with algorithmic tasks in esoteric programming languages reveal that LLM's reasoning overfits to the training data and is limited in its transferability. We hypothesize that the core issue underlying such limited transferability is the coupling of reasoning and knowledge in LLMs. To transition from AUI to AGI, we propose disentangling knowledge and reasoning through three key directions: (1) pretaining to reason using RL from scratch as an alternative to the widely used next-token prediction pretraining, (2) using a curriculum of synthetic tasks to ease the learning of a reasoning prior for RL that can then be transferred to natural language tasks, and (3) learning more generalizable reasoning functions using a small context window to reduce exploiting spurious correlations between tokens. Such a reasoning system coupled with a trained retrieval system and a large external memory bank as a knowledge store can overcome several limitations of existing architectures at learning to reason in novel scenarios.
Sobhana Mummaneni, Venkata Chaitanya Satya Ramaraju Mudunuri, Sri Veerabhadra Vikas Bommaganti
et al.
A facial recognition system is a biometric security and surveillance system that can identify and monitor individuals in a crowded area. Manually monitoring a crowded environment is a difficult and error-prone task. Therefore, in such contexts, a model that automatically detects and recognises people's faces is needed to improve security. The automation of face recognition brings the benefit of a more efficient and accurate solution. This paper proposes an advanced model that has the ability to detect and recognise faces in dense crowds by using deep learning techniques. Where the input is live video, the process involves splitting the video into frames and each frame is fed into the model. The Multi-Task Cascaded Convolutional Neural Networks (MTCNN) algorithm is used for face detection. It accurately locates faces in frames and images and generates boundaries around the faces as output. The detected faces are then fed as input to a model, where they are compared with data from the database. If a face is recognised, the name of the recognised person is displayed in the boundary box of the frame, otherwise it is displayed that the person is unknown. FaceNet is used for face recognition tasks.
The discussion deals with the reading of multimodal texts by determining the student's ability to interpret content, expressed pictorially and verbally, while simultaneously understanding information from both semiotic resources. When reading multimodal texts, the student usually focuses on the verbal resource and the pictorial one is considered marginal. We conducted research to understand the dynamic in students’ meaning extraction from the textbook, their ability to understand the text, and their greater attention to one resource or to both resources. The research proves that these students comprehend the information by focusing on the text, while the pictorial is interpreted as an addition.
Ana Clara Segovia, Sofía Cáceres, Valentina Sosa
et al.
El osario del “Monumento a Perpetuidad”, ubicado en la ciudad de Paysandú, Uruguay, recibió durante su historia fallecidos tanto de población general, como de combatientes del evento bélico conocido como la “Defensa de Paysandú” (1864). Este lugar funcionó como cementerio público entre 1851 y 1881, habiéndose construido el osario en 1854. Con el objetivo de aportar al conocimiento histórico, cultural y patrimonial, se busca caracterizar los restos del osario y establecer una posible relación entre el imaginario colectivo, que plantea que los restos de los combatientes fueron depositados allí, y los resultados obtenidos. Se recuperaron 13 cráneos y restos asociados, que se estudiaron a través de métodos bioantropológicos, estableciéndose sexo, edad y ancestralidad, y observándose posibles indicadores de violencia. Adicionalmente, para ampliar la información sobre ancestralidad, se extrajo y analizó ADN mitocondrial de seis cráneos. La muestra final se compuso de 13 individuos adultos, 9 masculinos, 3 femeninos y uno de sexo indeterminado, y características típicas de una población mestizada. En relación con posibles indicadores de violencia, se observa que están presentes en cinco individuos de la muestra. Los resultados son coincidentes con lo esperado: alto porcentaje de individuos masculinos con signos de violencia, probablemente asociados a la defensa de Paysandú.
Matthew C. Elmes, Nicole E. Balliston, Emma L. Davis
et al.
The peatland-dominated Hudson Bay Lowland (HBL) is facing increasing pressures from climate change and resource extraction operations. Despite the potential for widespread changes in water availability to occur, information about hydrological and ecological feedbacks in the HBL remains limited. This study, located near the De Beers Victor diamond mine ~90 km west of Attawapiskat (Ontario, Canada), investigates the influence of mine dewatering activities (‘pumping’) and climatic variability on the radial growth of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) trees. Tree stem disks were collected from stunted black spruce trees in one reference (n=25) and three mine-affected bogs within the area of dewatering influence (n=41) along a transect of variable underlying aquitard (marine sediment) thickness. Pumping was not found to have influenced annual ring-width indices (RWIs) in mine-affected areas with either thick (6 to >18 m) or thin (< 5m) underlying marine sediment, as these sites showed similar growth patterns to the reference site during the period of mine operation. Analyses of the influence of climate on tree radial growth (1970–2018) using 20-year moving windows showed significant (p < 0.05) positive correlations (Pearson R) between residual RWI and mean monthly air temperature, including June (1979–2007 excluding the window of 1986–2006), August (1989–2018) and September (1984–2009). In addition, for the period during which ground temperature data were available (2011–2018), significant negative correlations were detected between residual RWI and mean monthly soil temperatures in late winter and early spring. The above relationships highlight the importance of both growing and shoulder season conditions for tree growth. As the HBL continues to respond to climate change, the growth response and potential proliferation of black spruce will undoubtedly influence the water balance and hydrological function of bog peatlands in the region.
Mohd Hasfarisham Abd HALIM, Mohd Amin ALI, Shyeh Sahibul Karamah MASNAN
et al.
This study provides primary evidence about the geological features in Kuala Muda district, indicating significant
potential for development as a geotourism product. To collect primary data, we conducted survey and mapping activities to
gather information about the current condition of 11 geosites, as well as the facilities already in place to facilitate seasonal
tourism. In addition, a review of previous scientific research for each geosite is also carried out so that geosite speciality data can
be summarized. The study's results have facilitated the creation of 17 tourism packages under the AncKed Sungai Batu
Association, encompassing geology, geoarchaeology, biology, history, heritage, and culture tourism products in the Kuala Muda
district. Offering tour packages enables the district to conduct knowledgeable tourism activities involving people from all walks
of life and ages, with trained locals serving as tour guides. This ensures the preservation of geotourism at its optimal level.
Md. Ariful Islam, Md. Moniruzzaman Hasan, Mohammad Anwar Hossain
et al.
Abstract Principal component analysis (PCA) and breeding value analysis (BV) were used to discover genotypes with better features for future breeding efforts. This research included a thorough analysis of the 300 exceptional rice germplasms provided by the Bangladesh Rice Research In (BRRI) and the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). In the PCA scheme, the dendrogram generated using the UPGMA method identified Cluster II as the most favorable. This cluster comprised 125 genotypes distinguished by remarkable plant height, growth, and grain quality. Properties such as amylose content, chalkiness, and zinc concentration, which have a notable influence on crop productivity, were also taken into consideration. A biplot analysis, specifically examining principal components 1 and 2, revealed a favorable correlation between certain genotypes located in the top right quadrant and important agronomic factors like plant height, flowering, maturity dates, yield, and grain width. Genotypes 11, 31, 36, 48, 68, 78, 119, 126, 133, 195, 218, 220, 235, 241, 265, 266, 284, and 295 had favorable traits that suggested the possibility of higher rice production. The BV analysis revealed six genotypes 86, 142, 143, 239, 282, and 295 that showed promise for future breeding endeavors. Among the six, genotype 295 (IRRI 154) showed remarkable features. These studies provided a substantial contribution to the progress of rice breeding by opening up possibilities for developing rice varieties with improved yield and quality.