This article explores the concept of ‘Tibetan Buddhist plant-hood’ within the doctrinal and ethnographic contexts of Tibetan Buddhism, proposing it as a framework to understand the <i>karma</i>-intricate relationships between plants, sentient beings, and spiritual entities. By drawing on canonical Tibetan Buddhist texts, this article examines <i>sentience</i> in Tibetan terms, then introduces the notion of <i>procedural sentiency</i>, an extended Buddhist conceptual tool that reveals the dynamic processes through which insentient forms acquire ethical and spiritual significance. Examining specific cases, such as sacred trees, Tibetan highland barley, and Yartsa Gunbu (caterpillar fungus), plants are conceived as embedded within more-than-human Tibetan societies that span the material, spiritual, and ecological worlds. This study also addresses the ethical tensions and relational reconfigurations arising from plant–human interactions, as informed by Buddhist practices and cosmological perspectives. This endeavour aspires to establish Himalayan conceptual frameworks that engage in meaningful dialogues with broader environmental discourses, fostering an integrative perspective on the interplay between local practices, cosmologies, and global theoretical paradigms.
The impacts of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools on various aspects of second language (L2) education have been widely reported in the literature. However, the socio-emotional dangers of using AI technologies from the perspective of English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers have remained uncharted. To address the gap, this study adopted a qualitative design and drew on control value theory (CVT) and social constructivism to unveil the socio-emotional risks of AI-mediated L2 education. A sample of 33 Chinese EFL teachers participated in online semi-structured interviews. The results of thematic analysis showed six dangers in using AI. Specifically, ‘social isolation and competition’, ‘bias and academic dishonesty’, and ‘reduced teacher-student interaction and rapport’ were the common social dangers of using AI by L2 educators. Concerning emotional dangers, it was found that AI tools may lead to ‘classroom anxiety and stress’ and ‘feeling of passiveness and lack of autonomy’, and ‘creativity and criticality reduction’. The findings are discussed, and theoretical and practical implications are listed for EFL teachers, students, and trainers, as well as AI tools' developers, to inform them of the socio-emotional consequences of using AI.
Valerian F. Gabdulkhakov, Alfiya F. Zinnurova, Ma Linjuan
et al.
Background. The relevance of the article is related to the increase in the number of violations of the logic of Russian speech of senior preschool children in a multilingual environment, with the lack of development of methodological techniques for identifying these violations and correcting them in the process of familiarization with works of children’s literature in different languages.
Objectives. To demonstrate linguo-methodological techniques for analyzing presuppositions that determine the logic of speech (correctness of word order, their compatibility, sequence in a sentence), as well as techniques for determining the degree of logical connection of words in Russian texts obtained as a result of their translation by older preschool children from Tatar, English and Chinese; to develop methodological recommendations for working on the logic of children’s Russian speech in a multilingual environment.
Sample. The study (2020-2024) analyzed 333 children’s texts: in Russian — 84, in English — 82, in Tatar — 84, in Chinese — 83.
Methods. The following methods were used: linguistic and psycholinguistic methods of text analysis, identification of presupposition, determination of the degree of logical connection of words in a sentence, mathematical processing of the research results; pedagogical experiments, translation and comparative analysis of texts.
Results. The results of the study were: methodological interpretation of the features of presupposition in Russian, Tatar, English, Chinese; methodological procedures for analyzing the logic of children’s Russian speech in a multilingual environment (analysis of presupposition, degree of logical connection) in children’s Russian speech adapted to the tasks of preschool education; linguodidactic interpretation of the obtained data; methodological recommendations for working on the logic of Russian speech in a multilingual environment.
Conclusions. The study concludes that in order to form the logic of children’s Russian speech, overcome logical anomalies in it, and increase the degree of logical connection, various linguo-methodological techniques are needed to overcome the interfering (negative) influence of a second or third language on Russian speech; promising areas of pedagogical research in the context of developing multilingualism may be technologies for developing children’s speech by means of digital content.
KEYNOTE ARTICLE Michel Hockx is a professor of Chinese Literature in the Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures and the Director of the Liu Institute for Asia and Asian Studies in the Keough School of Global Affairs. He has published widely, both in English and in Chinese, on topics related to modern Chinese poetry and literary culture, especially early 20th-century Chinese magazine literature and print culture and contemporary Internet literature. His most recent monograph, Internet Literature in China, was listed by Choice magazine as one of the “Top 25 Outstanding Academic Titles of 2015.” His ongoing research focuses on the effects of moral censorship on the preservation and digitization of modern Chinese cultural products.
Philology. Linguistics, Chinese language and literature
By examining the variants in the Dunhuang manuscripts and carving versions of the Guanding version of the <i>Bhaiṣajyaguru Buddha Sutra</i> (<i>Guanding Bachuguozui Shengsidedu Jing</i>, 灌頂拔除過罪生死得度經, Chapter 12 of <i>Sutra on Abhiṣeka</i> (<i>Guanding Jing</i> 灌頂經), we can categorize it into five different editions based on the names of the eight bodhisattvas and the Bhaiṣajyaguru Buddha Mantra: (1) without the names of the eight bodhisattvas and the mantra, (2) with the names from the earlier translation, but without the mantra, (3) with the names from the later translation, but without the mantra, (4) with the names from the earlier translation and with the mantra, and (5) with the names from the later translation and with the mantra. These editions reflect the diachronic evolution of the Guanding version of the <i>Bhaiṣajyaguru Buddha Sutra</i>. The names of the eight bodhisattvas in the earlier translation first appeared in <i>The Eight Lucky Mystical Mantra Sutra</i> (<i>Bajixiang Shenzhou Jing</i>, 八吉祥神咒經), translated by Zhiqian (支謙, dates unknown) during the Three Kingdoms period. These bodhisattvas were atypical, including laymen and heavenly kings, rather than conventional enlightened figures. In contrast, the names from the later translation include well-known figures such as Avalokitesvara and Maitreya, selected by the compilers of the Guanding version. Notably, there is no direct connection between the earlier and later translations of the eight bodhisattvas’ names. Regarding the Bhaiṣajyaguru Buddha Mantra, the Guanding version is the earliest known version, which has undergone three expansions. The names of the Buddha, including tathāgatāya (多他伽多耶), bhagavate (薄伽筏帝), arhate (阿囉𠿒帝), and saṃyaksaṃbuddhāya (三藐三勃陀也), were subsequently added to the final edition by Yijing (義浄, 635–713).
Abstract
BackgroundVentilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a serious complication of mechanical ventilation therapy that affects patients’ treatments and prognoses. Owing to its excellent data mining capabilities, artificial intelligence (AI) has been increasingly used to predict VAP.
ObjectiveThis paper reviews VAP prediction models that are based on AI, providing a reference for the early identification of high-risk groups in future clinical practice.
MethodsA scoping review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) guidelines. The Wanfang database, the Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, PubMed, MEDLINE, and Embase were searched to identify relevant articles. Study selection and data extraction were independently conducted by 2 reviewers. The data extracted from the included studies were synthesized narratively.
ResultsOf the 137 publications retrieved, 11 were included in this scoping review. The included studies reported the use of AI for predicting VAP. All 11 studies predicted VAP occurrence, and studies on VAP prognosis were excluded. Further, these studies used text data, and none of them involved imaging data. Public databases were the primary sources of data for model building (studies: 6/11, 55%), and 5 studies had sample sizes of <1000. Machine learning was the primary algorithm for studying the VAP prediction models. However, deep learning and large language models were not used to construct VAP prediction models. The random forest model was the most commonly used model (studies: 5/11, 45%). All studies only performed internal validations, and none of them addressed how to implement and apply the final model in real-life clinical settings.
ConclusionsThis review presents an overview of studies that used AI to predict and diagnose VAP. AI models have better predictive performance than traditional methods and are expected to provide indispensable tools for VAP risk prediction in the future. However, the current research is in the model construction and validation stage, and the implementation of and guidance for clinical VAP prediction require further research.
Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics
This paper examined Chinese undergraduate students' perceptions of using videoconferencing in learning English as a foreign language (EFL) during the COVID-19 pandemic. The data were collected among 348 Chinese university students who attended sixteen-week learning of Integrated English Course through Tencent Meeting, the most widely used videoconferencing application in China. We adopted voluntary response sampling method in this cross-sectional study. Students completed an online survey on “Wenjuanxing”, China's biggest online questionnaire distribution platform. A structural equation model (SEM) was constructed and analyses revealed that perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness were significant predictors of students' satisfaction and participation intention. Students' computer self-efficacy had a positive effect on their perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and participation intention while their frequency of using videoconferencing did not influence these variables. This study contributes to the existing literature on the acceptance of videoconferencing in the context of EFL learning and offers insights for developing up-to-date videoconferencing teaching strategies.
[Purpose/Significance] Ancient map literature is an important component of Chinese ancient literature, which is the subjective cognition, expression, exploration, and recording of the objective environment by ancient ancestors. It mainly uses map language such as symbols, text, graphics, and lines to depict simple geographical spatial information locally on physical carriers such as clay tablets, stone tablets, woodcuts, silk, and paper. It records and carries the glorious process of civilization continuation and cultural inheritance in China for thousands of years. How to better do a good job in its digital protection and development and utilization is an important issue worth paying attention to in the current field of information resource management. [Method/Process] On the basis of a brief exposition of the cultural connotations and important values of ancient map literature, this article briefly summarizes the current status of its digital research, and then designs and proposes a knowledge-based description framework for ancient map literature in China in the digital age. This framework clarifies the key modules of resource entities, description objects, knowledge abstraction, map expression, map display, etc. of ancient map literature, and analyzes the relevant key modules separately, Finally, taking the "Wanli Coastal Defense Map" drawn in Volume 8 of Zheng Kaiyang's Miscellaneous Works as an example, typical application scenarios such as automatic question and answer services for ancient map literature knowledge, intelligent construction services for the South China Sea rights protection evidence chain, and interactive narrative services for ancient map literature were explored. [Results/Conclusions] Chinese ancient maps and texts showcase the expression and cognition of ancient Chinese ancestors towards the real physical world and geographical space through methods such as landscape painting, six body drawing, planning, and triangulation. They not only carry the excellent genes of China's thousands of years of Chinese civilization and excellent traditional culture, but also serve as important carriers for telling Chinese stories, spreading Chinese spirit, and showcasing China's image; The intervention of mathematical theory and technology has expanded the object space of ancient maps from traditional binary space to a diverse space composed of geographic space, cultural space, information space, and technological space; The knowledge-based description of ancient map literature in the era of digital intelligence requires a comprehensive understanding of all entities, elements, and knowledge related to it, achieving cross domain knowledge organization and integration centered on its geographic spatial information (such as place names, divisions, and locations), involving the identification, extraction, analysis, organization, association, positioning, and transformation of relevant contextual information. This makes the universality of this theoretical framework still need to be strengthened, In the future, it is necessary to continuously expand the existing theoretical and technical framework to meet the knowledge-based description needs of different types of ancient map literature.
Bibliography. Library science. Information resources, Agriculture
This article aims to describe the historical development of comparative literature and its current issues. Comparative literature is a mandatory course in the Indonesian language and literature study program in most Indonesian universities. There are at least six books used as common references in teaching comparative literature in Indonesia. However, these books have not covered recent development in comparative literature, especially the emergence of Chinese school and some new directions within comparative literature. This literature review article collects references from selective authoritative sources on the internet to describe the historical development of comparative literature and its current issues. This article shows that the expansions in comparative literature are intricate with deconstruction and reconstruction of world literature, dialogue and the meeting between West and East, and the presence of the digital age. From the dialogue on world literature and West meeting East vice versa, the Chinese school has its foundation, whilst the presence of the digital age makes comparative literature have new things to explore and work on the usage of the different medium in an umbrella term, intermediality.
Abstract At the level of the form of the poems of Bidel Dehlavi, various elements of language have been misunderstood and led to de-familiarity. "Numerical affinities" are among the most important elements that make it difficult to get meaning. Numerical affinities are words that, in the context of the language of the conjunction, when exerted by a few semantic relationships, are derived from the normal and standard norms of the language. In ordinary language, numerical affinities are words that denote by size, weight, number, area, type, gender, quantity, and form of a few, and are placed after the number in the locus of the language. Such as "two volumes of books". In poetic language, grammatical numerical affinities are just as normal, but in terms of the semantic associative system they act beyond the normal language, which is why they are known as special numerical affinities. Also, in poetic language, affiliates do not accurately state the size; for example, in the phrase "a mirror of the heart", the "mirror" like "bottle and kilo" cannot reflect on the amount and size of the heart. This ambiguity doubles when it is affiliated, and the few are both abstract, such as: "A hundred crazy madness" . Numerical affinities are one of the highlighting and ambiguous factors in the language of Bidel Dehlavi's poetry that has led the language to persuade and make it difficult to get meaning. Numerical affinities, such as: One hundred doomsday songs, one hundred strokes of madness and ... are affiliations that have crystallized in Biddle's poems, with a high frequency and with different structures than in other periods. Considering the necessity of knotting the sadness in the language of Biddle's poetry, the present study, with the help of a scientific study of particular numerical affiliations, attempts to resolve some of the tongues to a degree and to explain the relationship between the dependent and the few in terms of meaning rather than the valve To enter the poet's mind and thought, and also to get the meaning of numerical affinities and meaning of poetry. In this paper, the semantic relations of certain numerical and limited affinities in the language of Biddle's poetry have been explored and analyzed with respect to semantic normality. In semantic normality, the constituent elements of the sentence in the associative axis, and at the level of meaning, diverge from the semantic constraints and rules governing the normative language, and the language becomes prominent. "The domain of meaning as the most flexible level of language is used more than literary highlighting more than other levels of language" (Safavi, 2011, 1: 55). The particular affinities in Biddle's poems are initially in four patterns: the number, the material and material dependence, the number, the material affiliation and the few abstract, the number, the abstract dependence, and the few material, and the number, abstract, and abstract dependence, Classified, then the types of semantic relations are expressed separately in each pattern. The result of the research suggests that there is a variety of semantic relations in the fourteenth structure of the poetry of Bidel Dehwali in the axis of affinity between a number and a few. The semantic relationships in the structure of the "number, material affiliation, and material possessions" are: "the dish", such as: "One hundred grass of tulips and flowers"; "likeness", such as: "One hundred eyelashes"; "contradictions", such as: "One hundred storms of dust"; "necessity", such as: "One hundred caravans"; "tools", such as: "a swarm of swim"; "time", such as: "One hundred storms of sorrow," "kind", such as: "Thousand colors of sound "and "Creation" such as: "A breath of sting. " In the structure of the "number, material affiliation, and abstract", there are these relationships: "dish", such as: "One hundred depressions of madness"; "metaphorical terms", such as: "a dignified enamel"; "likeness", like "half "Tools", such as "one stepping stone"; "time", such as: "One hundred salt on the liver"; "necessity", such as: "a world of belonging"; "type", such as: "One hundred colors of sorrow"; "Creation", such as: "Thousands of Chinese behavior" and "Descriptive", such as: "A hundred storm earthquakes." The structure of the "number, abstract, and abstract", which has long-lasting and twisted relations, has these semantic relationships: "likeness", such as: "One hundred Armies of Resurrection"; "Contradictions"; "Required", such as: "One Khalid Halot" ;" Tools", such as:" A footprint"; "Time", such as "100 Spring of Presence", "Creation", such as "100 Hot Shock, "Descriptive", such as: "One Deathly Armageddon"; and "Accompaniment" such as: "One Hundred Thorns ". In the structure of the "number, abstract dependence and a few material", there are the following relationships: "likeness", such as "Several repentance"; "necessity", such as: "a pounding spontaneous"; "time", such as: "a moment Bubble "and" Creation", such as: "One hundred Melancholy". Some affiliations have a rhetorical semantic relation with a few, that is, these relations are justified in terms of literature (rhetoric), not linguistics, such as the similarity and metaphorical relationship. This research also indicates that Bidel Dehlavi did not use any affiliate with the few freely and arbitrarily. In numerical affiliations such as: "a desert of madness", "a mirror of astonishment" and "a prostration", and ... a deliberate poet and consciousness, to create more imagination and express a particular thought, dependents has chosen.
Language and Literature, Indo-Iranian languages and literature
This article presents the nature, aim and status of yuwen lessons in Chinese schools, which teach the Chinese language, literature and cultures. It shows their importance in the general education system and how they fit into a humanist project. Analysing the textbooks used in the province of Shanghai and the connection between old and more recent – and even translated – texts, the authors conclude that yuwen classes are balanced overall but observe the rise in forms of reticence in some pupils.
Jizang 吉藏 (549–623) a kínai madhyamaka, azaz sanlun hagyomány legkiemelkedőbb mestere volt, aki rendszerbe foglalta és saját meglátásai szerint értelmezte az iskola tanításait. A kutatók egyet értenek abban, hogy Jizang munkássága a madhyamaka filozófia kínai fejlődésének csúcspontját jelentette.