Hasil untuk "Practical religion. The Christian life"

Ricard Solé, Manlio De Domenico

The path toward the emergence of life in our biosphere involved several key events allowing for the persistence, reproduction and evolution of molecular systems. All these processes took place in a given environmental context and required both molecular diversity and the right non-equilibrium conditions to sustain and favour complex self-sustaining molecular networks capable of evolving by natural selection. Life is a process that departs from non-life in several ways and cannot be reduced to standard chemical reactions. Moreover, achieving higher levels of complexity required the emergence of novelties. How did that happen? Here, we review different case studies associated with the early origins of life in terms of phase transitions and bifurcations, using symmetry breaking and percolation as two central components. We discuss simple models that allow for understanding key steps regarding life origins, such as molecular chirality, the transition to the first replicators and cooperators, the problem of error thresholds and information loss, and the potential for "order for free" as the basis for the emergence of life.

Paul Howard Frampton

In this article, we attempt to convince the reader that the origin of life was such an exceptionally unlikely event that it probably has never occurred elsewhere. This involves an explicit calculation using the laws of physics which, while speculative, may encapsulate the essential science without knowledge of biological details. Making only physics, and no biology, assumptions about the origin of the first single celled organism (SCO) on Earth, we adopt methods of quantum tunnelling to make an estimate of the probability ${\cal P}_{SCO}$ for the origin of life. We argue that before the time $t_{SCO}$ laws of physics must suffice and assume a first-order phase transition which nucleates at the first SCO production. In the classical limit where Planck's constant vanishes $h\rightarrow0$, ${\cal P}_{SCO}$ also vanishes and remains extremely small for the correct value of $h$. Thus quantum mechanics plays a central role in permitting life to form. We compare the resultant probability with the expected number of exoplanets in the Milky Way ($\sim10^{12}$) and the Visible Universe ($\sim10^{24}$) and conclude that the probability of extraterrestrial life in the Visible Universe is infinitesimal. This result suggests that the visible universe is a lonely place for humankind because extraterrestrial life will never be encountered.

John D. Doss

Huatao Xu, Panrong Tong, Mo Li et al.

This paper introduces a novel mobile sensing application - life journaling - designed to generate semantic descriptions of users' daily lives. We present AutoLife, an automatic life journaling system based on commercial smartphones. AutoLife only inputs low-cost sensor data (without photos or audio) from smartphones and can automatically generate comprehensive life journals for users. To achieve this, we first derive time, motion, and location contexts from multimodal sensor data, and harness the zero-shot capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs), enriched with commonsense knowledge about human lives, to interpret diverse contexts and generate life journals. To manage the task complexity and long sensing duration, a multilayer framework is proposed, which decomposes tasks and seamlessly integrates LLMs with other techniques for life journaling. This study establishes a real-life dataset as a benchmark and extensive experiment results demonstrate that AutoLife produces accurate and reliable life journals.

Yi-Pei Chen, An-Zi Yen, Hen-Hsen Huang et al.

Lifelogging has gained more attention due to its wide applications, such as personalized recommendations or memory assistance. The issues of collecting and extracting personal life events have emerged. People often share their life experiences with others through conversations. However, extracting life events from conversations is rarely explored. In this paper, we present Life Event Dialog, a dataset containing fine-grained life event annotations on conversational data. In addition, we initiate a novel conversational life event extraction task and differentiate the task from the public event extraction or the life event extraction from other sources like microblogs. We explore three information extraction (IE) frameworks to address the conversational life event extraction task: OpenIE, relation extraction, and event extraction. A comprehensive empirical analysis of the three baselines is established. The results suggest that the current event extraction model still struggles with extracting life events from human daily conversations. Our proposed life event dialog dataset and in-depth analysis of IE frameworks will facilitate future research on life event extraction from conversations.

Manuel Baltieri, Hiroyuki Iizuka, Olaf Witkowski et al.

Artificial life is a research field studying what processes and properties define life, based on a multidisciplinary approach spanning the physical, natural and computational sciences. Artificial life aims to foster a comprehensive study of life beyond "life as we know it" and towards "life as it could be", with theoretical, synthetic and empirical models of the fundamental properties of living systems. While still a relatively young field, artificial life has flourished as an environment for researchers with different backgrounds, welcoming ideas and contributions from a wide range of subjects. Hybrid Life is an attempt to bring attention to some of the most recent developments within the artificial life community, rooted in more traditional artificial life studies but looking at new challenges emerging from interactions with other fields. In particular, Hybrid Life focuses on three complementary themes: 1) theories of systems and agents, 2) hybrid augmentation, with augmented architectures combining living and artificial systems, and 3) hybrid interactions among artificial and biological systems. After discussing some of the major sources of inspiration for these themes, we will focus on an overview of the works that appeared in Hybrid Life special sessions, hosted by the annual Artificial Life Conference between 2018 and 2022.

Søren Debois, Fritz Henglein, Morten C. Nielsen et al.

We characterize digital cash as the digital equivalent of physical cash: secure, fungible, decentralized, directly controlled, privacy-preserving; but enhanced with qualitatively new functionality. It is extremely efficiently transferable and, most importantly, transactional or, more generally, contract-backed. This facilitates fully automated, guaranteed transactional execution of atomic resource exchanges and more complex contracts, without a multitude of intermediaries and expensive or slow semi-manual processes. A didactic objective is separating money characteristics from technology aspects such as specific blockchain and distributed ledger systems to help disentangle discussions of digital money design from implementation techniques. We finally discuss the power and role of programmable (contract-backed) digital money in case studies: tokenization of invoice debt using smart contracts on Ethereum, with stablecoins serving as digital money; smart contracts for disbursing payments transparently and reliably in accordance with social legislation; and a Danish e-krone for crowdfunding public and private community projets. These contributions are made in independent chapters by participants of the Working Group on Digital Cash at Copenhagen FinTech in 2018 and 2019, which have not been published before. Collectively, the contributions illustrate the design space and potential of digital money when powered by smart digital contracts that effectively eliminate both counterparty risk (somebody does not pay or does not deliver) and settlement risk (a trade fails and needs to be aborted) orders of magnitude faster than in current financial practice.

F. Z. Guldas

Psychological and subjective well-being depends on how an individual feels about his/her life and how he/she responds to life events. Individually, the person may unconsciously feel all external events occurring beyond his/her control in his cognitive schemas. Especially considering mental health, the influence of religious beliefs and practices on various components of mental well-being has emerged as one of the most studied topics in the psychology of religion in recent years. Most studies have focused on the role of religion in seeking answers about individuals' search for meaning and their reactions to life events. There is a prevalent finding that prayer plays a constructive role in the lives of individuals faced with life’s difficulties and exposed to stressors. Thus, for scientists over the past few decades, the possible application of the cognitive behavioral framework within the psychology of religion has become a key element of both subjective and psychological well-being. Using theoretical applications as to the relationship between religiosity and mental health, it was appeared that various prayer measures are predominantly derived from Christian religious norms and beliefs. However, non-Christian religions have been mostly disregarded in such inquiries. More specifically, the links between religiosity and mental health among Muslim individuals have been neglected even though there are several forms of religious behavior in Islam that are of great importance to the daily lives of believers. Therefore, the current research aims to investigate the link between different types of Islamic prayer and indicators of well-being using the cognitive-behavioral mechanism among Muslim individuals. An online link was used to recruit participants from many Islamic student communities and several worship places in different cities/regions of England in this study. The online questionnaire composed of six prayer types (obligatory, necessary, voluntarily, supererogatory, supplication, and invocation prayers), six psychological well-being domains (autonomy, environmental mastery, positive relations with others, personal growth, self-acceptance, and purpose in life), and two subjective well-being domains (life satisfaction, and positive and negative affects). The representative sample consisted of 214 participants (female= 145, male= 69), aged between 18 and 66 (M = 27.01, SD = 8.80). The results of the correlational analysis indicated that obligatory (fard) prayer, voluntarily (sunna) prayer, supplication (duʿāʾ) prayer and invocation (dhikr/remembrance of God) prayer have positive relationship with the well-being variables, while no correlation of necessary (wājib) prayer and supererogatory (nawāfil) prayer with any of the well-being variables is appeared. The results of the multiple regression analysis showed that obligatory, voluntarily, and necessary prayers were not predictors of psychological or subjective well-being variables. Although only the type of supererogatory prayer was found to be predictive, the relationship was in the opposite direction. In addition, the supplication prayer accounted for the unique variance in predicting the 1 This article is the final version of an earlier announcement called “Religion and Well-being: Applying a Cognitive-Behavioral Framework among Muslims”, not previously printed, but orally presented at a symposium called “The IAPR Conference on Culture, Context and Existential Challenges (21-24 August 2017, Hamar/Norway)”, the content of which has now been developed and partially changed. This article is extracted from doctorate dissertation entitled “Prayer Types and Their Associations with Mental and Psychophysiological Health”, (Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK), which I completed on February 22, 2019. The researcher Fatümetül Zehra Güldaş is delighted to state that her doctoral studies were funded by the Republic of Turkish Ministry of National Education during her education abroad./ Bu makale, The IAPR Kültür, Bağlam ve Varoluşsal Zorluklar Konferansı (21-24 Ağustos 2017, Norveç/Hamar)'nda sözlü olarak sunulan ve basılmayan “Din ve İyi Oluş Hali: Müslümanlar Arasında Bilişsel-Davranışsal Bir Çerçevenin Uygulanması” adlı tebliğin içeriği geliştirilerek ve kısmen değiştirilerek üretilmiş halidir. Bu makale, 22 Şubat 2019 tarihinde tamamladığım Prayer Types and Their Associations with Mental and Psychophysiological Health başlıklı doktora tezimden üretilerek hazırlanmıştır (Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK). Araştırmacı Fatümetül Zehra Güldaş, yurtdışındaki eğitimi sırasında doktora çalışmalarının T.C. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı tarafından finanse edildiğini belirtmekten mutluluk duyar. Fatümetül Zehra Güldaş. Müslüman Örneklemler Arasında Bilişsel-Davranışla ... | 439 https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/cuid psychological well-being scores, while the invocation prayer accounted for the unique variance in predicting subjective well-being. In light of James and Wells’ cognitive and behavioral models, the present study has identified only the types of supplication and invocation prayer as important factors that have a positive effect for individuals in providing psychological support for them. Therefore, the presented data suggest that people are more like to have better psychological and subjective well-being when their prayers take the form of a supplication prayer and invocation prayer in which they rely on God for guidance and support and refresh their thinking through feeling God’s presence. As can be seen from the present findings, it is important to consider the applicability of belief structures in specific community settings. Here, both the theoretical framework and practical direction can contribute to an understanding being held as to the relationship between Muslim prayer types and mental well-being and provides guidance for health practitioners regarding how different prayer models can lead individuals to have better well-being.

Osman Demirci

Bu makalede, İkbal’in modern evrim teorisini kendine özgü yorumlaması, bu teorinin onun düşünce sistemindeki etkileri, inanç ve ahlâkî değerlerin bu teoriyle nasıl uzlaştırılmaya çalışıldığı ve bütün bunların arasında İkbal’in tutarlılığı sağlayıp sağlayamadığı ele alınmaya çalışılacaktır. İkbal’in yaratıcı evrim teorisi eleştirel bir açıdan irdelenmektedir. İkbal’in geçmişteki Müslüman düşünürlerden ve modern dönem Batılı düşünürlerden hangi ölçüde etkilenmiş olduğu yine onun eserlerinden yola çıkılarak karşılaştırmalı olarak ele alınmaktadır. Din-bilim krizinin belirgin bir şekilde görüldüğü evrim teorisi konusunda İkbal’in tercihleri ve yapmaya çalıştığı sentezci düşünceye dikkat çekilmekte, İkbal’in bu teori bağlamında inanç konularında getirmiş olduğu yeni yorumlar üzerinde durulmakta, İkbal’in ahlâk felsefesinin de yine bu teori bağlamında nasıl şekillendiği gösterilmeye çalışılmaktadır. İkbal’in metafizik bir içerikle modern evrim teorisini kendine özgü yorumlamasının etkileri, onun bütün düşüncelerine sirayet etmiştir. Düşünür evrim teorisinden kaynaklanan bu düşünceleri dolayısıyla eleştirilmektedir. Onun görüşlerinde kendi döneminin bilimsel ve felsefî gelişmelerin etkisi olduğu gibi Müslüman coğrafyanın içinde bulunduğu durumun da etkisi vardır. Yaratıcı evrim teorisinin yaşama uyarlanmasında pratik faydalar görmekte ve bu teorinin Müslüman toplumları uyandırıcı etkisinin olduğuna inanmaktadır. Söz konusu evrim teorisi güce ve mücadeleci yaşam felsefesine yaptığı güçlü vurguyla İkbal’in ilgisini çekmiş olmalıdır. İkbal için yaşam bir mücadele olarak görüldüğünden insanın başarı ve mutluluğu da bu hayat mücadelesindeki sertliğine bağlanmakta ve bu vurgu, değişik vesilelerle ve farklı bağlamlarla sürekli tekrar edilmektedir. Ona göre hayat bir kavgadır ve bu yaşam kavgasında başarılı olanlar bu kurallara riayet edenlerdir. Evrim teorisine uygun olacak şekilde düşünür, hak ve bâtılı dahi güce göre ayırmakta ve güçle haklılığı eşit görmektedir. Evrimsel sürecin ebedî hayat için de geçerli olan bir kanun olarak görülmesiyle bu teoriye metafizik bir anlam yüklenmekte ve bilimsel tartışmalara girilmemektedir. Evrim teorisi, İkbal’in ego felsefesinin, Tanrı-âlem-insan görüşünün de bilimsel ve felsefî temelini oluşturmaktadır. Ahiret hayatı, nübüvvet, irade özgürlüğü gibi birçok teolojik mesele bu teori bağlamında yorumlanmaya çalışılmaktadır. İkbal, evrim teorisiyle dini uzlaştırmak adına bazen dinî nasları te’vil etmekte, bazen de evrim teorisine metafizik bir anlam yükleyerek yeniden yorumlamaktadır. Evrim teorisini düşüncelerine bilimsel bir zemin olarak koyan düşünürün tutarsızlıklarının en önemli nedenlerinden birisi de onun yapmaya çalıştığı bu sentezci çabadır. İkbal, evrim teorisi konusunda geçmişteki Müslüman bilginlerden İbn Miskeveyh ve Mevlânâ’dan; modern dönem Batılı bilginlerinden ise özellikle Bergson ve Nietzsche’den etkilenmiştir. Onun modern evrim teorisine en temel itirazı ise bu kuramın hükmünün yaşamla sınırlı olması ve ölüm sonrasına aksetmemesidir.

Ilie Sorițău

"Baptism inaugurates a life that daily moves forward to a battle, confident that in each sorrow, there is a more vigorous expression of the presence of the risen Christ. Baptism warns the Christian that if he shares the same life, he must face the same struggle of life unto death so that life is eternally victorious. Recent events in the Romanian Orthodox Church regarding the baptism of infants by immersion have ignited a civil debate and much criticism. The issue of baptism and for that matter, the baptism itself is very important. For the believers especially this is important. However, no matter how important this is, one has to agree that it should never ever lead to division and hate. Unfortunately, it looks like nothing among believers can lead to disagreement more than such discussions about the role of baptism, the meaning of it, and of course, the methods used to perform the baptism. On the other hand, there should be an agreement that ignoring the problems raised by this issue will not solve it at all, but instead creating even more problems and further the gap among many Christians, ultimately. The fact that there is a possibility to discuss this important doctrine as part of a dialog among many denominations, among many religions it will prove the level of one’s maturity to “agree to disagree” with the main goal of learning always and know what to stand for and what is worth fighting for. When it comes to major doctrines special attention should be given to the text, making sure that there is a proper, correct, throughout exegesis as well as a very good lexical and syntactical study. The purpose of this research is to dig deep into the Bible and more specifically exegete the text found in The Gospel of Matthew chapter 3, from verses 13 to 17, then view its theological lessons followed by practical applications."

Monika Henzinger, Alexander Noe, Christian Schulz et al.

We present a practically efficient algorithm that finds all global minimum cuts in huge undirected graphs. Our algorithm uses a multitude of kernelization rules to reduce the graph to a small equivalent instance and then finds all minimum cuts using an optimized version of the algorithm of Nagamochi, Nakao and Ibaraki. In shared memory we are able to find all minimum cuts of graphs with up to billions of edges and millions of minimum cuts in a few minutes. We also give a new linear time algorithm to find the most balanced minimum cuts given as input the representation of all minimum cuts.

Mirko Myllykoski, Carl Christian Kjelgaard Mikkelsen

In this paper, we present the StarNEig library for solving dense nonsymmetric standard and generalized eigenvalue problems. The library is built on top of the StarPU runtime system and targets both shared and distributed memory machines. Some components of the library have support for GPU acceleration. The library is currently in an early beta state and supports only real matrices. Support for complex matrices is planned for a future release. This paper is aimed at potential users of the library. We describe the design choices and capabilities of the library, and contrast them to existing software such as ScaLAPACK. StarNEig implements a ScaLAPACK compatibility layer which should assist new users in the transition to StarNEig. We demonstrate the performance of the library with a sample of computational experiments.

Sara Seager, Janusz J. Petkowski, Peter Gao et al.

We revisit the hypothesis that there is life in the Venusian clouds to propose a life cycle that resolves the conundrum of how life can persist aloft for hundreds of millions to billions of years. Most discussions of an aerial biosphere in the Venus atmosphere temperate layers never address whether the life-small microbial-type particles-is free floating or confined to the liquid environment inside cloud droplets. We argue that life must reside inside liquid droplets such that it will be protected from a fatal net loss of liquid to the atmosphere, an unavoidable problem for any free-floating microbial life forms. However, the droplet habitat poses a lifetime limitation: Droplets inexorably grow (over a few months) to large enough sizes that are forced by gravity to settle downward to hotter, uninhabitable layers of the Venusian atmosphere. (Droplet fragmentation-which would reduce particle size-does not occur in Venusian atmosphere conditions.) We propose for the first time that the only way life can survive indefinitely is with a life cycle that involves microbial life drying out as liquid droplets evaporate during settling, with the small desiccated 'spores' halting at, and partially populating, the Venus atmosphere stagnant lower haze layer (33-48 km altitude). We, thus, call the Venusian lower haze layer a 'depot' for desiccated microbial life. The spores eventually return to the cloud layer by upward diffusion caused by mixing induced by gravity waves, act as cloud condensation nuclei, and rehydrate for a continued life cycle. We also review the challenges for life in the extremely harsh conditions of the Venusian atmosphere, refuting the notion that the 'habitable' cloud layer has an analogy in any terrestrial environment.

A. Iqbal, Desi Erawati, Abdul Qodir et al.

A growing body of literature has given shape and voice to the emerging field of interreligious studies. However, most of related studies have tended to focus on the relations between religious communities in Western countries. The scholars have not given adequately attention to the richness and complexity of the relations among different religious communities in Asian region and possibility of theoretical and practical contributions to interreligious relations. This article seeks to analyzes the interreligious relations among different religious communities in Indonesia based on data generated through interviews with Muslim, Christian and Kaharingan communities in Indonesia. Employing the concept of Third Space, this article focuses on the performance of interreligious relations between Muslims, Christians, and the adherents of local religion of Kaharingan in Kalimantan Tengah province, Indonesia. It explains the the third space issue in the narrative of interfaith relations and the third space in the practice of interreligious relations in the region. This study find that the diverse religious communities in Indonesia practice a peaceful and co-existence life, which is strongly inspired and driven by shared particular social-cultural contexts of rich treasures and precious tradition of cultural heritage in the forms of Indonesian communalism and community spirit. It concludes that the diverse religious communities create “third spaces”, as common grounds between them which are shared at individual, institutional and societal levels.

David Faux, Mayank Shah, Christopher Knapp

The classical "game of life" (GOL) due to Conway is a famous mathematical game constructed as a two-dimensional cellular automaton in which each cell is either alive or dead. A set of evolutionary rules determines whether a cell dies, survives or is born at each generation based on its local environment. The game of life is interesting because complexity emerges from simple rules and mimics real life in that a cell flourishes only if the environment is "just right" producing a breadth of life-like behavior including multi-cellular lifeforms. Results are presented from a quantum adaptation of the GOL which assigns a qubit to each cell which then evolves according to modified evolutionary rules. Computer simulation reveals remarkable evolutionary complexity that is distinct from the classical GOL and which mimics aspects of quantum biological processes and holds promise for the realistic simulation of species population dynamics. Liveness emerges as a probability density with universal statistical properties dependent solely on the evolutionary rules. New species of quantum lifeform are found. One quantum lifeform is shown to act as a seed to produce children, one or more classical and/or quantum lifeforms, classical oscillators, a liveness probability density or death with outcomes highly sensitive to the initial state. We observe the emergence of chaos and scaling phenomena making the quantum game of life an exciting prospect for further exploration as a model for life-like behaviors.

Yicheng Li, Adrian E. Raftery

Smoking is one of the main risk factors that has affected human mortality and life expectancy over the past century. Smoking accounts for a large part of the nonlinearities in the growth of life expectancy and of the geographic and sex differences in mortality. As Bongaarts (2006) and Janssen (2018) suggested, accounting for smoking could improve the quality of mortality forecasts due to the predictable nature of the smoking epidemic. We propose a new Bayesian hierarchical model to forecast life expectancy at birth for both sexes and for 69 countries with good data on smoking-related mortality. The main idea is to convert the forecast of the non-smoking life expectancy at birth (i.e., life expectancy at birth removing the smoking effect) into life expectancy forecast through the use of the age-specific smoking attributable fraction (ASSAF). We introduce a new age-cohort model for the ASSAF and a Bayesian hierarchical model for non-smoking life expectancy at birth. The forecast performance of the proposed method is evaluated by out-of-sample validation compared with four other commonly used methods for life expectancy forecasting. Improvements in forecast accuracy and model calibration based on the new method are observed.

Azadeh Sadat Mozafari, Hugo Siqueira Gomes, Wilson Leão et al.

Recently, Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have been achieving impressive results on wide range of tasks. However, they suffer from being well-calibrated. In decision-making applications, such as autonomous driving or medical diagnosing, the confidence of deep networks plays an important role to bring the trust and reliability to the system. To calibrate the deep networks' confidence, many probabilistic and measure-based approaches are proposed. Temperature Scaling (TS) is a state-of-the-art among measure-based calibration methods which has low time and memory complexity as well as effectiveness. In this paper, we study TS and show it does not work properly when the validation set that TS uses for calibration has small size or contains noisy-labeled samples. TS also cannot calibrate highly accurate networks as well as non-highly accurate ones. Accordingly, we propose Attended Temperature Scaling (ATS) which preserves the advantages of TS while improves calibration in aforementioned challenging situations. We provide theoretical justifications for ATS and assess its effectiveness on wide range of deep models and datasets. We also compare the calibration results of TS and ATS on skin lesion detection application as a practical problem where well-calibrated system can play important role in making a decision.

M. Anfang

I. Noble

A. G. Scott