Hasil untuk "Modern"

Nei Pereira Junior

Lignocellulosic biomass is one of the most abundant renewable carbon resources available, currently used predominantly for energy generation through direct combustion, yet still underutilized as a feedstock for higher-value biochemical conversion. Its structural complexity and intrinsic recalcitrance continue to challenge efficient biological processing. Overcoming these barriers requires an integrated understanding of plant cell-wall architecture, pretreatment chemistry, enzymatic mechanisms, and process engineering. This review provides a clear and conceptually grounded synthesis of these elements, illustrating how they converge to enable the development of second-generation (2G) lignocellulosic biorefineries. This review examines the hierarchical organization of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin; the principles and performance of modern pretreatment technologies; the synergistic action of cellulolytic systems, including lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) and non-hydrolytic proteins such as swollenins; advances in C5/C6 sugar fermentation; and emerging strategies for lignin upgrading. In addition to a comprehensive analysis of the literature, representative industrial and experimental case studies reported in the literature are discussed to illustrate practical process behavior and design considerations. By integrating mechanistic insight with industrially relevant examples, this review highlights the technical feasibility, current maturity, and remaining challenges of lignocellulosic biorefineries, underscoring their strategic role in enabling a competitive, low-carbon bioeconomy.

Eleftherios Chatzitheodoridis

In Quillen's paper on rational homotopy theory, the category of 1-reduced simplicial sets is endowed with a family of model structures, the most prominent of which is the one in which the weak equivalences are the rational homotopy equivalences and the fibrant objects are the rational Kan complexes. In this paper, we give a modern approach to this family of model structures. We recover Quillen's family of model structures by first left-transferring the model structure on pointed simplicial sets and then left Bousfield localizing at the rationalization maps of spheres. Applying this localization to the model category of all spaces yields a model category in which the weak equivalences are the rational homotopy equivalences in the extended sense of Gómez-Tato, Halperin, and Tanré and the fibrant objects are the rational spaces. Thus, we generalize Quillen's family of model structures beyond the rational homotopy theory of 1-connected spaces.

Maria Cuellar

Forensic examiners and attorneys need to know how to express evidence in favor or against a prosecutor's hypothesis in a way that avoids the prosecutor's fallacy and follows the modern reporting standards for forensic evidence. This article delves into the inherent conflict between legal and scientific principles, exacerbated by the prevalence of alternative facts in contemporary discourse. Courts grapple with contradictory expert testimonies, leading to a surge in erroneous rulings based on flawed amicus briefs and testimonies, notably the persistent prosecutor's fallacy. The piece underscores the necessity for legal practitioners to navigate this fallacy within the modern forensic science framework, emphasizing the importance of reporting likelihood ratios (LRs) over posterior probabilities. Recognizing the challenge of lay comprehension of LRs, the article calls for updated recommendations to mitigate the prosecutor's fallacy. Its contribution lies in providing a detailed analysis of the fallacy using LRs and advocating for a sound interpretation of evidence. Illustrated through a modified real case, this article serves as a valuable guide for legal professionals, offering insights into avoiding fallacious reasoning in forensic evidence assessment.

Julius Koschnick

What was the origin of modern economic growth? Joel Mokyr has argued that self-sustained modern economic growth originated from a feedback loop between propositional (theoretical) and prescriptive (applied) knowledge, which turned positive in the eighteenth century during the "Industrial Enlightenment". While influential, this thesis has never been directly tested. This paper provides the first quantitative evidence by estimating the impact of knowledge spillovers between propositional and prescriptive knowledge on innovation in England, 1600-1800. For this, it introduces two new text-based measures for 1) the innovativeness of publications and 2) knowledge spillovers. The paper finds strong evidence that a feedback loop between propositional and prescriptive knowledge became positive during the second half of the eighteenth century. It also documents that this process had positive effects on the real economy as measured through patents. Overall, the findings provide empirical support for Mokyr's original hypothesis.

Phil Attard

The modern theory of Bose-Einstein condensation, superfluidity, and superconductivity is reviewed. The thermodynamic principle for superfluid flow and the equation of motion for condensed bosons are given. Computer simulations of Lennard-Jones $^4$He give the $λ$-transition and the superfluid viscosity. The statistical mechanical theory of high-temperature superconductivity is presented. Critical comparison is made with older approaches, such as ground energy state condensation, irrotational superfluid flow, and the macroscopic wavefunction.

C. Nicole Avans, Alfredo A. Correa, Sayan Ghosh et al.

Since the C++ bindings were deleted in 2008, the Message Passing Interface (MPI) community has revived efforts in building high-level modern C++ interfaces. Such interfaces are either built to serve specific scientific application needs (with limited coverage to the underlying MPI functionalities), or as an exercise in general-purpose programming model building, with the hope that bespoke interfaces can be broadly adopted to construct a variety of distributed-memory scientific applications. However, with the advent of modern C++-based heterogeneous programming models, GPUs and widespread Machine Learning (ML) usage in contemporary scientific computing, the role of prospective community-standardized high-level C++ interfaces to MPI is evolving. The success of such an interface clearly will depend on providing robust abstractions and features adhering to the generic programming principles that underpin the C++ programming language, without compromising on either performance and portability, the core principles upon which MPI was founded. However, there is a tension between idiomatic C++ handling of types and lifetimes and MPI's loose interpretation of object lifetimes/ownership and insistence on maintaining global states. Instead of proposing "yet another" high-level C++ interface to MPI, overlooking or providing partial solutions to work around the key issues concerning the dissonance between MPI semantics and idiomatic C++, this paper focuses on the three fundamental aspects of a high-level interface: type system, object lifetimes and communication buffers, also identifying inconsistencies in the MPI specification. Presumptive solutions can be unrefined, and we hope the broader MPI and C++ communities will engage with us in productive exchange of ideas and concerns.

Sharba Bhattacharjee, Ivar Martin

We study the retrieval accuracy and capacity of modern Hopfield networks of with two-state (Ising) spins interacting via modified Hebbian $n$-spin interactions. In particular, we consider systems where the interactions deviate from the Hebb rule through additive or multiplicative noise or through clipping or deleting interactions. We find that the capacity scales as $N^{n-1}$ with the number of spins $N$ in all cases, but with a prefactor reduced compared to the Hebbian case. For $n=2$ our results agree with the previously known results for the conventional $n = 2$ Hopfield network.

Heidi Saad Refaey, Sanaa H. Abdelkader, Yasser M. Aly

Abstract Background Conservative dentistry introduced modern restoration designs, contributing to the greater use of partial-coverage ceramic restorations. New strong bondable ceramic materials made fabricating partial coverage ceramic restorations easier to restore the badly destructed teeth. Aim of the study This study investigated the impact of three distinct overlay preparation designs on the marginal fit (both before and after thermal aging) and the fracture resistance of overlay restorations fabricated using advanced zirconia-reinforced lithium disilicate (ALD) CAD/CAM glass-ceramic blocks. Materials and methods Using a standardized preparation protocol, three typodont molars were prepared to receive three different indirect overlay ceramic restoration designs. The typodont teeth were duplicated to get 27 resin dies that were randomly allocated into three groups (n = 9) based on the preparation design; group (O): a traditional overlay preparation with anatomical occlusal reduction, group (OS): anatomical occlusal reduction with circumferential shoulder finish line, and group (OG): anatomical occlusal reduction with a central groove preparation at the mid-occlusal surface. After standardized restorations fabricated following the manufacturer’s guidelines, the restorations were cemented to their corresponding dies and exposed to thermal aging corresponding to 6-month clinical service. Marginal gap was measured before and after thermal aging procedure using an optical microscope. To measure fracture resistance, specimens were loaded till failure using the universal testing machine. The Kruskal Wallis test was utilized to assess data among the groups, followed by Dunn’s post hoc test with Bonferroni correction. Differences in the marginal fit before and after thermal aging were evaluated using Wilcoxon Sign Rank test. Results A statistically significant difference in marginal fit was observed between the studied groups, with a p-value of 0.032 where group OS has the lowest micro gap compared to group OG and group O. The fracture resistance group (O) recorded the highest fracture resistance with a statistically significant difference between the studied groups at p value = 0.043. Conclusions Adjusting the tooth preparation significantly influenced both the fracture resistance load and the marginal fit observed for advanced zirconia-reinforced lithium disilicate glass-ceramic (ALD) overlays.

Yundie Guan, Xiangyu Zhang, Zheming Liang et al.

Abstract The intermittency and volatility of renewable energy have been major challenges in modern power systems. This paper proposes a self‐adaptive energy management strategy based on deep reinforcement learning (DRL) to integrate renewable energy sources into a system comprising compressed air energy storage, battery energy storage systems, and solid oxide fuel cells. However, the basic deep deterministic policy gradient algorithm lacks sensitivity to environmental changes, particularly when there is a mismatch in module capacity within the system. This limitation may affect the proper selection of the charging and discharging actions for the hybrid energy storage system. Thus, some modifications are dedicated to the careful replay buffer design in the basic algorithm, improving the ability to identify subtle changes in the reward function. The proposed method is also compared with other DRL methods to validate the feasibility and effectiveness. The simulation results demonstrate the compatibility of the improved algorithm with the proposed energy management strategy and better performance in terms of economic benefits.

Duschanova Sanat K., Boyjanov Islom R., Kholmuratov Kholilla S. et al.

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the mineralogical composition of marl samples from the Meshkli mine using modern analytical methods. By employing combined X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), complemented by high-resolution differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), we identified four distinct periods within the TG and DSC curves. Each of these periods is characterized by specific thermal effects, providing critical insights into the presence of hygroscopic water, combustion of organic compounds, oxidation of iron compounds, and thermal decomposition of calcite. Additionally, X-ray analyses reveal a variety of minerals, including calcite, quartz, montmorillonite, kaolinite, and hematite. These findings significantly enhance our understanding of the mineralogical aspects of the Meshkli mine marls. The purpose of this work is to investigate the physicochemical characteristics of Meshkli mine marl, which is novel for the silicate industry, and to assess its suitability for use in cement compositions. Macroscopically, the marl samples from the Meshkli mine exhibit a green color with yellow and brown spots. They consist of dense rock composed of finely dispersed calcite, clay minerals, and siltstone quartz grains. Chemical analysis indicates that Meshkli mine marl has a homogeneous chemical composition.

Sung-Hyun Kim, Bo-ram Choi

Background: Portable, small computers and smartphones are now considered essential tools in modern society and smartphone ownership and usage rates are rising every year. However, excessive smartphone use can have musculoskeletal and postural implications, leading to “smartphone addiction” and related dysfunctions. Objects: This study aimed to investigate the effects of smartphone addiction on scapular position and muscle activity during shoulder abduction in asymptomatic individuals. Methods: A total of 45 participants were classified into high-risk, middle-risk, and low-risk groups based on their smartphone addiction levels. Scapular position was measured using the scapular index, round shoulder posture (RSP), lateral scapular slide test, and scapulohumeral rhythm spine angle. Muscle activity was assessed using electromyography of the upper trapezius (UT), lower trapezius (LT), serratus anterior (SA), and anterior deltoid (AD) muscles during shoulder abduction. Results: Smartphone addiction was significantly associated with altered scapular position and muscle activity. The high-risk group exhibited greater forward head posture and more pronounced RSP. Additionally, the high-risk group had lower SA activation and higher UT, LT, and AD muscle activity, indicating compensatory mechanisms due to altered scapular positioning. Conclusion: These findings suggest that excessive smartphone use contributes to postural deviations and altered muscle activation patterns, which may lead to musculoskeletal dysfunction over time. Clinicians should consider smartphone use when assessing patients with scapular dysfunction, and future studies should explore interventions to mitigate these effects.

Manushree Vijayvergiya, Małgorzata Salawa, Ivan Budiselić et al.

Modern code review is a process in which an incremental code contribution made by a code author is reviewed by one or more peers before it is committed to the version control system. An important element of modern code review is verifying that code contributions adhere to best practices. While some of these best practices can be automatically verified, verifying others is commonly left to human reviewers. This paper reports on the development, deployment, and evaluation of AutoCommenter, a system backed by a large language model that automatically learns and enforces coding best practices. We implemented AutoCommenter for four programming languages (C++, Java, Python, and Go) and evaluated its performance and adoption in a large industrial setting. Our evaluation shows that an end-to-end system for learning and enforcing coding best practices is feasible and has a positive impact on the developer workflow. Additionally, this paper reports on the challenges associated with deploying such a system to tens of thousands of developers and the corresponding lessons learned.

Peter Hayman

Notes prepared for the introductory general relativity course PHYSICS 748 at The University of Auckland. They are designed to introduce general relativity to upper-year undergraduate students directly using the modern language of differential geometry but in a physically motivated way, and throughout keeping a logical flow from section to section and chapter to chapter. In doing so, they necessarily cover a number of topics either not normally treated in an introductory course, or from a novel perspective. These include for example: affine spaces, comparing and contrasting rank-2 tensors with matrices, integration on manifolds, the Rindler metric, including a proper near-source boundary condition for the Schwarzschild metric, approaching Kruskal-Szekeres coordinates from a Rindler perspective, and more.

I. M. Derkach, S. S. Derkach, Y. V. Zhuk et al.

One of the most relevant zoocides are rodenticides used to control harmful rodents. Carrying out effective deratization measures on the territory of Ukraine is especially important nowadays during the Russian-Ukrainian war. According to the reports of Ukrainian servicemen and civilians in the de-occupied territories, the population of rodents is extremely large, and not all modern rodenticide drugs lead to the death of harmful animals of these species. However, the toxicological characteristics of rodenticides take into account the fact that they can poison non-target animals. The purpose of our study was to analyze the pharmaco-toxicological characteristics of rodenticides and the main trends in the pharmaceutical market of drugs of this group registered in Ukraine as of January 1, 2024. It has been established that bromadiolone (77 %) and brodifacoum (23 %) are the main active substances in modern deratization agents. They belong to second-generation anticoagulants with a chronic mechanism of action. All registered rodenticides are produced in Ukraine and are available in various dosage forms. The low effectiveness of rodenticides can be due to falsification of starting substances for the synthesis of rodenticides, inconsistency of the required content of active substances, development of resistance of rodents to poisonous substances, etc. It is expected that the results highlighted in the article will indicate further directions in the development of new rodenticides and/or increase the effectiveness of the generally accepted scheme of deratization. In Ukraine, in the conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian war and in the post-war period, these questions are among the most significant, which scientists, pharmacologists and toxicologists, pharmacists and industry manufacturers should work on.

Dongwei Xiao, Zhibo Liu, Shuai Wang

A physical simulation engine (PSE) is a software system that simulates physical environments and objects. Modern PSEs feature both forward and backward simulations, where the forward phase predicts the behavior of a simulated system, and the backward phase provides gradients (guidance) for learning-based control tasks, such as a robot arm learning to fetch items. This way, modern PSEs show promising support for learning-based control methods. To date, PSEs have been largely used in various high-profitable, commercial applications, such as games, movies, virtual reality (VR), and robotics. Despite the prosperous development and usage of PSEs by academia and industrial manufacturers such as Google and NVIDIA, PSEs may produce incorrect simulations, which may lead to negative results, from poor user experience in entertainment to accidents in robotics-involved manufacturing and surgical operations. This paper introduces PHYFU, a fuzzing framework designed specifically for PSEs to uncover errors in both forward and backward simulation phases. PHYFU mutates initial states and asserts if the PSE under test behaves consistently with respect to basic Physics Laws (PLs). We further use feedback-driven test input scheduling to guide and accelerate the search for errors. Our study of four PSEs covers mainstream industrial vendors (Google and NVIDIA) as well as academic products. We successfully uncover over 5K error-triggering inputs that generate incorrect simulation results spanning across the whole software stack of PSEs.

Tejas Santanam, Pascal Van Hentenryck

This paper details an outlook on modern constraint programming (CP) education through the lens of a CP instructor. A general overview of current CP courses and instructional methods is presented, with a focus on online and virtually-delivered courses. This is followed by a discussion of the novel approach taken to introductory CP education for engineering students at large scale at the Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech) in Atlanta, GA, USA. The paper summarizes important takeaways from the Georgia Tech CP course and ends with a discussion on the future of CP education. Some ideas for instructional methods, promotional methods, and organizational changes are proposed to aid in the long-term growth of CP education.

Mícheál Hoyne

An Irish translation of the New Testament was published in Dublin in 1602. This publication, and the translation work which underlay it, did not appear in a vacuum: two earlier printed books in Irish had paved the way, viz. John Carswell’s translation of Knox’s Forme of Prayer and Ministrations of the Sacraments, published in Edinburgh in 1567, and Seaán Ó Cearnaigh’s primer of the Irish language and catechism translation, published in Dublin in 1571. This paper seeks to shed light on the process by which an appropriate register was arrived at for Protestant printing in Irish, and in particular for the New Testament, through an examination of some of the linguistic and stylistic features of these texts, with regard both to decisions made by the individual translators and to sociolinguistic factors which may have limited their room to manoeuvre. These factors include contemporary conceptions of and attitudes to different language varieties, the lack of alternative models, and the nature and level of education received by individual translators. This paper builds upon the pioneering research of Ailbhe Ó Corráin (2013) to show that linguistically that portion of the Irish New Testament completed after 1597 has a more colloquial and dialectal quality than that which preceded it. This is tentatively connected with specific changes in the team responsible.

Dzhamirze Ruslan, Malysheva Nadezhda, Ostapenko Nadezhda et al.

Breeding of agricultural plants, rice in particular, is a fundamental factor in providing the country's population with a sufficient amount of high-quality products. Hence, the level of breeding achievements and agricultural technologies determines the food security of the country and the competitiveness of the industry in the international market. The scientifically based introduction of new, better varieties into production contributes to the growth of not only the yield, but also to an increase in the yield of products and an improvement in its quality. Therefore, the role of the variety as a means of agricultural production in modern agriculture is undoubtedly important. The paper presents the results of a breeding program on developing large-grain rice variety Vector, capable of forming a high grain yield - 9.0-10.0 t/ha with high technological indicators - 89.5% of head rice content with 69.8% of the total milling yield, which in conversion is approximately 62.4% of the head rice in the grain mass. At the same time, new rice variety Vector, according to grain size, belongs to the category of large-grain varieties with a mass of 1000 grains - 34.5 g with an average filminess of 17.7% and vitreousity - 83.5%. Also, during the study period (2020-2022) of the new rice variety Vector, resistance to the Pyricularia pathogen was found in natural conditions. With artificial infection, the disease development index averaged 37.0%, which corresponds to medium resistance. Based on the results of the work, the Vector variety was submitted for state testing (SVT). A comprehensive and positive assessment of the SVT will allow it to be entered into the State Register and recommend the variety for cultivation in the conditions of Krasnodar region and the Republic of Adygea.

Bernhard Schäfl, Lukas Gruber, Angela Bitto-Nemling et al.

While Deep Learning excels in structured data as encountered in vision and natural language processing, it failed to meet its expectations on tabular data. For tabular data, Support Vector Machines (SVMs), Random Forests, and Gradient Boosting are the best performing techniques with Gradient Boosting in the lead. Recently, we saw a surge of Deep Learning methods that were tailored to tabular data but still underperform compared to Gradient Boosting on small-sized datasets. We suggest "Hopular", a novel Deep Learning architecture for medium- and small-sized datasets, where each layer is equipped with continuous modern Hopfield networks. The modern Hopfield networks use stored data to identify feature-feature, feature-target, and sample-sample dependencies. Hopular's novelty is that every layer can directly access the original input as well as the whole training set via stored data in the Hopfield networks. Therefore, Hopular can step-wise update its current model and the resulting prediction at every layer like standard iterative learning algorithms. In experiments on small-sized tabular datasets with less than 1,000 samples, Hopular surpasses Gradient Boosting, Random Forests, SVMs, and in particular several Deep Learning methods. In experiments on medium-sized tabular data with about 10,000 samples, Hopular outperforms XGBoost, CatBoost, LightGBM and a state-of-the art Deep Learning method designed for tabular data. Thus, Hopular is a strong alternative to these methods on tabular data.

I. E. Strelkova

Amyloidosis is a group of diseases characterized  by accumulation of a protein of a specific fibrillar structure in the interstitium of various organs and tissues. The concept of amyloidosis  unites more than 30 different pathophysiological conditions,  each of which is based on abnormal synthesis of 30 different precursor proteins. However, 95% of amyloid cardiomyopathies are associated with just two proteins: a protein derived from light chains of immunoglobulins and a protein called transthyretin.  Determination of the precursor protein is a cornerstone of management  of patients with amyloid cardiomyopathy. Transthyretin  is a carrier protein of thyroxine, retinol and other substances, that performs vital functions. For hereditary or age-related reasons, TTR misfolding occurs in the liver. The resulting monomers, entering blood, form toxic intermediate products and amyloid fibrils. Cardiac amyloidosis (or amyloid cardiomyopathy)  used to be considered a rare disease. In the recent past, possibilities of therapy for cardiac amyloidosis were limited by prescription of diuretics, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and anticoagulants, since other drugs are not tolerated well by patients or are tolerated in minimal doses. Advent of the first drug specific for treatment of transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy in Russia increased a need of awareness of ATTR-CM among general practitioners  and cardiologists, and introduction of modern diagnostic algorithms for this disease. Timely detection and competent differential diagnosis of ATTR-CM from other types of amyloid cardiomyopathy  can play a decisive role in the prognosis of this disease. Tafamidis is a treatment that was shown to reduce mortality and CV-related hospitalization in ATTR-CM patients.