Hasil untuk "Men"

F. W. Irwin

as to where between the two poles of behaviorism and structuralism they will finally see their science find its place. It has become ever more evident that psychology after all is one; that structuralism has long since been at its most structuralistic, and that behaviorism, born more than full-grown, has been rapidly progressing from senescence toward a more normal adolescence. Thia is hopeful, and one is tempted to try to predict psychologists' ultimate meeting-point relative to these extremes by the rate at which they are approaching each other from them. Hence it is interesting to find Dr. Tolman intimating that in his own case he has arrived at his present position from an original point of departure very near the South Pole of "molecular behaviorism." The doctrine of "purposive behaviorism" is developed in this book by an alternation, first, of analysis and definition, and second, of presentation of the experimental evidence indicating the existence of the objects of the

Richard B. Lee

J. Coates

A. Eagly, A. Mladinic

S. Korenman, D. Neumark

H. Adlercreutz, H. Markkanen, S. Watanabe

E. Barrett-Connor, B. Cohn, D. Wingard et al.

David L. Collinson, J. Hearn

M. Charles, B. Reskin, Irene Padavic

Richard B. Freeman

Adrianna Tassone, Eden J. Hennessey, Anastasia Smolina et al.

Harmful experiences such as harassment and discrimination continue to push many people out of science. To better understand identities and experiences of harm among physicists, we conducted Canadian Physics Counts, the first comprehensive national survey examining equity, diversity, and inclusion within Canada's physics community. To better understand identities and experiences of harm among physicists, we conducted Canadian Physics Counts, the first comprehensive national survey examining equity, diversity, and inclusion within Canada's physics community. We explored experiences of harm focusing on personal harassment, sexual harassment, and sexual assault. We measured both direct experiences of harm and awareness of harm happening to others. Our analyses revealed that women and gender-diverse physicists reported experiencing personal harassment at twice the rate of men, a pattern consistent across all academic positions, including students and early-career researchers. An intersectional focus revealed even deeper inequities. Black women and men reported the highest rates of personal harassment, while Indigenous women and men faced elevated levels of sexual harassment. Physicists with disabilities were disproportionately affected. Disabled women and gender-diverse respondents reported the highest rates of personal and sexual harassment and sexual assault, and disabled men experienced more personal harassment than men without disabilities. These findings are a clear call to action to the physics community to confront racism, sexism, homophobia, and ableism so every physicist can thrive and contribute to solving society's greatest challenges.

Tudor-Dan Mihoc, Manuela-Andreea Petrescu, Emilia-Loredana Pop

An investigation, from a gender perspective, of how students view the ethical implications and societal effects of artificial intelligence is conducted, examining concepts that could have a big influence on how artificial intelligence may be taught in the future. For this, we conducted a survey on a cohort of 230 second year computer science students to reveal their opinions. The results revealed that AI, from the students' perspective, will significantly impact daily life, particularly in areas such as medicine, education, or media. Men are more aware of potential changes in Computer Science, autonomous driving, image and video processing, and chatbot usage, while women mention more the impact on social media. Both men and women perceive potential threats in the same manner, with men more aware of war, AI controlled drones, terrain recognition, and information war. Women seem to have a stronger tendency towards ethical considerations and helping others.

Philip Greengard, Samer Takriti

We estimate the effect of playing in one's home country in professional squash using a Bayesian hierarchical model applied to men's and women's Professional Squash Association matches from 2018-2024. The model incorporates players' world rankings and whether they are competing in their home country. Using margin of victory in games as our outcome, we estimate that home advantage adds 0.4 games for men and 0.3 games for women to the expected margin, with standard errors of 0.1. For evenly matched players, this effect corresponds to an increase in win probability from 50% to roughly 58% for men and 56% for women. We estimate particularly strong home effects in Egypt, where many major tournaments are held, though data limitations prevent precise estimation of country-specific effects in many other nations.

Zh. D. Kobalava, N. I. Kontareva, V. V. Tolkacheva et al.

Aim. To study the effect of acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with acute decompensation of chronic heart failure (ADCHF) in relation to combined renal and cardiovascular outcomes during 1 year of follow-up.Materials and methods. A total of 108 patients hospitalized with ADCHF (mean age 68.3 ± 10.0 years, 60% men) were included in a single-center prospective study. All patients included in the study underwent a standard physical and laboratory instrumental examination, including an assessment of the clinical condition according to the Rating Scale of Clinical State (RSCS) and laboratory tests (including serum creatinine level, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using the CKD-EPI 2021 equation, albumin to creatinine ratio in urine, natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) upon admission and discharge. Acute kidney injury (AKI) was diagnosed based on the KDIGO guidelines (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes). The total rate of all-cause mortality and repeated hospitalizations from ADCHF was evaluated as cardiovascular outcomes. Renal outcomes included deterioration of renal function in the form of a decrease in GFR >15% of baseline and a decrease in GFR < 30 ml/min/1.73 m2. Combined renal and cardiovascular outcomes were assessed during outpatient visits 3, 6, 12 months after discharge.Results. The incidence of AKI during hospitalization in patients with ADCHF was 14% (n = 15). The groups with and without AKI were comparable in terms of clinical and demographic parameters and clinical assessment scale parameters. However, patients in the AKI group had higher baseline values of NT-proBNP and more pronounced impaired renal function, which persisted for 6–12 months of follow-up. There were no differences in clinical and laboratory data during the follow-up period. In patients with ADCHF, the presence of AKI during hospitalization significantly increases the risk of combined renal and cardiovascular outcomes during 1 year of follow-up (HR = 7.6; 95%CI = 2–29; p = 0.003).Conclusion. The development of AKI during hospitalization in patients with ADCHF is a predictor of an unfavorable prognosis for combined renal and cardiovascular outcomes during 1 year of follow-up.

Tuuli Puusepp, Ave Põld, Lili Milani et al.

<h4>Aim</h4>To develop a model for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, combining polygenic risk score (PRS) with traditional risk factors while assessing the added value of PRS in two cohorts of biobank participants.<h4>Methods</h4>Data of 128 209 participants from the Estonian Biobank recruited between 2002-2017 and 2018-2022 without prevalent cardiovascular disease, was included. Hazard ratios (HR) for polygenic risk versus conventional risk factors were estimated with Cox proportional hazards models, cumulative incidence was assessed with Aalen-Johansen curves. Predictive performance was tested using a split-sample approach and competing risk modelling. Age at CVD event served as the outcome, and the impact of the PRS was evaluated by age group (25-59 vs. 60+), sex, and recruitment period, using HRs, Harrell's C-index, and net reclassification indices (NRI).<h4>Results</h4>The estimated HR per one standard deviation (SD) of PRS ranged from 1.1, 95% CI 1.06-1.15 (age 60 + , earlier cohort) to 1.36, 95% CI 1.24-1.49 (men 25-59, later cohort). Adding PRS to the conventional risk factors in the age group 25-59 increased the C-statistic by 0.028 (p < 0.0001) for men. In the age group 60 + , the increase was 0.016 (p = 0.0002) across all. In the independent validation set, the continuous NRI was 19.1% (95% CI 13.3%-24.9%) in the 25-59 group and 13.9% (95% CI 8.1%-19.6%) in the 60 + group.<h4>Conclusions</h4>In a high-risk population, PRS is a strong independent risk factor for CVD and should be considered in routine risk assessment, starting at a relatively young age.

Lisa Bornscheuer, Evelina Landstedt, Karl Gauffin et al.

Abstract Background Childhood adversity places individuals in a vulnerable position, resulting in potentially enduring disadvantage across life domains like health and work. Studying the manifestation of this disadvantage is crucial for understanding which resources society can provide to mitigate or prevent it, which makes this subject a fundamental public health concern. This study investigated whether disadvantage patterns after childhood adversity differ by gender and educational level, using out-of-home care as proxy for early adversity. Methods We used register data from a 1953 Swedish birth cohort. Distinct profiles of socioeconomic and health disadvantage in individuals with out-of-home care experience were identified using group-based multi-trajectory modelling. Multinomial logistic regression was then used to determine whether gender and education, individually or in interaction with each other, predict group membership. Results In the population without history of out-of-home care, adulthood disadvantage was highly gendered, with women being more likely to experience disadvantage related to unemployment and poor health, while criminality and substance misuse was more common among men. History of out-of-home care was associated with a general increase in adulthood disadvantage, but the gender differences were largely absent. Women in this group were however less likely than men to experience disadvantage across multiple life domains (complex disadvantage OR = 0.56, p = 0.046; unemployment-related disadvantage OR = 0.51, p = 0.005). Higher level of education was associated with reduced likelihood of membership in the group marked by disabling health disadvantage (OR = 0.55, p = 0.002) and complex disadvantage (OR = 0.37, p = 0.001). An interaction term between gender and education was not significant. Conclusions Adulthood disadvantage was more common in the group with history of out-of-home care. The gender differences in disadvantage present in the full cohort were largely attenuated among individuals with out-of-home care history. We showed that using administrative data on outcomes across multiple life domains can provide rich descriptions of adult experiences after childhood adversity. Future research could examine gender differences in mechanisms translating into resilient or vulnerable trajectories, including the protective potential of education in relation to specific disadvantage patterns.

Richard J. Boden, A. Nucci

L. Valleroy, D. MacKellar, J. Karon et al.

Boris Pittel

Colloquially, there are two groups, $n$ men and $n$ women, each man (woman) ranking women (men) as potential marriage partners. A complete matching is called stable if no unmatched pair prefer each other to their partners in the matching. If some pairs are not admissible, then such a matching may not exist, but a properly defined partial stable matching exists always, and all such matchings involve the same, equi-numerous, groups of men and women. Earlier we proved that, for the complete, random, preference lists, with high probability (whp) the total number of complete stable matchings is, roughly, of order $n^{1/2}$, at least. Here we consider the case that the preference lists are still complete, but a generic pair (man,woman) is admissible with probability $p$, independently of all other $n^2-1$ pairs. It is shown that the expected number of complete stable matchings tends to $0$ if, roughly, $p<\tfrac{\log^2 n}{n}$ and to infinity if $p>\tfrac{\log^2 n}{n}$. We show that whp: (a) there exists a complete stable matching if $p>(9/4)\tfrac{\log^2 n}{n}$, (b) the number of unmatched men and women is bounded if $p> \tfrac{\log^2n}{n}$, and (c) this number grows as a fractional power of $n$ for $p<\tfrac{\log^2 n}{n}$.

Cassandra Crowe, Belinda Middleweek, Laura Ryan et al.

We surveyed Australian finance professionals and tested whether there are statistically significant differences in promotional propensity according to gender identity. The findings indicate men and women are equally likely to ask for promotion, however, 'gifted advancements' account for the higher statistical frequency of promotions among men. These gender-based differences in behaviors have been overlooked in existing research on promotion. We call for a standardized framework for the development of promotion policies to address this industry-wide problem.