Hasil untuk "Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence"

P. V. Gorinov, O. V. Makarova

The article is devoted to the theoretical and legal analysis of the constitutional foundations for implementing basic general military training for higher education students in Ukraine under martial law. Considering the constitutionally established duty of citizens to defend their homeland (Article 65 of the Constitution of Ukraine), the authors justify the necessity and timeliness of integrating the military component into the higher education system as a mechanism for fulfilling the state’s defense function. The study analyzes legislative and regulatory acts governing the procedure for conducting basic general military training, particularly the Law of Ukraine «On Military Duty and Military Service» and the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No. 734 dated June 21, 2024. It is noted that the new regulation obliges male students in higher education institutions to undergo both theoretical and practical military training as part of their academic programs. The article addresses the legal status of basic military training as a mandatory educational component, its integration into curricula, and the emphasis on a practice-oriented approach. Special attention is given to the cooperation between the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine and the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in coordinating model training programs. Pedagogical and ideological objectives of basic general military training are also examined, including the formation of national identity, patriotism, legal awareness, and a sense of responsibility for the fate of the state. The article analyzes training modules that cover first aid, tactical and topographic skills, firearms training, psychological resilience, and knowledge of international humanitarian law. Furthermore, the article explores socio-legal challenges associated with the risks of abuse of the right to defer mobilization, highlighting the importance of introducing uniform requirements for all higher education students. The authors conclude that the implementation of general military training ensures a balanced combination of the right to education and the constitutional duty to defend the state. In conclusion, the article states that basic general military training, as an instrument of national security policy, meets current challenges and contributes to strengthening the country’s defense capability, mobilization reserve, and citizens’ readiness to participate in national resistance in accordance with the principles of the Constitution of Ukraine.

Violed Soleyde Roldan Espinal, Luis Orlando Toro Garzón, Mónica María Bustamante Rúa

El objetivo general del presente estudio se orienta a resolver el enigma hermenéutico de los falsos positivos a partir del sistema internacional de derechos humanos y su incidencia en el fuero penal militar colombiano (FPMP). La pregunta de fundamento se presenta en el escenario sustancial y procesal: ¿Cuáles son los criterios jurídicos de comprensión en los contextos local e internacional de los derechos humanos y el derecho penal para gobernar la expresión falsos positivos en sede de justicia y en relación con el FPMP? Para dar luz a la incertidumbre hermenéutica planteada se acude a la revisión de los aspectos generales de los falsos positivos y de la política de seguridad democrática del Gobierno nacional en el lapso comprendido entre 2002 y 2010. Se revisan diversas posturas en torno a los falsos positivos y su tipicidad penal, se explora sobre los falsos positivos en relación con el Sistema Interamericano de Promoción y Protección de los Derechos Humanos, se particulariza sobre el homicidio en persona protegida como conducta delictual de mayor encaje en los falsos positivos, se analiza la dogmática de los delitos de lesa humanidad frente al conflicto armado colombiano y, por último, se hace puente lógico con el fuero penal militar y policial (FPMP) en relación con los falsos positivos. 

A. I. Kuntii

У науковій статті здійснено комплексне дослідження проблемних аспектів досудового розслідування кримінальних правопорушень, передбачених статтею 406 Кримінального кодексу України, що стосуються порушення статутних правил взаємовідносин між військовослужбовцями за відсутності відносин підлеглості. Автором проведено системний аналіз норм чинного кримінального та кримінального процесуального законодавства, положень військових статутів, а також вітчизняної й міжнародної практики їх застосування. Окрему увагу приділено огляду наукових позицій щодо сутності складу злочину, особливостей суб’єктивної сторони та специфіки доказування обставин, що мають значення для правильної кваліфікації діянь військовослужбовців. Проаналізовано статистику зареєстрованих кримінальних проваджень за 2020–2025 роки, що демонструє коливання кількісних показників і свідчить про низький рівень завершення досудового розслідування з направленням обвинувальних актів до суду. Така динаміка пояснюється наявністю як об’єктивних чинників (зміна умов воєнного стану, складність збору доказів у бойовій обстановці, специфіка військових частин), так і суб’єктивних – недостатня кваліфікація окремих слідчих, недосконала взаємодія з командуванням, відсутність єдиної методики розслідування. У роботі визначено коло основних труднощів, що виникають під час документування таких правопорушень: проблеми встановлення безпосередніх учасників конфлікту, доведення наявності прямого умислу, з’ясування мотивів протиправної поведінки, отримання достовірних свідчень очевидців, а також реконструкції послідовності подій за обмежених можливостей проведення слідчих (розшукових) дій. На основі узагальнення практики запропоновано поетапну методику організації досудового розслідування – від моменту внесення відомостей до ЄРДР і проведення першочергових слідчих дій до повідомлення особі про підозру та завершення кримінального провадження. Обґрунтовано необхідність своєчасного огляду місця події, детального допиту свідків і потерпілих, використання можливостей судових експертиз, зокрема трасологічних, психологічних і військово-статутних, а також застосування цифрових джерел доказів (відеозаписів, OSINT-даних, матеріалів службових перевірок). Акцентовано увагу на важливості ефективної взаємодії між слідчими, прокурорами, військовими командирами та експертними підрозділами, що забезпечує повноту та об’єктивність зібраних доказів. Зроблено висновок, що удосконалення методики розслідування злочинів, передбачених статтею 406 КК України, сприятиме підвищенню якості доказування, забезпеченню принципу невідворотності покарання та зміцненню військової дисципліни у Збройних Силах України. Рекомендації, сформульовані у статті, мають практичну цінність і можуть бути використані в діяльності слідчих, прокурорів, юристів, а також у науково-дослідній і навчальній роботі.

Jaime Alcalde Silva

El objetivo de este artículo es examinar algunas de las “acciones reivindicatorias especiales” que reconoce el ordenamiento chileno. Se trata de distintos casos en los que la ley le concede al titular de un derecho la posibilidad de recuperar la cosa que un tercero tiene en su poder. En principio, el régimen de estas acciones se agota en la restitución de la cosa, porque no suele contener ni un reenvío ni una disciplina propia para las obligaciones accesorias por pérdida, deterioros, aumentos, frutos o expensas. Sobre la base de una metodología dogmática, se pretende demostrar que estas prestaciones pueden ser reclamadas a través de las reglas de la responsabilidad civil o el enriquecimiento injustificado, aunque ellas no siempre resultan procedentes. La solución depende de cada caso, determinando el ámbito de protección de la norma que concede la acción y la cobertura que le brinda al titular del derecho.

Roman Wiatrowski

The world of the digital economy is constantly evolving and will be the main vehicle for global trade in the future. The transfer of transactions to the Internet requires appropriate tax regulations that, on the one hand, prevent tax fraud and abuse, and, on the other hand, facilitate e-commerce by removing tax obstacles. International institutions are taking initiatives to regulate these issues on a global basis. The article attempts to examine to what extent global initiatives have been implemented in the European Union and what challenges the European Union faces due to the limited success of these global initiatives. This required a recasting of current EU regulations and the prospects facing the European Union in relation to the need for the effective taxation of the rapidly growing digital economy, in which digital platforms play a particular role.

William Law

The rapid advancement of creating Zero-Knowledge (ZK) programs has led to the development of numerous tools designed to support developers. Popular options include being able to write in general-purpose programming languages like Rust from Risc Zero. Other languages exist like Circom, Lib-snark, and Cairo. However, developers entering the ZK space are faced with many different ZK backends to choose from, leading to a steep learning curve and a fragmented developer experience across different platforms. As a result, many developers tend to select a single ZK backend and remain tied to it. This thesis introduces zkSDK, a modular framework that streamlines ZK application development by abstracting the backend complexities. At the core of zkSDK is Presto, a custom Python-like programming language that enables the profiling and analysis of a program to assess its computational workload intensity. Combined with user-defined criteria, zkSDK employs a dynamic selection algorithm to automatically choose the optimal ZK-proving backend. Through an in-depth analysis and evaluation of real-world workloads, we demonstrate that zkSDK effectively selects the best-suited backend from a set of supported ZK backends, delivering a seamless and user-friendly development experience.

Noelle Law, Yuki Miura

Natural disasters are increasing in frequency and severity, causing hundreds of billions of dollars in damage annually and posing growing threats to infrastructure and human livelihoods. Accurate data on roofing materials is critical for modeling building vulnerability to natural hazards such as earthquakes, floods, wildfires, and hurricanes, yet such data remain unavailable. To address this gap, we introduce RoofNet, the largest and most geographically diverse novel multimodal dataset to date, comprising over 51,500 samples from 184 geographically diverse sites pairing high-resolution Earth Observation (EO) imagery with curated text annotations for global roof material classification. RoofNet includes geographically diverse satellite imagery labeled with 14 key roofing types -- such as asphalt shingles, clay tiles, and metal sheets -- and is designed to enhance the fidelity of global exposure datasets through vision-language modeling (VLM). We sample EO tiles from climatically and architecturally distinct regions to construct a representative dataset. A subset of 6,000 images was annotated in collaboration with domain experts to fine-tune a VLM. We used geographic- and material-aware prompt tuning to enhance class separability. The fine-tuned model was then applied to the remaining EO tiles, with predictions refined through rule-based and human-in-the-loop verification. In addition to material labels, RoofNet provides rich metadata including roof shape, footprint area, solar panel presence, and indicators of mixed roofing materials (e.g., HVAC systems). RoofNet supports scalable, AI-driven risk assessment and serves as a downstream benchmark for evaluating model generalization across regions -- offering actionable insights for insurance underwriting, disaster preparedness, and infrastructure policy planning.

front matter

Jehanzeb Iqbal

Since the withdrawal of the US / North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) forces from Afghanistan in August 2021, Balochistan has experienced a renewed wave of terrorism with improved organisational/operational capabilities and better-equipped Balochistan Liberation Army (BLA) and Balochistan Liberation Front (BLF). The information environment of Balochistan has also undergone a rapid change in the last three years, with the Baloch population, especially the Baloch youth, becoming more accessible to the Baloch Nationalist Militant Organizations through a very efficient militant narrative creation dissemination system. This system of narrative creation based on the manipulation of facts and fabricated stories matched by a dynamic propaganda dissemination system is quickly replacing the facts with an alternative reality. It has also successfully replaced the national mainstream media and is becoming an alternative media choice for the Baloch population. The Baloch Nationalist Militant Organisations’ narrative has quickly gained popularity among domestic audiences and accrues credence from international media. An effective response mechanism is crucial to counter the far-reaching implications through a comprehensive and all-encompassing national effort.   Bibliography Entry Iqbal, Jehanzeb. 2024. "Decoding Bots of Terrorism in Balochistan." Margalla Papers 28 (2): 63-77.

Robert Law

Europa's surface exhibits many regions of complex topography termed 'chaos terrains'. One set of hypotheses for chaos terrain formation requires upward migration of liquid water from perched water bodies within the icy shell formed by convection and tidal heating. However, consideration of the behavior of terrestrial ice sheets suggests the upwards movement of water from englacial water bodies is uncommon. Instead, rapid downwards hydrofracture from supraglacial lakes - unbounded given a sufficient volume of water - can occur in relatively low tensile stress states given a sufficiently deep initial fracture due to the negative relative buoyancy of water. I suggest that downwards, not upwards, fracture may be more reasonable for perched water bodies but show that full hydrofracture is unlikely if the perched water body is located beneath a mechanically strong icy lid. However, full hydrofracture is possible in the event of lid break up over a perched water body and likely in the event of a meteor impact that generates sufficient meltwater and a tensile shock. This provides a possible mechanism for the transfer of biologically important nutrients to the subsurface ocean and the formation of chaos terrains.

Na Wang, Sébastien Boyaval, Yuxi Hu

We consider one dimensional isentropic compressible Navier-Stokes equations with Oldroyd-type constitutive law. By establishing uniform a priori estimates (with respect to relaxation time), we show global existence of smooth solutions with small initial data. Moreover, we get global-in-time convergence of the system towards the classical isentropic compressible Navier-Stokes equations.

Aviral Damle, Thomas Law

This paper presents a speculative model exploring the behavior of quantum information for particles entering closed timelike curves (CTCs) in Kerr-Newman spacetime. We apply Gavassino's restoration principle to derive a theoretical framework for cyclic information dynamics within these extreme gravitational environments. Our model focuses specifically on particles that enter CTCs near the inner horizon of a Kerr-Newman black hole, examining how such curves might affect quantum state evolution, entanglement preservation, and information retention.

O.V. Batanov

In article problems of the theory of functions of a modern Municipal Law are considered. The basic essential and meaningful, objective and subjective, internal and external aspects of modern Municipal Law. It is noted that among the basic tasks that are currently faced domestic science Municipal Law, is the formation of a coherent and comprehensive knowledge of the system of municipal law of Ukraine, its legal aspects and patterns of development and operation of its norms and institutions. A holistic conception of the Municipal Law of Ukraine in the unity of its static and functional, material and procedural elements are important theoretical and methodological basis for the development and improvement of the system of national municipalism, current municipal legislation and municipal law-making and law enforcement activities. However, if the theory of problematic issues of Municipal Law as in law, its genesis, sources, norms and institutions are reflected in the works of Ukrainian researchers, the problem functions of this area of law remains almost unexplored. Understanding the nature and content of the functions of Municipal Law makes it possible to understand the importance of this area of law to regulate social relations and answer questions about the role of Municipal Law in society and the state. It is proven that the legal features and qualifications of the functions of municipal law find their logical continuation in each independent group of these functions, which can be distinguished according to the appropriate division criteria. These criteria, which are the basis for the classification of functions of municipal law, should include: a) objects of influence of municipal law. According to this criterion, it is necessary to distinguish such objective functions of municipal law, from among the main ones, such as political function, economic function, social function, ideological function and corresponding external functions of municipal law; b) ways and means of influence of municipal law on relevant social relations. Such functions should include regulatory, establishing, protective, control, integrative (system-forming), law-making, law­enforcing, informational, axiological and a number of other functions of municipal law; c) conditions of influence of municipal law on relevant social relations. Such functions should include temporal (permanent and temporary) and territorial (national and local). These criteria are the main criteria for the classification of functions of municipal law and do not exclude the possibility of identifying other criteria that would make it possible to improve their classification.

Francisco M. Mora-Sifuentes

Prateksh Dhivakar, Krishna Jalan

We prove the generalized second law (GSL) for higher curvature gravity theories when the matter sector is non-minimally coupled. The validity of our proof is in the regime of linearized fluctuations about equilibrium black holes, which is the same regime as considered in the previous proofs by Wall and Sarkar. These proofs were provided in different gravity theories - for instance, Lovelock theory and higher curvature gravity - but the matter sector was always taken to be minimally coupled. In this article, we describe how to generalize the proof of linearized semi-classical GSL when the matter sector comes with non-minimal couplings. The proof proceeds by suitably evaluating the matter path integral in the stress tensor expectation value by treating the higher derivative couplings in an effective field theory setting. We use the recently established result of the linearized second law for such theories.

Његослав Јовић

Предмет овог рада је принудна лиценца за патенте који се односе на производњу фармацеутских производа кроз упоредно истраживање међународних конвенција и спора-зума, регулативе Европске уније, законске регулативе Републике Србије и Босне и Херцеговине, те праксе држава које су издавале принудне лиценце за патенте који се односе на производњу фар-мацеутских производа. Рад је подијељен на два дијела. У првом дијелу је извршен приказ историјског развоја принудне лиценце и пракса издавања принудне лиценце за патенте који се односе на производњу фар-мацеутских производа. У другом дијелу рада се тероријски и прак-тично разматрају принудне лиценце за патенте који се односе на производњу фармацеутских производа намјењених за извоз у државе које имају проблема са јавним здрављем. Циљ истраживања је да се утврди да ли имају исти приступ и интересе за употребу принудне лиценце за патенте који се односе на производњу фармацеутских производа, развијене земље, са једне стране, и земље у развоју и неразвијене земље, са друге стране.

Carlos Lozano

Los derechos de los animales son entendidos comúnmente como una expresión de los derechos de la naturaleza. Sin embargo, unos y otros están en abierta contradicción, debido a las complejas interacciones de los ecosistemas y el lugar de la fauna en ellas, pobremente comprendidas por los generadores de reglas de derecho animal, pues en aquellas el sufrimiento animal es inherente. Los derechos de los animales en Colombia no son una expresión de los derechos de la naturaleza, por el contrario, aquellos socavan a estos, y entorpecen la consolidación de un derecho ambiental alineado con la justicia social y que ponga en el centro la supervivencia de los ecosistemas. Lo anterior, debido a que el derecho animal ilegaliza procesos ecológicos críticos, gentrifica el derecho ambiental, fomenta un binarismo artificial entre fauna y flora, contradice ciertas formas de acción climática, obstaculiza la conservación, estigmatiza la diversidad cultural, agencia la discriminación por clase, impide el control de especies invasoras, genera un déficit de protección para otros reinos de la vida, como el vegetal y el fungi, y promueve una transición desde el antropocentrismo hacia una suerte de zoocentrismo.

Binoy Debnath, Md Shihab Shakur, Fahmida Tanjum et al.

<i>Background:</i> Additive manufacturing (AM) applications in producing spare parts are increasing day by day. AM is bridging the digital and physical world as a 3D computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) method. The usage of AM has made the supply chain of the aviation spare parts industry simpler, more effective, and efficient. <i>Methods:</i> This paper demonstrates the impacts of AM on the supply chain of the aircraft spare parts industry following a systematic literature review. Hence, centralized and decentralized structures of AM supply chains have been evaluated. Additionally, the attention has been oriented towards the supply chain with AM technologies and industry 4.0, which can support maintenance tasks and the production of spare parts in the aerospace industry. <i>Results:</i> This review article summarizes the interconnection of the industry findings on spare parts. It evaluates the potentiality and capability of AM in conceptualizing the overall supply chain. Moreover, MROs can adopt the proposed framework technologies to assist decision-makers in deciding whether the logistics hub with AM facilities is centralized or decentralized. <i>Conclusions:</i> Finally, this review provides an overall view to make critical decisions on the supply chain design of spare parts driven by new and disruptive technologies of industry 4.0. The next-generation supply chain may replace the logistics barriers by reducing waste and improving capability and sustainability by implementing AM technologies.

Júlio César Werneck Martins

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar o consequencialismo no processo decisório da Administração Pública no Brasil. Com as alterações provocadas na antiga Lei de Introdução ao Código Civil, hoje conhecida como LINDB – Lei de Introdução às Normas do Direito Brasileiro, a fundamentação técnica no processo decisório deixou de ser uma exigência formal voltada à função jurisdicional mas também passou a ser um requisito de validade para as atividades da gestão pública. Nesse processo de fundamentação, a teoria dos jogos pode ser uma ferramenta de alta relevância para o auxílio e fundamentação nas tomadas de decisões, principalmente quando o gestor se encontrar diante de cenários de alta complexidade como a atuação no combate à uma pandemia como a presente COVID-19. Não são mais admitidas fundamentações genéricas, meras afirmações de “busca do bem estar coletivo” ou “interesse social”, sendo necessária a demonstração das consequências das decisões e a forma de implementação das ações públicas.

Haider Ala Hamoudi