Hasil untuk "History of the Greco-Roman World"

J. E. Horvath, B. B. Martins

We reanalyze from a modern perspective the bold idea of G. Helm, W. Ostwald, P. Duhem and others that energy is the fundamental entity composing the physical world. We start from a broad perspective reminding the search for a fundamental ``substance'' (perhaps better referred to as ous\'ıa, the original Greek word) from the pre-Socratics to the important debate between Ostwald and Boltzmann about the energy vs. atoms at the end of the 19th century. While atoms were eventually accepted (even by Ostwald himself), the emergence of Quantum Mechanics and Relativity were crucial to suggest that the dismissal of energy in favor of atoms was perhaps premature, and should be revisited. We discuss how the so-called primitive ontology programme can be implemented with energy as the fundamental entity, and why fields (and their quanta, particles) should rather be considered as non-fundamental. We sketch some of the difficulties introduced by the attempt to include gravitation in the general scheme.

Yakir Aharonov, Guy Hetzroni

This oral history interview provides Yakir Aharonov's perspective on the theoretical discovery of the Aharonov-Bohm effect in 1959, during his PhD studies in Bristol with David Bohm, the reception of the effect, the efforts to test it empirically (up to Tonomura's experiment), and some of the debates regarding the existence of the effect and its interpretation. The interview also discusses related later developments until the 1980s, including modular momentum and Berry's phase. It includes recollections from meetings with Werner Heisenberg, Richard Feynman, and Chen-Ning Yang, also mentioning John Bell, Robert Chambers, Werner Ehrenberg, Sir Charles Frank, Wendell Furry, Gunnar Källén, Maurice Pryce, Nathan Rosen, John Wheeler, and Eugene Wigner.

Hiroto Sato, Konan Shimizu

In social learning environments, agents acquire information from both private signals and the observed actions of predecessors, referred to as history. We define the value of history as the gain in expected payoff from accessing both the private signal and history, compared to relying on the signal alone. We first characterize the information structures that maximize this value, showing that it is highest under a mixture of full information and no information. We then apply these insights to a model of markets for history, where a monopolistic data seller collects and sells access to history. In equilibrium, the seller's dynamic pricing becomes the value of history for each agent. This gives the seller incentives to increase the value of history by designing the information structure. The seller optimal information discloses less information than the socially optimal level.

Daniele Dominici

The history of the Arcetri Institute of Physics at the University of Florence is analyzed from the beginning of the 20th century to the 1960s. Thanks to the arrival of Garbasso in 1913, not only did the Institute gain new premises on Arcetri hill, but also hosted brilliant young physicists such as Rita Brunetti, Enrico Fermi, Franco Rasetti in the '20s and Enrico Persico, Bruno Rossi, Gilberto Bernardini, Daria Bocciarelli, Lorenzo Emo Capodilista, Giuseppe Occhialini and Giulio Racah in the '30s, engaged in the emerging fields of Quantum Mechanics and Cosmic Rays. This internationally renowned Arcetri School dissolved in the late 1930s mainly for the transfer of its protagonists to chairs in other Italian or foreign universities. After the war, the legacy was taken up by some students of this school who formed research groups in the fields of nuclear physics and elementary particle physics. As far as theoretical physics is concerned, after the Fermi and Persico periods, these studies enjoyed a new expansion in the sixties thanks to the arrival of Raoul Gatto who created in Arcetri the first Italian school of theoretical physics.

Alfonso Vives Cuesta, Silvia Nicolás Alonso

Con el descubrimiento del Nuevo Mundo comenzó el reto de clasificar una biota totalmente desconocida. En este contexto, Francisco Hernández de Toledo (1515-1587) dirigió la primera expedición exclusivamente científica a América (1570-1577) a instancias de Felipe II. Puede definírsele como uno de los principales exponentes de un nuevo y genuino aristotelismo natural y moral. En su Compendio de Historia Natural y Moral de las Indias, aplica la visión «orgánica» de la epistemología aristotélica y de la Historia Natural pliniana, integrando medicina y botánica en un mismo tratado. Su eclecticismo metodológico lo llevó a conservar en sus registros los nombres de la botánica nativa en náhuatl, junto con las traducciones al latín y al español, siendo así pioneiro en la creación de un lenguaje científico-técnico en América. Desgraciadamente, su obra botânica es más conocida por la belleza de sus ilustraciones, lo que ha oscurecido el valor científico essencial de esta obra para la ciencia moderna.

Tianheng Cheng, Lin Song, Yixiao Ge et al.

The You Only Look Once (YOLO) series of detectors have established themselves as efficient and practical tools. However, their reliance on predefined and trained object categories limits their applicability in open scenarios. Addressing this limitation, we introduce YOLO-World, an innovative approach that enhances YOLO with open-vocabulary detection capabilities through vision-language modeling and pre-training on large-scale datasets. Specifically, we propose a new Re-parameterizable Vision-Language Path Aggregation Network (RepVL-PAN) and region-text contrastive loss to facilitate the interaction between visual and linguistic information. Our method excels in detecting a wide range of objects in a zero-shot manner with high efficiency. On the challenging LVIS dataset, YOLO-World achieves 35.4 AP with 52.0 FPS on V100, which outperforms many state-of-the-art methods in terms of both accuracy and speed. Furthermore, the fine-tuned YOLO-World achieves remarkable performance on several downstream tasks, including object detection and open-vocabulary instance segmentation.

Mathias Nicolleau

After Caesar’s funeral, already disrupted by popular excesses, a crowd gathered for several weeks on the Forum to honour the deceased and call for revenge against his murderers. This is one of the rare occurrences (apart from the food riots) where people acted autonomously to urge their demands in the public sphere, without being led by a magistrate: the only leader pointed out by our sources is an impostor, the false Marius, who as such had no legitimacy to speak publicly. By meeting to defend Caesar’s memory, the demonstrators protested against the policy of conciliation advocated by Antonius, which left them without a leader. They also asserted their particular collective identities, which found substance in the figure of the deceased: thanks to the special relationship he had built up with the plebs and the veterans, Caesar had become a symbolic figure with whom they could identify.

Franco, Carlo

Recensione di De Sanctis, G. (2023). Ricordi della mia vita. A cura di A. Amico. Tivoli: Tored, 176 pp. Carteggi, inediti, ristampe del Ventesimo secolo 4.

Ryan M. McGranaghan

This review examines complexity science in Heliophysics, describing it not as a discipline, but as a paradigm. In the context of Heliophysics, complexity science is the study of a star, interplanetary environment, magnetosphere, upper and terrestrial atmospheres, and planetary surface as interacting subsystems. Complexity science studies entities in a system (e.g., electrons in an atom, planets in a solar system, individuals in a society) and their interactions, and is the nature of what emerges from these interactions. It is a paradigm that employs systems approaches and is inherently multi- and cross-scale. Heliophysics processes span at least 15 orders of magnitude in space and another 15 in time, and its reaches go well beyond our own solar system and Earth's space environment to touch planetary, exoplanetary, and astrophysical domains. It is an uncommon domain within which to explore complexity science. This review article excavates the lived and living history of complexity science in Heliophysics. It identifies five dimensions of complexity science. It then proceeds in three epochal parts: 1) A pivotal year in the Complexity Heliophysics paradigm: 1996; 2) The transitional years that established foundations of the paradigm (1996-2010); and 3) The emergent literature largely beyond 2010. The history reveals a grand challenge that confronts most physical sciences to understand the research intersection between fundamental science (e.g., complexity science) and applied science (e.g., artificial intelligence and machine learning). A risk science framework is suggested as a way of formulating the challenges in a way that the two converge. The intention is to provide inspiration and guide future research. It will be instructive to Heliophysics researchers, but also to any reader interested in or hoping to advance the frontier of systems and complexity science.

Dan Zhao, Nathan C. Frey, Joseph McDonald et al.

As research and practice in artificial intelligence (A.I.) grow in leaps and bounds, the resources necessary to sustain and support their operations also grow at an increasing pace. While innovations and applications from A.I. have brought significant advances, from applications to vision and natural language to improvements to fields like medical imaging and materials engineering, their costs should not be neglected. As we embrace a world with ever-increasing amounts of data as well as research and development of A.I. applications, we are sure to face an ever-mounting energy footprint to sustain these computational budgets, data storage needs, and more. But, is this sustainable and, more importantly, what kind of setting is best positioned to nurture such sustainable A.I. in both research and practice? In this paper, we outline our outlook for Green A.I. -- a more sustainable, energy-efficient and energy-aware ecosystem for developing A.I. across the research, computing, and practitioner communities alike -- and the steps required to arrive there. We present a bird's eye view of various areas for potential changes and improvements from the ground floor of AI's operational and hardware optimizations for datacenters/HPCs to the current incentive structures in the world of A.I. research and practice, and more. We hope these points will spur further discussion, and action, on some of these issues and their potential solutions.

Gabriela Cursaru

Empedocles’ cyclical mixtures and separations of the elements due to the perpetual cosmic interchange between Νεῖκος and Φιλία (and between δίνη and στροφάλιγξ, in their respective discriminating / mixing functions) highlight the double role played by the vortex as an agent of both dissolution of the similars and mixture of the dissimilars. This article argues that Empedocles’ use of δίνη and στροφάλιγξ is to be compared to their Homeric occurrences in the climactic scenes of the Battle of the Gods in Iliad 21 and that the dialectic confrontation of Empedocles’ two cosmic principles and whirls has the Theomachy of Iliad 21 as poetic model.

Bailo, Anna, Malaspina, Ermanno

The present article examines the Corpus Leidense, the group of eight Ciceronian treatises among which the De natura deorum was also transmitted, focusing on its archetype. The second and longer section contains the first complete list of the 174 identified manuscripts of De natura deorum, with 57 new items added to the 117 already listed by Pease in 1955. The items have been divided into three groups: the first contains the antiquiores, with minimal information; the second contains the remaining witnesses listed by Pease, on which additional data are reported; the third group presents the manuscripts that do not appear in any previous list.

Adriane da Silva Duarte

.

Manon Ramez

Among the impressive cuneiform documentation found on the site of Mari (Tell Ḥarīrī, Syria) are many texts called “from practice” (letters and accounting documents) that informs on manufacturing gods and their artefacts during the Amorite period (2004-1595 BC). The Royal Archives of Mari show, over a short period of time throughout the history of the Ancient Near East, the production of decorations intended to adorn divine statues. In the light of the archives, it appears that the making of the divine was a proper royal enterprise, which mobilized precious raw materials and skilled craftsmanship. These texts also show, in filigree, different religious manipulations and practices in palatial context. The study of these archives, emanating from a palace and not from a temple, makes also possible to think on the link between temporal power and spiritual power and to bring, in substance, some reflections on royal offerings, as well as on the economy and status of divine objects.

Maria Papadopoulou, Zacharoula Smyrnaiou

Digital technologies, such as the Internet and Artificial Intelligence, are part of our daily lives, influencing broader aspects of our way of life, as well as the way we interact with the past. Having dramatically changed the ways in which knowledge is produced and consumed, the algorithmic age has also radically changed the relationship that the general public has with History. Fields of History such as Public and Oral History have particularly benefitted from the rise of digital culture. How does our digital culture affect the way we think, study, research and teach the past, as historical evidence spreads rapidly in the public sphere? How do digital technologies promote the study, writing and teaching of History? What should historians, students of history and pre-service history teachers be critically aware of, when swarmed with digitized or born-digital content, constantly growing on the Internet? And while these changes are now visible globally, how is the discipline of History situated within the digital transformation rapidly advancing in Greece? Finally, what are the consequences of these changes for History as a subject taught at Greek secondary schools? These are some of the issues raised in the text that follows, which is part of the course materials of the undergraduate course offered during winter semester 2020-2021 at the School University of Athens, School of Philosophy, Pedagogy, Psychology. Course Title: 'Pedagogics of History: Theory and Practice', Academic Institution: School of Philosophy-Pedagogy-Psychology, University of Athens.

Yiming Li, Tongqing Zhai, Yong Jiang et al.

Backdoor attack intends to inject hidden backdoor into the deep neural networks (DNNs), such that the prediction of infected models will be maliciously changed if the hidden backdoor is activated by the attacker-defined trigger. Currently, most existing backdoor attacks adopted the setting of static trigger, $i.e.,$ triggers across the training and testing images follow the same appearance and are located in the same area. In this paper, we revisit this attack paradigm by analyzing trigger characteristics. We demonstrate that this attack paradigm is vulnerable when the trigger in testing images is not consistent with the one used for training. As such, those attacks are far less effective in the physical world, where the location and appearance of the trigger in the digitized image may be different from that of the one used for training. Moreover, we also discuss how to alleviate such vulnerability. We hope that this work could inspire more explorations on backdoor properties, to help the design of more advanced backdoor attack and defense methods.

António M. L. Andrade

Jan Paul Crielaard

This paper is based on the notion that the sea is a knowable, textured place that through senses, observations, skill, myths and narratives can be described and mapped. Anthropological research shows that stories and myths are crucial to give meaning to and make sense of the seascape. In ancient Greece, this type of information formed keystones in building narrative maps that could be passed on verbally to seafarers, including those who had not visited the area before. In this paper I intend to show that ancient Greek stories and myths connected to seas and coasts contained spatial information and elements of cognitive mapping that could have served practical purposes when it came to spatial orientation and wayfinding across the seascape.

Richard de Grijs

Longitude determination at sea gained increasing commercial importance in the late Middle Ages, spawned by a commensurate increase in long-distance merchant shipping activity. Prior to the successful development of an accurate marine timepiece in the late-eighteenth century, marine navigators relied predominantly on the Moon for their time and longitude determinations. Lunar eclipses had been used for relative position determinations since Antiquity, but their rare occurrences precludes their routine use as reliable way markers. Measuring lunar distances, using the projected positions on the sky of the Moon and bright reference objects--the Sun or one or more bright stars--became the method of choice. It gained in profile and importance through the British Board of Longitude's endorsement in 1765 of the establishment of a Nautical Almanac. Numerous 'projectors' jumped onto the bandwagon, leading to a proliferation of lunar ephemeris tables. Chronometers became both more affordable and more commonplace by the mid-nineteenth century, signaling the beginning of the end for the lunar distance method as a means to determine one's longitude at sea.

Alessio Rocci

In June 1888, Oliver Heaviside received by mail an officially unpublished pamphlet, which was written and printed by the American author Willard J. Gibbs around 1881-1884. This original document is preserved in the Dibner Library of the History of Science and Technology at the Smithsonian Institute in Washington DC. Heaviside studied Gibbs's work very carefully and wrote some annotations in the margins of the booklet. He was a strong defender of Gibbs's work on vector analysis against quaternionists, even if he criticized Gibbs's notation system. The aim of our paper is to analyse Heaviside's annotations and to investigate the role played by the American physicist in the development of Heaviside's work.