Hasil untuk "History of Northern Europe. Scandinavia"

Natalie Van Deusen

This article examines Hrafns saga Sveinbjarnarsonar as a significant yet overlooked source for understanding constructions of mental distress in medieval Iceland. Although the saga is a categorized as one of the samtíðarsögur (contemporary sagas), its depiction of two individuals cured by Hrafn closely parallels treatments and terminology in Icelandic hagiography. Through these episodes, the saga presents mental impairment as intertwined with physical symptoms and treatable through Hrafn’s combined medical skill and divinely bestowed healing powers. Their clear resemblance to miracle accounts strengthens the classification of the saga as pseudo-hagiographic, a characterization further supported by the omission of these scenes in the Sturlunga saga version. These examples contribute to broader discussions of disability, healing, and sanctity in medieval Icelandic literature.

E. Rasmussen, K. Dybkjær, J. C. Toft et al.

The Neogene of the Danish North Sea is more than 1200 m thick. Despite being penetrated by numerous wells, formal lithostratigraphic subdivision of this succession has previously been restricted to the lowermost part. This monograph presents a comprehensive lithostratigraphy of the offshore Neogene of Denmark, in part extending recognised onshore units into the offshore realm. The mainly Lower Miocene deltaic deposits are referred to the Ribe Group, which is subdivided into six formations: the Klintinghoved, Bastrup, Arnum, Odderup, Dany (new) and Nora (new) Formations. The lowermost Miocene Vejle Fjord and Billund Formations known from the onshore lithostratigraphy are absent in the offshore wells. The dominantly fully marine Middle and Upper Miocene sediments are referred to the Måde Group, subdivided into the Hodde, Ørnhøj, Gram, Marbæk and Luna (new) Formations; the Luna Formation includes the Lille John Member (new). The Pliocene deltaic deposits are referred to the Eridanos Group(new), which is subdivided into the Vagn (new), Emma (new) and Elin (new) Formations. The depositional history of the Neogene of the Danish North Sea sector is presented based on a detailed reconstruction of subsurface morphology by the mapping of stratigraphical surfaces dated by biostratigraphy. During the Early Miocene, deposition in the Danish North Sea was dominated by progradation from Scandinavia; large deltas built out into the Danish onshore area from the north and north-east. West of the main deltas, muddy contourites periodically accumulated on the slope, accentuating shelf progradation. The Middle and Late Miocene period was mostly characterised by fully marine conditions and deposition of mud. By the end of the Miocene, progradation of delta systems from Scandinavia into the North Sea resumed, and the shoreline reached the westernmost part of the Danish North Sea sector. During the Pliocene, new source areas in central and eastern Europe, such as the Carpathian Mountains, were activated and a huge delta system, the so-called Eridanos Delta, began to fill the North Sea Basin from the east and the south-east. Due to increased subsidence of the basin associated with the loading of sediments of the Eridanos Delta, the northern systems were flooded. Although the Danish North Sea thus mainly received sediments from central Europe during the Pliocene, progradation from Scandinavia resumed at the end of the Pliocene.

Kateřina Křížová

Sandra Albrecht

Journal Brünner Beiträge zur Germanistik und Nordistik

Åsmund Svendsen, Ine Fintland, Knut Grove et al.

Jan Dlask, Margita Gáborová

Miroslav Štolfa

Frå det rikhaldige arkivet til Heimen har vi denne gongen henta fram ei bokmelding frå 1970-talet. Lajos Juhasz si melding av Francis Lebruns, Les hommes et la mort en Anjou aux 17e et 18e siécles (1971) stod på trykk i 1973. Sjølv om ho ikkje tek for seg norsk historie, vitnar meldinga om at Heimen óg har hatt eit auge ut mot verda utanfor Noreg og den internasjonale utviklinga innan lokalhistorisk forsking.

Sebastian Brather

While Italian archaeologists tend to look further north from a Rome-centred perspective, Marco Valenti changes this view. His ambitious book seeks, ‘to understand the genesis and development of territories and peoples that for centuries had relations with’ the Mediterranean and, ‘to reconstruct a coherent overall picture’ (p 637). This weighty monograph consists of seven thematic chapters. A relatively short first chapter characterises ‘the Barbarians’ as a concept, defined as ‘the non-Romans’ and much debated in recent years. Valenti plausibly argues for a more complex understanding, drawing also on aDNA research, which so far has not revealed any surprising results. In Chapter 2, relations between the Mediterranean and the north are presented, spanning the 2nd century BC to the 4th century AD. Valenti highlights the impacts the Mediterranean world made on Celtic and Germanic populations and cultures that became part of the Roman Empire and civilised barbarians. Next, the situation beyond the limes is presented, including bog bodies, skull deformations, settlement lay-outs, weapon sacrifices and textiles. Overall, Valenti argues for Roman influences, which were selected by Germanic elites/societies; he see active roles on the non-Roman side. Special attention is given in Chapter 4 to elites and funerals from the 1st to 8th centuries, exploring the well-known princely burials of the L€ ubsow and Hassleben-Leuna groups of the imperial age, as well as special early medieval graves from southern Germany to Sweden. As generally accepted, the burials reflect unstable or dynamic social circumstances, partly influenced by the Roman world. Chapter 5 shifts from burials to settlements, looking for social hierarchies. Surprisingly, Valenti starts with the Neolithic (linear pottery), continuing through the Bronze and Iron Ages. If correct that patterns derived from traditions, why is this longer examination undertaken for the settlements only? Richly furnished graves existed before Roman times too. In the long run, in the pre-Roman Iron Age ‘there was a stabilisation of power’, while new settlements after the Roman conquest reflected agricultural and economic improvements. However, houses and settlements varied considerably in the vast regions of the northern Barbarians. (Note that the presented view of Lauchheim is outdated, since new research has led to a different interpretation by Valerie Schoenenberg). During the Early Middle Ages (6th–10th centuries), the situation generally changed. Chapter 6 covers the development of ‘modified systems’, referring to the establishment of new, post-Roman power structures in continental Europe which current research plausibly calls ‘states’ again. To my mind, the differences between western and eastern Europe — Germanic versus Slavic traditions — are somewhat overemphasised, as is the statement that, ‘Barbarian Europe lived as it had done for centuries’ — without any incentives? Perhaps antique roots played a role too. A separate chapter (7) is devoted to Scandinavia, which contradicts the ‘bipartite’ concept of continental Europe before. Conflicts, redefinitions of roles and territories can been observed throughout Europe, which had become fully Christian around AD 1000. Valenti argues that the northern periphery of the antique Roman world has been underestimated so far and history has to be rewritten — a statement probably correct from an Italian point of view — but that, seen from the north, the barbarian past has been overestimated for a long time. The same can be said for the role of migrations: Valenti criticises their supposed denial, while others are sceptical when they seemingly explain everything. The truth may lie

B. Lundbäck, L. Vanfleteren

In Sweden, physicians have faced major changes in their working conditions over the past three to four decades. Sweden is now ranked second or third among the 27 EU countries with the lowest number of hospital beds in relation to the population size. Regarding respiratory medicine, departments are now fewer in number and smaller than previously, and in most hospitals they are small sections within departments of internal medicine. Above that, for some decades, the ruling system of public health care has followed the ideas of ‘new public management’, which has resulted in an increased bureaucracy parallel to working conditions somewhat resembling industrial assembly lines. Parallel to these changes, the healthcare system in Sweden has faced an increased privatization both of primary and specialist care. Related or unrelated to this, it is noted that the relative proportion of original scientific articles from Sweden in international peer-reviewed journals has decreased, which is also true for respiratory medicine. The decrease in Swedish impact on research of respiratory diseases, and of the Scandinavian countries as well, is reflected by the history of the European scientific journals within the field of respiratory medicine. The Scandinavian Journal of Respiratory Diseases was highly reputable 40 years ago. It merged with the Belgian journal Acta Tuberculosea et Pneumologica Belgica in 1985 to form the European Journal of Respiratory Diseases (the precursor of the modern European Respiratory Journal), with its first editors being Erik Berglund from Sweden and Jean-Claude Yernault from Belgium. The development of the journals is not bad in itself, but it reflects changes in the impact of Sweden and Scandinavia in Europe. Scandinavia and Sweden have a strong focus on epidemiology. Two recent large-scale population studies on respiratory health, the West Sweden Asthma Study (WSAS) in the south-west and Obstructive Lung Disease in Northern Sweden (OLIN), indicate the prevalence of asthma is still increasing in Sweden, although the increase seems to be levelling off. The prevalence of adult asthma is today about 10%, slightly higher than found in 2008 in the Swedish part of the GA(2)LEN collaboration in four centres in different parts of the country. With the introduction of biologics, severe asthma has become a greater focus, with a prevalence estimated at 0.5–1% of the general adult population in Sweden. Collaboration of research and management of severe asthma is in progress with researchers and physicians in the Nordic countries, as well as within the European Respiratory Society and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. Specialist units for management of severe asthma, and for guidance of other units, are under development in Sweden. Another major field of respiratory medicine, as in most countries, is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Primary care units are the main bodies for COPD patient care. This is in collaboration with lung departments at hospitals in case of exacerbations that need hospitalization or more complex care. There are only a few specialized units for COPD management in Sweden, with the leading one in the second largest city of Gothenburg. As in all European countries, there is considerable under-diagnosis of COPD. Reasons are the same as in most other countries, that is, lack of use of spirometry in primary care in combination with the slow progress of disease in the majority of cases. However, nation-wide standard-of-care programmes are being developed for multiple common non-communicable diseases including COPD, which might importantly improve the rate of a correct (!) diagnosis. Interestingly, it was recently shown that after decades of decreases in smoking, the prevalence of COPD has finally started after the millennium shift to go down. COPD prevalence was recently estimated at 8.6% in people aged ≥40 years in population-based studies using the fixed-ratio definition, and slightly lower when the lower limit of normal criteria of obstruction is applied. The decrease in prevalence is most pronounced for moderate to severe COPD. However, COPD mortality is still increasing among women, in contrast to men. Sweden is a country of registers coupled to the unique personal identifier number of each individual. There is a national patient register, a national cause of death register, a socioeconomic register and also multiple registries related to chronic diseases such as diabetes and heart failure. In 2013, the Swedish National Airway Registry started; nowadays, more than 1000 clinics are participating from both primary and secondary care with registered data on 205,833 patients with asthma and 80,372 with COPD. The aim of the registry is to improve the care for people with airway disease by providing the key indicators for follow-up, direct feedback to registering units and creating new possibilities for research questions. Several researchers are involved in international cooperative projects. For example, both the GA(2)LEN and Received: 9 March 2021 Accepted: 10 March 2021

Leidulf Melve

Samandrag Artikkelen drøftar antikvarisk medvit, historiesyn og opplysningstankar i Noreg midt på 1700-talet. Perspektivet er lokalt, sidan kjeldematerialet er norske embetsmenn sine svar på det store dansk-norske kartleggingsprosjektet i 1743. I tillegg til å diskutere den historieforståinga som målber seg i dette materialet, er artikkelen eit bidrag til bokhistorie og lesehistorie – i kraft av ei kartlegging av kva historisk-topografiske verk embetsmennene hadde tilgang til, og korleis denne litteraturen blei lest.

Lynn L Anderson-Carpenter, J. McLachlan, S. T. Jackson et al.

А. Л. Федорков

Krystian Suchorab

J. Menzies

Nikolay Popov

The paper explores Charles Fillmore's scenes-and-frames semantics modified by Vannerem/ Snell-Hornby and Vermeer/Witte to be used by translation theory. The study provides in-depth analysis of Dutch and German translations of Bulgarian culture-specific words. The aim of the paper is to show how scenes-and-frames model can be applied to the notion of culture specificity when comparing the source and target language.

Elisabeth Böker

Sven Jochem