Hasil untuk "Germanic languages. Scandinavian languages"

Hennig Mathilde

Crestani Valentina

Michał Gąska

The present article aims at investigating explicative techniques used in the rendering of third culture elements in a heterolingual literary text as well as the infl uence of these translation techniques on creating the image of the third culture by the translation’s audience. The discussed issue is exemplifi ed on the basis of the third culture elements taken from the novel Oeroeg written by Hella S. Haasse and its translations into English, German and Polish. The analysis presents to what extent the translators infl uence the image of the third culture among the translation’s audience by explaining the meaning of the third culture elements in analysed translations.

Lloyd Allison

Compared to functions in mathematics, functions in programming languages seem to be under classified. Functional programming languages based on the lambda calculus famously treat functions as first-class values. Object-oriented languages have adopted ``lambdas'', notably for call-back routines in event-based programming. Typically a programming language has functions, a function has a type, and some functions act on other functions and/or return functions but there is generally a lack of (i) ``class Function'' in the OO sense of the word class and particularly (ii) subclasses of Function for functions having specific properties. Some such classes are presented here and programmed in some popular programming languages as an experimental investigation into OO languages missing this opportunity.

Marceli Cherchiglia Aquino

This article proposes a linguistically based framework that can be used for the teaching of Modal Particles (MPs) using contextualized examples of authentic interactions from the Netflix's series Queer Eye Germany. For the description of  MPs ja and denn we employ the Descriptive Format (Diewald et al. 2017), an interlinguistic schematic table which provides a definition of the morphological, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic characteristics of MPs. The format provides a linguistic framework for the development of a didactic material for teaching MPs, that is divided into three stages (Ende et al. 2013): introduction, elaboration and production. Therefore, the activities of the didactic model will be carried out in two phases: (i) the description of the formal and pragmatic characteristics of MPs ja and denn through the Descriptive Format; (ii) the elaboration of a didactic sequence with reception and production tasks using occurrences of MPs in authentic communicative contexts. This proposal aims to fill gaps in the teaching of MPs that takes into account a metalinguistic reflection (Aquino 2020), by which students can critically reflect on linguistic norms and the sociocultural reality of the target as well as of their own language.

Adrian Lehmann, Ben Caldwell, Bhakti Shah et al.

Graphical languages are a convenient shorthand to represent computation, with rewrite rules relating one graph to another. In contrast, proof assistants rely heavily on inductive datatypes, particularly when giving semantics to embedded languages. This creates obstacles to formally reasoning about graphical languages, since imposing an inductive structure obfuscates the diagrammatic nature of graphical languages, along with their corresponding equational theories. To address this gap, we present VyZX, a verified library for reasoning about inductively defined graphical languages. These inductive constructs arise naturally from category-theoretic definitions. We developed VyZX to Verify the ZX-calculus, a graphical langauge for reasoning about quantum computation. The ZX-calculus comes with a collection of diagrammatic rewrite rules that preserve the graph's semantic interpretation. We show how inductive graphs in VyZX are used to prove the soundness of the ZX-calculus rewrite rules and apply them in practice using standard proof assistant techniques. We also provide an IDE-integrated visualizer for proof engineers to directly reason about diagrams in graphical form.

Ramon Ferrer-i-Cancho, Savithry Namboodiripad

Distance minimization is a general principle of language. A special case of this principle in the domain of word order is swap distance minimization. This principle predicts that variations from a canonical order that are reached by fewer swaps of adjacent constituents are lest costly and thus more likely. Here we investigate the principle in the context of the triple formed by subject (S), object (O) and verb (V). We introduce the concept of word order rotation as a cognitive underpinning of that prediction. When the canonical order of a language is SOV, the principle predicts SOV < SVO, OSV < VSO, OVS < VOS, in order of increasing cognitive cost. We test the prediction in three flexible order SOV languages: Korean (Koreanic), Malayalam (Dravidian), and Sinhalese (Indo-European). Evidence of swap distance minimization is found in all three languages, but it is weaker in Sinhalese. Swap distance minimization is stronger than a preference for the canonical order in Korean and especially Malayalam.

E. Engdahl, Filippa Lindahl

It has been noted that examples with extractions out of relative clauses that have been attested in Danish, Norwegian and Swedish are judged to be unacceptable in Icelandic and Faroese. We hypothesize that this may reflect whether or not speakers tend to prepose unstressed object pronouns as a way of establishing a coherent discourse. In this article we investigate to what extent pronoun preposing is used in Swedish, Icelandic and Faroese and whether there is any correlation with the acceptabilty of extractions from relative clauses. We show that Icelandic speakers use pronoun preposing to a very limited extent whereas Faroese speakers often prepose the VP or sentential anaphor tað. In both languages extraction from relative clauses is mainly judged to be unacceptable, with Faroese speakers being somewhat more accepting of extraction from presentational relatives. A crucial factor seems to be whether preposing is associated with a marked, contrastive interpretation or not.

Gabriel Mendes Hernandez Perez

O artigo visa a apresentar a experiência com o trabalho “Projekt Deutsch lernen mit Instagram” conduzido com duas turmas do 1º ano do ensino médio no Colégio Cruzeiro (Rio de Janeiro) no primeiro semestre de 2021. O projeto, que consistiu na elaboração e manutenção de perfis do Instagram feitos por e para aprendizes de alemão, teve como objetivo principal reavivar o interesse dos alunos e alunas, cuja motivação encontrava-se seriamente comprometida em decorrência das limitações impostas pela pandemia do Covid-19. Adicionalmente à descrição das fases do projeto e à reflexão sobre os resultados obtidos, serão aqui brevemente discutidas as possibilidades e potenciais desafios do uso de redes sociais em aula de língua estrangeira conforme as pesquisas de Lomicka & Lord (2016) e Würffel (2020) que embasaram a idealização do projeto.

Aurèle Barrière, Sandrine Blazy, David Pichardie

Modern Just-in-Time compilers (or JITs) typically interleave several mechanisms to execute a program. For faster startup times and to observe the initial behavior of an execution, interpretation can be initially used. But after a while, JITs dynamically produce native code for parts of the program they execute often. Although some time is spent compiling dynamically, this mechanism makes for much faster times for the remaining of the program execution. Such compilers are complex pieces of software with various components, and greatly rely on a precise interplay between the different languages being executed, including on-stack-replacement. Traditional static compilers like CompCert have been mechanized in proof assistants, but JITs have been scarcely formalized so far, partly due to their impure nature and their numerous components. This work presents a model JIT with dynamic generation of native code, implemented and formally verified in Coq. Although some parts of a JIT cannot be written in Coq, we propose a proof methodology to delimit, specify and reason on the impure effects of a JIT. We argue that the daunting task of formally verifying a complete JIT should draw on existing proofs of native code generation. To this end, our work successfully reuses CompCert and its correctness proofs during dynamic compilation. Finally, our prototype can be extracted and executed.

Helmut Galle

No contexto dos Estados-nação europeus modernos, o Império Habsburgo era um anacronismo. Entretanto, sua constituição multiétnica e multicultural garantiu uma coexistência pacífica e igualitária que foi apreciada por várias minorias, em particular os judeus. Após o fim da Primeira Guerra Mundial, estes permaneceram no novo Estado-nação da Áustria alemã ou na República da Áustria como uma espécie de minoria sem status de minoria. Na idéia da „Europa Central“ sobreviveu uma parte substancial da ideologia que tinha mantido o império unido no final do século XIX. Ela se encontrou seu caminho para os elementos nostálgicos de uma nova identidade dos austríacos resistentes às tendências pan-germânicas, mas também foi defendida por intelectuais católicos conservadores de ascendência judaica que buscavam um bastião contra as tendências anti-semitas e ultra-nacionalistas. Entre as guerras, Hugo von Hofmannsthal, Leopold von Andrian e Otto Maria Karpfen (Carpeaux) desenvolveram idéias políticas que, da perspectiva atual, parecem extremamente conservadoras e até anacrônicas. Se olharmos mais de perto para eles, no entanto, torna-se claro que a idéia Mitteleuropa forma um núcleo humanista dentro do gesto antimoderno, uma específica forma de resistência à onda totalitária dos anos 1930. O presente artigo tenta delinear as diferenças das três concepções e também seus traços unificadores.

Gunhild Berg

In einer digitalen Medienkultur steht die Deutschdidaktik vor der Aufgabe multimodaler Kompetenzförderung. Dazu legt der Beitrag Fragestellung, methodisches Vorgehen und zentrale Ergebnisse einer literaturdidaktischen Studie zu rezeptionsästhetischen Wirkungen multimodalen Erzählens dar. Leitend war die Frage, welchen Einfluss die Zeichenmodalität auf die Wirkungen ein und derselben erzählten Geschichte hat, wenn diese in multimedial und multimodal verschiedenen Adaptionen rezipiert wird. Dazu wurden die rezeptionsästhetischen Erfahrungen von Studierenden (für das Lehramt an Sekundarschulen und Gymnasien im Fach Deutsch) bei der Rezeption multicodaler, multimedialer und multimodaler Bearbeitungen von Goethes Erlkönig ausgewertet. Die Studienergebnisse belegen den maßgeblichen Einfluss der initiierten Modalitätswechsel auf Rezeption und Interpretation einer erzählten Geschichte. Daraus zogen die teilnehmenden Lehramtsstudent*innen für ihren künftigen Literaturunterricht Schlüsse darauf, wie stark die Zugänglichkeit einer erzählten Geschichte von ihrer Medialität, Modalität und Codalität abhängt und wie sehr sie die Zugänglichkeit durch aktive Auswahl und adaptive Gestaltung für heterogene Lerngruppen mitbestimmen können.    Abstract (english): Multimedia versions of Goethe’s ballad Erlkönig: A study in literary didactics focusing on reader-response effects of multimodal narration. Due to the current significance of digital media, didactics of teaching literature face the task of strengthening multimodal literacy. Therefore, this article outlines the research question, method, and main results of a didactics study that focused on reader-response effects of multimodal narratives. The study’s guiding question was to what extent (change in) modality has an impact on reception processes when readers are confronted with different multimedia, multimodal, and multicodal narrative versions of the same work. Specifically, the aesthetic experiences which pre-service teachers for German gained by compiling multimedia, multicodal, and multimodal adaptations of Goethe’s poem Erlkoenig were analyzed. The study’s results document the essential impact of modality changes on how a narrated story is received and interpreted. On the basis of these findings, the participating pre-service teachers drew conclusions for their future school teachings regarding both the dependence of a narrative’s accessibility on its medium as well as on its modal and codal ways of presentation and the teachers‘ possibilities to manage accessibility for heterogeneous learning groups by a careful selection and an adaptive arrangement of narratives.

Peng Fu, Kohei Kishida, Peter Selinger

Modern quantum programming languages integrate quantum resources and classical control. They must, on the one hand, be linearly typed to reflect the no-cloning property of quantum resources. On the other hand, high-level and practical languages should also support quantum circuits as first-class citizens, as well as families of circuits that are indexed by some classical parameters. Quantum programming languages thus need linear dependent type theory. This paper defines a general semantic structure for such a type theory via certain fibrations of monoidal categories. The categorical model of the quantum circuit description language Proto-Quipper-M by Rios and Selinger (2017) constitutes an example of such a fibration, which means that the language can readily be integrated with dependent types. We then devise both a general linear dependent type system and a dependently typed extension of Proto-Quipper-M, and provide them with operational semantics as well as a prototype implementation.

Luiza Larangeira Silva Mello

Neste ensaio, pretendo empreender uma análise comparativa entre os modos como o intelectual alemão Georg Simmel e o escritor estadunidense Henry James figuram discursivamente aquilo que Simmel chama de “a tragédia da cultura”. Em ensaios escritos na virada do século XX, como “As Grandes Cidades e a Vida do Espírito” (1903), “Do Ser da Cultura” (1908) e “O Conceito e a Tragédia da Cultura” (1911), Simmel trata do conceito tipicamente alemão de cultura (Kultur), identificando sua dimensão trágica. Conquanto Henry James mostre-se, especialmente no período da 1ª Guerra Mundial, fortemente comprometido com o ideal inglês de “civilização”, pode-se notar, em seus relatos de viagem da virada do século, intitulados The American Scene (1907), uma compreensão semelhante à de Simmel da moderna experiência da tragédia da cultura.

Daco Harkes

Our community believes that new domain-specific languages should be as general as possible to increase their impact. However, I argue in this essay that we should stop claiming generality for new domain-specific languages. More general domain-specific languages induce more boilerplate code. Moreover, domain-specific languages are co-developed with their applications in practice, and tend to be specific for these applications. Thus, I argue we should stop claiming generality in favor of documenting how domain-specific language based software development is beneficial to the overall software development process. The acceptance criteria for scientific literature should make the same shift: accepting good domain-specific language engineering practice, instead of the next language to rule them all.

Pedro A. Fuertes-Olivera, Sven Tarp

This contribution deals with a new digital English–Spanish–English lexicographical project that started as an assignment from the Danish high-tech company Ordbogen A/S which signed a contract with the University of Valladolid (Spain) for designing and compiling a digital lexicographical product that is economically and commercially feasible and can be used for various purposes in connection with its expansion into new markets and the launching of new tools and services which make use of lexicographical data. The article presents the philosophy underpinning the project, highlights some of the innovations introduced, e.g. the use of logfiles for compiling the initial lemma list and the order of compilation, and illustrates a compilation methodology which starts by assuming the relevance of new concepts, i.e. object and auxiliary languages instead of target and source languages. The contribution also defends the premise that the future of e-lexicography basically rests on a close cooperation between research centers and high-tech companies which assures the adequate use of disruptive technologies and innovations.

Fabio Niephaus, Tim Felgentreff, Tobias Pape et al.

Context: Software development tools should work and behave consistently across different programming languages, so that developers do not have to familiarize themselves with new tooling for new languages. Also, being able to combine multiple programming languages in a program increases reusability, as developers do not have to recreate software frameworks and libraries in the language they develop in and can reuse existing software instead. Inquiry: However, developers often have a broad choice of tools, some of which are designed for only one specific programming language. Various Integrated Development Environments have support for multiple languages, but are usually unable to provide a consistent programming experience due to different language-specific runtime features. With regard to language integrations, common mechanisms usually use abstraction layers, such as the operating system or a network connection, which are often boundaries for tools and hence negatively affect the programming experience. Approach: In this paper, we present a novel approach for tool reuse that aims to improve the experience with regard to working with multiple high-level dynamic, object-oriented programming languages. As part of this, we build a multi-language virtual execution environment and reuse Smalltalk's live programming tools for other languages. Knowledge: An important part of our approach is to retrofit and align runtime capabilities for different languages as it is a requirement for providing consistent tools. Furthermore, it provides convenient means to reuse and even mix software libraries and frameworks written in different languages without breaking tool support. Grounding: The prototype system Squimera is an implementation of our approach and demonstrates that it is possible to reuse both development tools from a live programming system to improve the development experience as well as software artifacts from different languages to increase productivity. Importance: In the domain of polyglot programming systems, most research has focused on the integration of different languages and corresponding performance optimizations. Our work, on the other hand, focuses on tooling and the overall programming experience.

Cosmin Bonchis, Gabriel Istrate, Vlad Rochian

We study languages and formal power series associated to (variants of) Hammersley's process. We show that the ordinary Hammersley process yields a regular language and the Hammersley tree process yields deterministic context-free (but non-regular) languages. For the extension to intervals of the Hammersley process we show that there are two relevant formal languages. One of them leads to the same class of languages as the ordinary Hammersley tree process. The other one yields non-context-free languages. The results are motivated by the problem of studying the analog of the famous Ulam-Hammersley problem for heapable sequences. Towards this goal we also give an algorithm for computing formal power series associated to the variants of Hammersley's process. We employ these algorithms to settle the nature of the scaling constant, conjectured in previous work to be the golden ratio. Our results provide experimental support to this conjecture.

Magnus Källström

Dan R. Ghica, Khulood Alyahya

Game semantics is a powerful method of semantic analysis for programming languages. It gives mathematically accurate models ("fully abstract") for a wide variety of programming languages. Game semantic models are combinatorial characterisations of all possible interactions between a term and its syntactic context. Because such interactions can be concretely represented as sets of sequences, it is possible to ask whether they can be learned from examples. Concretely, we are using long short-term memory neural nets (LSTM), a technique which proved effective in learning natural languages for automatic translation and text synthesis, to learn game-semantic models of sequential and concurrent versions of Idealised Algol (IA), which are algorithmically complex yet can be concisely described. We will measure how accurate the learned models are as a function of the degree of the term and the number of free variables involved. Finally, we will show how to use the learned model to perform latent semantic analysis between concurrent and sequential Idealised Algol.