Hasil untuk "Civil law"

Virginia H. Gray

G. Scully

Simeon Djankov, R. Porta, Florencio Lopez-de-Silane et al.

B. Zuckerman

One of the most interesting questions that astronomy can hope to answer is: are we alone in our Milky Way galaxy? A detection of an electromagnetic (EM) signal generated by an extraterrestrial technological intelligence (ETI), or the presence in our solar system of an alien probe, would answer this question in the negative. Purposeful interstellar communication is a 2-way street - the transmitting and receiving technological intelligence (TI) both need to do its part. As the receiving TI, our EM search programs should incorporate a model of what a transmitting TI is likely to be doing. Published searches for extraterrestrial technological intelligence (SETI) have generally not done so and, thus, have often been sub-optimally designed. We propose an improved search technique that more closely corresponds to astronomical surveys that have been undertaken for reasons that have nothing to do with SETI. Published non-SETI radio and optical surveys are sufficiently extensive that they already supply meaningful constraints on the prevalence of nearby purposely communicative alien civilizations. Purposeful communication can also include the sending of spaceships (probes). The absence of evidence for alien probes in the solar system suggests that no alien civilization has passed within 100 light-years of Earth during the past few billion years.

S. Merry

Edward Elgar, Wallace P. Mullin

This chapter surveys the law and economics literature on corporate crime, focusing on theory but also touching on empirical research and policy issues. We set the stage by updating some stylized facts about prosecuted firms. We then proceed to the theory, organizing the discussion within a unified framework provided by the principal-agent model. We distill several core principles from the theoretical literature concerning the optimal sanction level and the optimal sanction target (employee, shareholders, or both). The chapter further addresses more nuanced questions including among others whether the state should consider corporate misdeeds a civil or criminal violation and whether the state should forbid corporations from indemnifying employees. A final section concentrates on securities fraud, a topic of much academic interest in the wake of recent corporate scandals (Enron and WorldCom) and resulting policy reforms (Sarbanes-Oxley Act). JEL Classification: K22, K14, K42, D86

Dereje Tessema Adigeh, Dereje Tessema Adigeh, Endale Belay Mekuria et al.

Bahir Dar city, a rapidly urbanizing city in Ethiopia, faces acute housing and urban land demand, resulting in the prevalence of informal land acquisition and housing development. Therefore, this study aims to examine the informal land acquisition for housing in Bahir Dar, resulting in informal settlement expansion, focusing on the conditions, contributing factors, participants, and procedures of informal land transaction settlements. Data were collected by interview from purposefully selected key informants, including land sellers, buyers, brokers, urban land administrators, and code enforcement officers, supplemented by field observations and desk reviews. The study reveals that informal land transactions are the primary means of urban land acquisition for housing in Bahir Dar city, especially in peri-urban rural expansion areas, because the formal system of land access lags far behind. The key causes for this are high urbanization rates, inefficient urban land administration, which fails to supply formal residential plots, and low compensation payments to peri-urban landholders. Peri-urban farmers are the leading land sellers, inner-city residents in rental homes are the primary buyers, and brokers facilitate the transactions, with local administrators often legitimizing informal acquisitions. The study recommends that the government improve the efficiency of formal urban land supply and provide affordable housing to alleviate informal land developments and settlements.

Andarias S. Hafidhawati, Cahyani Waode Sitti, Suherman La Ode Achmad et al.

Coral transplantation has evolved from a reef restoration tool into a proactive strategy for enhancing reef ecosystem value, particularly in marine tourism zones. This study aimed to assess the survival and growth performance of Acropora sp. fragments transplanted onto concrete block substrates in a non-degraded reef area at Wambuliga Beach, Sombu Village, Wakatobi. A total of 58 coral fragments, each measuring 7–10 cm, were transplanted in August 2024 and monitored for eight months. Survival rate and linear growth were evaluated as indicators of transplantation success. The results showed a high survival rate of 89.65% and a final fragment length range of 9–14 cm, with an average growth rate of 0.66 cm/month. These outcomes were supported by suitable fragment size, site conditions, seasonal timing, and the use of durable cement-based artificial substrates with cavity design. The findings confirm that coral transplantation in healthy reef systems can be effective not only for biodiversity enhancement but also for supporting sustainable marine ecotourism and coastal conservation initiatives.

Yann-Meing Law

The Hermite-Taylor method evolves all the variables and their derivatives through order $m$ in time to achieve a $2m+1$ order rate of convergence. The data required at each node of the staggered Cartesian meshes used by this method makes the enforcement of boundary and interface conditions challenging. In this work, we propose a novel correction function method, referred to as the discrete correction function method, which provides all the data required by the Hermite method near the surface where a condition is enforced. The flexibility of the resulting Hermite-Taylor discrete correction function method is demonstrated by considering a wide range of problems, including those with variable coefficients, discontinuous solutions at the interface, and generalized sheet transition conditions. Although the focus of this work is on Maxwell's equations, this high-order method can be adapted to other linear wave systems. Several numerical examples in two space dimensions are performed to verify the properties of the proposed method, including long-time simulations.

J. Rabelo, R. Goebel, Mi-Young Kim et al.

We summarize the 8th Competition on Legal Information Extraction and Entailment. In this edition, the competition included five tasks on case law and statute law. The case law component includes an information retrieval Task (Task 1), and the confirmation of an entailment relation between an existing case and an unseen case (Task 2). The statute law component includes an information retrieval Task (Task 3), an entailment/question answering task based on retrieved civil code statutes (Task 4) and an entailment/question answering task without retrieved civil code statutes (Task 5). Participation was open to any group based on any approach. Eight different teams participated in the case law competition tasks, most of them in more than one task. We received results from six teams for Task 1 (16 runs) and 6 teams for Task 2 (17 runs). On the statute law task, there were eight different teams participating, most in more than one task. Six teams submitted a total of 18 runs for Task 3, 6 teams submitted a total of 18 runs for Task 4, and 4 teams submitted a total of 12 runs for Task 5. Here we summarize the approaches, our official evaluation, and analysis on our data and submission results.

M. Giancaspro

Almut Schilling‐Vacaflor, Maria Gustafsson

ABSTRACT Binding regulations have, recently, emerged in the Global North with the aim of holding companies accountable for environmental and/or human rights impacts throughout their supply chains. This article develops and applies an analytical framework to analyze corporate accountability dynamics in global trade, with a focus on the French Duty of Vigilance (DV) law. We analyze how companies in the agri-food sector have complied with the law as well as the emergence of new accountability dynamics. We find that while companies have improved their due diligence systems over time, they enjoy much discretion to interpret their obligations according to a managerial logic and to disclose information selectively. Nevertheless, the DV law has contributed to new accountability dynamics, wherein civil society can use civil liability to pressure companies to comply. Overall, the article advances our understanding of company compliance with new supply chain regulations and the accountability dynamics activated by such rules.

A. Winfield, K. Michael, J. Pitt et al.

The so-called fourth industrial revolution and its economic and societal implications are no longer solely an academic concern, but a matter for political as well as public debate. Characterized as the convergence of robotics, AI, autonomous systems and information technology – or cyberphysical systems – the fourth industrial revolution was the focus of the World Economic Forum, at Davos, in 2016 [1] . Also in 2016 the US White House initiated a series of public workshops on artificial intelligence (AI) and the creation of an interagency working group, and the European Parliament Committee for Legal Affairs published a draft report with recommendations to the Commission on Civil Law Rules on Robotics.

Jelena Matijašević, Nenad Bingulac, Darko Marinković

 In the last decade, digital evidence in criminal proceedings has become a key tool in modern forensic investigation, with the help of which it is possible to identify, analyze and verify information that can be crucial for making a decision in court proceedings. Digital data, through the perception of various forms of electronic records, are increasingly becoming the basic evidence in criminal cases, and because of this, no distinction is made between existing material evidence and modern digital evidence. In this research, the importance of digital evidence, its advantages and challenges in collection and processing, as well as the legal and ethical aspects of its use in criminal proceedings were pointed out and indicated. The importance of the methodological approach in the forensic analysis of digital evidence was also pointed out, all in order to achieve the admissibility of digital evidence before a criminal court. The challenges and opportunities presented by this evidence are drawn throughout the research and pointed out. The hypothesis of this research is contained in its title and refers precisely to controversial issues and the legislative application of digital evidence in criminal proceedings. The aim of the work is to consider this topic by looking at the new regulation and directive that have been passed and will only be adopted in 2026, but in principle to consider the issue of digital evidence through practice because this topic remains crucial for the further development of the judicial system in the digital age. During the writing of this research, an analytical method was used in order to consider the legislation of the European Union, and make a comparison with the domestic legislation. Then, the normative method was used when considering the criminal procedure and defining digital evidence, and certainly the deductive method was also used.

Haoxuan Yu, Izni Zahidi, Chow Ming Fai et al.

In a groundbreaking advance for sustainable energy, a recent study unveils a transformative approach to hydrogen production, signaling a major shift in renewable energy. This study integrates one-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with the innovative concept of harvesting atmospheric water, marking a significant stride in the quest for cleaner energy sources. It stands as the first successful integration of Atmospheric Water Harvesting (AWH) with photocatalysis, as well as the inaugural application of COFs in the photocatalytic evolution of hydrogen from water vapor. It envisions a future where our atmosphere becomes a vital, untapped reservoir for clean energy, merging cutting-edge science with a profound commitment to environmental sustainability. This breakthrough challenges conventional energy paradigms and opens up exciting possibilities for a world striving towards ecological balance and energy innovation.

Siyuan Qi, Shuo Chen, Yexin Li et al.

The generalization of decision-making agents encompasses two fundamental elements: learning from past experiences and reasoning in novel contexts. However, the predominant emphasis in most interactive environments is on learning, often at the expense of complexity in reasoning. In this paper, we introduce CivRealm, an environment inspired by the Civilization game. Civilization's profound alignment with human history and society necessitates sophisticated learning, while its ever-changing situations demand strong reasoning to generalize. Particularly, CivRealm sets up an imperfect-information general-sum game with a changing number of players; it presents a plethora of complex features, challenging the agent to deal with open-ended stochastic environments that require diplomacy and negotiation skills. Within CivRealm, we provide interfaces for two typical agent types: tensor-based agents that focus on learning, and language-based agents that emphasize reasoning. To catalyze further research, we present initial results for both paradigms. The canonical RL-based agents exhibit reasonable performance in mini-games, whereas both RL- and LLM-based agents struggle to make substantial progress in the full game. Overall, CivRealm stands as a unique learning and reasoning challenge for decision-making agents. The code is available at https://github.com/bigai-ai/civrealm.

J. Fowler, Ruth Murray-Clay

In the seven years that the starship Voyager spent in the Delta Quadrant, it used many questionable techniques to engage with alien civilizations and ultimately find its way home. From detailed studies of their logs and opening credits, we simulate Voyager's practice of orbiting a planet, to examine the effect on planetary rings. We outline a feasible planetary system and simulate the extent to which its rings would be disrupted. We find that Voyager's orbit could inflate the height of the rings in the vicinity of the spacecraft by a factor of 2, as well as increase the relative speeds of neighboring planetesimals within the rings. This increase in ring thickness has the potential to alter shadows on any moons of this planet, impacting ring-shadow based religions. Additionally, the acceleration of these planetesimals could rival their gravity, bucking any alien inhabitants and their tiny civilizations off of their planetesimal homeworlds. Finally, we posit that due to increased collisions amongst the planetesimals (which may harbor tiny intelligent life) the trajectory of these civilizations may be forever altered, violating the prime directive.

Shuaiqi Liu, Jiannong Cao, Yicong Li et al.

Common law courts need to refer to similar precedents' judgments to inform their current decisions. Generating high-quality summaries of court judgment documents can facilitate legal practitioners to efficiently review previous cases and assist the general public in accessing how the courts operate and how the law is applied. Previous court judgment summarization research focuses on civil law or a particular jurisdiction's judgments. However, judges can refer to the judgments from all common law jurisdictions. Current summarization datasets are insufficient to satisfy the demands of summarizing precedents across multiple jurisdictions, especially when labeled data are scarce for many jurisdictions. To address the lack of datasets, we present CLSum, the first dataset for summarizing multi-jurisdictional common law court judgment documents. Besides, this is the first court judgment summarization work adopting large language models (LLMs) in data augmentation, summary generation, and evaluation. Specifically, we design an LLM-based data augmentation method incorporating legal knowledge. We also propose a legal knowledge enhanced evaluation metric based on LLM to assess the quality of generated judgment summaries. Our experimental results verify that the LLM-based summarization methods can perform well in the few-shot and zero-shot settings. Our LLM-based data augmentation method can mitigate the impact of low data resources. Furthermore, we carry out comprehensive comparative experiments to find essential model components and settings that are capable of enhancing summarization performance.

D. Citron

L. Bowker, Dorothy Kenny, Jennifer Pearson

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