Hasil untuk "Cities. Urban geography"

G. Manoli, S. Fatichi, M. Schläpfer et al.

Sudipto Roy, J. Byrne, C. Pickering

H. Bulkeley, M. Betsill

M. Deschasaux, K. Bouter, A. Prodan et al.

David A. Harvey

1. Urbanization of Capital 2. The Urban Process Under Capitalism 3. Land Rent 4. Theory of Residential Differentiation 5. The Place of Urban Politics in the Geography of Uneven Development 6. Money, Time, Space and The City 7. Monument and Myth 8. Flexible Accumulation 9. The Urban Experience Index

D. Danko, D. Bezdan, Evan E. Afshin et al.

Summary We present a global atlas of 4,728 metagenomic samples from mass-transit systems in 60 cities over 3 years, representing the first systematic, worldwide catalog of the urban microbial ecosystem. This atlas provides an annotated, geospatial profile of microbial strains, functional characteristics, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) markers, and genetic elements, including 10,928 viruses, 1,302 bacteria, 2 archaea, and 838,532 CRISPR arrays not found in reference databases. We identified 4,246 known species of urban microorganisms and a consistent set of 31 species found in 97% of samples that were distinct from human commensal organisms. Profiles of AMR genes varied widely in type and density across cities. Cities showed distinct microbial taxonomic signatures that were driven by climate and geographic differences. These results constitute a high-resolution global metagenomic atlas that enables discovery of organisms and genes, highlights potential public health and forensic applications, and provides a culture-independent view of AMR burden in cities.

M. Esperón-Rodríguez, M. Tjoelker, J. Lenoir et al.

Z. Allam, S. Bibri, Didier Chabaud et al.

Numerous urban models are emerging in response to climate urgencies, as pointed out in COP26, resulting in a call for urgent and deep decarbonization policies. One emerging model, responsive to the need for more sustainable urban outcomes, is that of the ‘15-Minute City’. The quest for more sustainable and smarter cities is urgent, as cities contribute more than 60% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and thus demands a redefinition of some contemporary urban policies, especially around mobility. The ‘15-Minute City’ is an emerging concept, currently in application in major European Cities, such as Paris and Barcelona, and quickly gaining popularity as a potent solution for encouraging urban sustainability transitions. As the model approaches urban planning via humane socio-economic dimensions, it can be further developed to benefit urban communities, globally in an equitable fashion. In doing so, the model can be crafted to respond to the challenges of the other geographies, including those of the Global South, specifically relating to urban infrastructural financing. This approach recognizes the need for models that can contribute to deep decarbonization agendas, while being contextually responsive with sound financial mechanisms—including both Public and Private parties. In this paper, we argue that the ’15-Minute City’ concept can be poised as a potent solution to re-structure cities for increased sustainability, inclusivity, and economic equity, through locally implemented fiscal mechanisms.

Thomas W Sanchez, H. Shumway, Trey Gordner et al.

ABSTRACT Over the past several decades, urban planning has considered a variety of advanced analysis methods with greater and lesser degrees of adoption. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is probably the most notable, with others such as database management systems (DBMS), decision support systems (DSS), planning support systems (PSS), and expert systems (ES), having mixed levels of recognition and acceptance (Kontokosta, C. E. (2021). Urban informatics in the science and practice of planning. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 41(4), 382–395. doi:10.1177/0739456X18793716; Yigitcanlar, T., Desouza, K. C., Butler, L., & Roozkhosh, F. (2020). Contributions and risks of artificial intelligence (AI) in building smarter cities: Insights from a systematic review of the literature. Energies, 13(6), 1473). Advances in information technologies have moved very slowly in the field of urban planning, more recently concerning ‘smart city’ technologies while revolutionizing other domains, such as consumer goods and services. Baidu, Amazon, Netflix, Google, and many others are using these technologies to gain insights into consumer behaviour and characteristics and improve supply chains and logistics. This is an opportune time for urban planners to consider the application of AI-related techniques given vast increases in data availability, increased processing speeds, and increased popularity and development of planning related applications. Research on these topics by urban planning scholars has increased over the past few years, but there is little evidence to suggest that the results are making it into the hands of professional planners (Batty, M. (2018). Artificial intelligence and smart cities. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 45(1), 3–6; Batty, M. (2021). Planning education in the digital age. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 48(2), 207–211). Others encourage planners to leverage the ubiquity of data and advances in computing to enhance redistributive justice in information resources and procedural justice in decision-making among marginalized communities (Boeing, G., Besbris, M., Schachter, A., & Kuk, J. (2020). Housing search in the Age of Big data: Smarter cities or the same Old blind spots? Housing Policy Debate, 31(1), 112–126; Goodspeed, R. (2015). Smart cities: Moving beyond urban cybernetics to tackle wicked problems. Cambridge journal of regions, Economy and Society, 8(1), 79–92). This article highlights findings from a recent literature review on AI in planning and discusses the results of a national survey of urban planners about their perspectives on AI adoption and concerns they have expressed about its broader use in the profession. Currently, the outlook is mixed, matching how urban planners initially viewed the early stages of computer adoption within the profession. And yet today, personal computers are essential to any job.

sub\urban Redaktion

Ein aktueller Blick auf die globale politische Landschaft ergibt ein beunruhigendes Bild: Autokratische Tendenzen, Nationalismus, Faschismus und rechter Populismus sind auf dem Vormarsch. In dieser Situation ist es wichtiger denn je, dass wir als kritische Stadtforschende unsere Stimme erheben und uns den regressiven Tendenzen entgegenstellen. Zu analysieren sind die Ursachen und Mechanismen des Rechtsrucks und dessen Auswirkungen auf die Städte und ihre Bewohner_innen. Dabei ist es wichtig, dass wir uns nicht von den Anfeindungen einschüchtern lassen, sondern unsere Forschungsergebnisse weiterhin öffentlichkeitswirksam kommunizieren. Zudem wird es wichtig sein, sich mit anderen kritischen Wissenschaftler_innen und Aktivist_innen zu vernetzen und uns gemeinsam zugunsten derjenigen einzusetzen, die durch Kapitalismus, durch Rassismus, durch Gender- und Sexualitätsregime, durch Ableismus sowie durch andere hegemoniale Strukturen marginalisiert werden. Als Zeitschrift für kritische Stadtforschung bieten und verteidigen wir einen Raum für Debatten, Analysen und Interventionen, die Ausdruck einer solchen politischen Praxis sind.

An Nguyen Thi Tam, Eakachat Joneurairatana, Veerawat Sirivesmas

As one of the crucial components of the microsystem system in human development, the educational environment plays a significant role in shaping young children’s holistic development. Preschool interior space could be one of the most important places where children first interact in school life. Specifically, the interior space of preschool is the place where young children spend a lot of time in their lives surpassing the home environment. In Vietnam, research on preschool interior design, particularly in the context of color usage, remains limited despite there is high demand to build preschool buildings to adapt to the increasing number of young children going to kindergarten each year, such as in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC). This paper explores color designs in preschool interiors in HCMC, Vietnam; aiming to propose colors that align with children’s developmental needs and pedagogical practices. Through conducting the data from reviewing academic articles and papers, on-site observation case studies in both public preschool and private preschools, focus on interior classroom space, visual-spatial, and color comparative analysis, and utilizing Adobe's palette extractor for color palette, this paper explores the application of color design in preschool interior space. The findings suggest the potential benefits of using bright and cool tones for background colors, complemented by vibrant hues such as blue, red, yellow, or orange for accents in interior spaces. Aligning with pedagogical practices, the use of color can create stimulating environments that encourage children to explore and discover. Additionally, attention should be given to factors such as flooring materials, cultural context, and spatial functionality. The findings of this paper contribute to the limited academic resources on color space design in Vietnam, providing valuable insights for architects, interior designers, teachers, and educators to make informed decisions when designing preschool environments.

M. Aalbers

This report discusses the financialization of urban governance and the built environment as an explicit state strategy, focusing on municipal finance and the use of financial products by the local state and (semi-)public sector. A number of lessons can be drawn regarding the temporality and spatiality of financializing ‘the urban’. Firstly, the financial crisis that started in 2007 has not resulted in a definancialization of the city. Secondly, despite a number of common trends, the literature also highlights the diversity of experiences. Yet it would be too easy to conclude that the financialization of the land, housing and real estate is exclusively a Global North phenomenon, as it extends into the Global South. Finally, the literature notes an emerging gentrification-touristification-financialization nexus. The role of the state in all of this is variegated and often ambiguous.

K. Meehan, Jason R. Jurjevich, Nicholas M. J. W. Chun et al.

Significance Secure water access is a fundamental human right. Our study reveals disparities in piped water access in urban areas in the United States. From 2013 to 2017, we find that an estimated 1,121,100 people (±25,500) in the United States had insecure water access, with nearly one-half (47%) located in the 50 largest metropolitan areas. Unplumbed households in cities, on balance, are more likely to be headed by people of color, earn lower incomes, live in mobile homes, rent their residence, and pay a higher share of their gross income toward housing costs. We offer clear evidence that gaps in urban water access are neither random nor accidental but underpinned by precarious housing conditions and systemic social and racialized inequality. Safe, reliable, and equitable water access is critical to human health and livelihoods. In the United States, an estimated 471,000 households or 1.1 million individuals lack a piped water connection and 73% of households are located in cities, close to networked supply. In this study, we undertake a nationwide analysis of urban water access in the United States, with the aim of explaining the drivers of infrastructural inequality in the 50 largest metropolitan areas. Drawing on statistical analysis and regression modeling of census microdata at the household scale, our analysis reveals spatial and sociodemographic patterns of racialized, class-based, and housing disparities that characterize plumbing poverty. Among unplumbed households, we show that households headed by people of color are almost 35% more likely to lack piped water as compared to white, non-Hispanic households. Precarious housing conditions are an equally strong predictor: Renter-occupied households in the 50 largest US metros were 1.61 times more likely than owner-occupied households to lack piped water. We argue that insecure domestic water access in the United States should be understood as a housing issue that reflects structural inequalities of race and class, particularly in cities with widening wealth gaps. The article concludes with a call for research and action at the intersection of water provision, housing, and social inequality—a paradigm we call the housing–water nexus.

Fanny Augis, António Ferreira, Paulo Conceição

Jake Kruse, Yuhao Kang, Yunzhe Liu et al.

Mert Duygan, M. Fischer, R. Pärli et al.

In the last decade, a number of smart city initiatives have flourished around the world. While the literature is ripe with descriptions of those projects and pioneering cities, there is far less systematic research on why some cities are more advanced than others. As single locating entities, cities are posited to have strong geographic root-edness. Hence, spatial and socio-economic context, considered as the main stimulant of organizational innovation, can be particularly important for cities. We investigate 22 Swiss cities with smart city projects and use fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis to determine the configuration of conditions that make some cities more advanced than others in their smart city development. Results indicate that a configuration of high share of service sector, presence of research institutions and high urban density is sufficient for the outcome, whereas population size, new residential development and participation to international networks appear as less important. By providing insights into the spatial and socio-economic underpinnings of smart city development, the study contributes to the understanding of the geographies of smart cities.

Shuang Gao, Shaojian Wang

Paola Nardone, Iacopo Odoardi, Assia Liberatore et al.

Promoting education is a priority for most of the world’s governments, but, in some cases, beneficial access to school curricula and student achievement is influenced by the socioeconomic background. We investigate the influence of many aspects of the Italian socioeconomic background on school achievement, specifically on mathematical capabilities, at two school levels (primary and secondary) by using regional data over the period 2013-2019. Italy is a country with a solid scholastic tradition that, especially in the past, had a strong imprint mainly of humanistic and social culture. Investments are currently being made in human capital (HC), particularly in the scientific, mathematical and computer fields; however, the results vary according to region. The results show that in the central-northern regions, a virtuous circle of HC enrichment can be triggered, while in the southern regions, economic support is necessary. In addition, we observe that a sort of family safety net (a form of social capital) could play a positive role in sustaining the students’ learning efforts in the southern area. It seems that the different support for school education that underlies the Italian “NorthSouth problem” is one of the causes of the gap in the local levels of HC development.

Eliane Pereira de Almeida, Marcus Metri Corrêa, Luciano Pires de Andrade

Este artigo objetiva analisar como se dá a produção de alimentos pelas famílias camponesas no Sudoeste Baiano, a partir do uso e apropriação das estruturas hídricas do Programa “Por Uma Terra e Duas Águas” (P1+2). Para tanto, delimitou-se o estudo em quatro municípios: Anagé, Bom Jesus da Serra, Cândido Sales e Poções. A metodologia adotada inclui a revisão de literatura, a pesquisa documental, o levantamento de dados primários e secundários, e entrevistas semiestruturadas, realizadas remotamente por conta da pandemia. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam que as tecnologias sociais do P1+2 exercem papel substancial para o cultivo de alimentos que compunham a dieta alimentar das famílias camponesas. No entanto, o período de estiagem ainda se apresenta como desafio para uma produção contínua.

José Antonio González Díaz, Benjamín González Díaz, Rocío Rosa García

Los espacios protegidos en ocasiones coexisten en una misma zona donde además comparten un Instrumento de Gestión Integrado (IGI). Esta casuística se da con frecuencia en España con las Reservas de la Biosfera (RB) y los Parques Naturales (PN). En este trabajo analizamos el grado de cumplimiento de los objetivos de Gestión en un caso estudio: la RB de Redes, coincidente con el Parque Natural del mismo nombre. Cuantificamos los cambios en territorio, la biodiversidad y la socioeconomía local, así como el papel de los valores culturales, naturales y a la experimentación y desarrollo científico, antes y después de la declaración de última figura (la RB) y la implantación del IGI. Se propone un desarrollo metodológico para evaluar el cumplimiento de los objetivos del IGI. El paisaje se está homogeneizando y perdiendo su carácter en mosaico. La biodiversidad no muestra síntomas de recuperación y el futuro socioeconómico de la zona está comprometido por el elevado grado de envejecimiento y la pérdida de empleos que conllevan un acentuado despoblamiento. Todas estas tendencias muestran además síntomas de agravamiento. Los componentes patrimoniales naturales y culturales reciben una atención desigual, gozando de mayor apoyo los primeros frente a los segundos. De forma global, los objetivos del IGI en Redes no se están cumpliendo y deben ser revisados para revertir la situación y poner en marcha estrategias sostenibles más efectivas en un contexto de cambio global. Las comunidades locales deben formar parte de los foros de debate y la toma de decisiones debe ser consensuada con todos los agentes involucrados en el futuro de la RB.