Hasil untuk "Religion (General)"

Feriel Kandil

Dans le dernier chapitre de Parcours de la reconnaissance, Ricœur propose une conception pacifiée de la reconnaissance, fondée sur la mutualité plutôt que sur la réciprocité et développée à partir d’une phénoménologie du don. Bien que dans ce chapitre Derrida ne soit pas cité, l’article montre en quoi les analyses des deux philosophes se font écho, dans un jeu croisé entre déconstruction et reconstruction du don, mené à partir de la comparaison avec l’échange marchand. À l’instar de Derrida, Ricœur fait voir l’impossible du don, avec ses trois apories. Mais, à la différence de Derrida, il dévoile, dans un mouvement complémentaire de reconstruction, les pouvoirs pratiques du don, avec la dialectique entre amour et justice constitutive de la puissance et de la fragilité du don.

Mykhailo Beilin, Oleksandr Zheltoborodov

The profound transformation of all aspects of society's existence, which began in the last quarter of the previous century and continues to this day, has changed almost the entire structure of social relations, both in its morphological and substantive plans. Social solidarity is presented as a dynamic and non-guaranteed state arising in the course of human interaction and requiring constant activity of all participants of the interactive process. The main integrative role is played by joint action and its interpretations, the proximity of which ensures the consolidation of society. The influence of solidarity on the reproduction function of the social system at all its hierarchical levels – from groups of primary social practices to the society as a whole – has been studied. It is substantiated that the state or level of social solidarity in society determines the degree of harmony of its functioning, and in general determines the life chances and prospects of this society. It is noted that the reduction of solidarity carries a threat of social disintegration. It is emphasized that in the normal functioning of society, solidarity is the object of unremitting attention, both on the part of the ruling group in society, whose actions are almost inseparable from the goals of reproduction of society and its power, and on the part of other social institutions, whose activities are directly conditioned by the level of consolidation and cooperation of their members. Accordingly, a state of social relations in which neither the authorities nor other institutions demonstrates adequate concern for the degree of consolidation of the social whole cannot be considered normal. It is shown that within the post-political consensus, class identity appears as the result of a specific political gesture – a political and discursive construction. Political-discursive analysis is defined as an independent and self-sufficient methodology that enables a new perspective on traditional objects of political inquiry, such as populist movements and ideologies, large-scale social conflicts, the absolutization of ideology, and the ideologization of the functioning of various societal discourses.

Jabulile Z. Manyike, Amon Taruvinga, Leocadia Zhou

This study explores the factors influencing smallholder farmers' decisions on livestock ownership and herd size in the context of climate change. A cross-sectional approach was employed, using a multi-stage sampling method to survey 600 smallholder farmers, 495 of whom were engaged in livestock production. Data were collected through a semi-structured questionnaire and analysed using a double hurdle model. The findings reveal that the decision to own livestock is positively influenced by adherence to African traditional religion, access to climate information, membership in farming organizations, income diversification, possession of formal housing, exposure to high average temperatures, and the likelihood of being in female-headed households. In contrast, higher educational attainment and larger household sizes are associated with a lower likelihood of livestock ownership. The intensity of livestock herd is positively influenced by male-headed households, farm organization affiliation, access to diversified income streams, and higher average annual precipitation. While male-headed households are less likely to engage in livestock ownership initially, those that do, tend to have larger herds. The study concludes that both household capital and environmental factors significantly shape smallholder farmers’ livestock ownership decisions. The findings suggest that smallholder farmers in the study area may increasingly rely on livestock as a sustainable and adaptive strategy in response to changing temperature patterns and evolving socio-economic needs. Based on these findings, policy recommendations include promoting gender-inclusive livestock policies to empower female-headed households, enhancing access to climate information, supporting farm organizations and income diversification, and fostering adaptation to environmental changes, to improve the sustainability and resilience of smallholder livestock farming.

Praveen Kumar Dhankar, Safiqul Islam, Saibal Ray et al.

In this study we explore the cosmic holographic principle, as proposed by Fischler and Susskind~\cite{Fischler}, within the framework of $(2 + 1)$-dimensional cosmological models. A generalized equation of state is employed, given by $p = (ζ- 1)(ρ+ ρ_0)$, where $ζ$ and $ρ_0$ are treated as two free parameters. The analysis confirms the validity of the holographic principle in all flat and open universes. However, for a $(2 + 1)$-dimensional closed universe, we apply the method proposed by Kaloper and Linde~\cite{Kaloper}, and observe that the holographic principle is generally not satisfied. Furthermore, we examine the stability of the proposed model using the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method, and estimate the best-fit values for the model parameters based on observational Hubble data sets.

Julian Strube

Krechs ursprünglich im Jahr 2012 erschienener Artikel „Religious Contacts in Past and Present Times: Aspects of a Research Programme“ wird in diesem kommentierenden Beitrag in den Kontext mehrerer Pionierarbeiten eingeordnet, die wichtige Impulse für eine Globale Religionsgeschichte gegeben haben. Gerade weil der Artikel als provisorischer Zwischenschritt erschienen ist, wird er für ein Nachdenken über anhaltende Herausforderungen einer Globalen Religionsgeschichte fruchtbar gemacht. Es wird hervorgehoben, wie damals formulierte zentrale Fragestellungen auch in gegenwärtigen Diskussionen fortbestehen, die sich allerdings vorwiegend durch global- und verflechtungsgeschichtliche, oft genealogisch ausgerichtete Ansätze auszeichnen. Dies hebt hervor, wie das von Krech ins Spiel gebrachte methodologische Repertoire für das Nachdenken über Globale Religionsgeschichte wertvoll sein kann.

Atli Jasonarson, Hinrik Hafsteinsson, Bjarki Ármannsson et al.

This paper presents the submission of the Árni Magnusson Institute's team to the WMT24 General translation task. We work on the English->Icelandic translation direction. Our system comprises four translation models and a grammar correction model. For training our models we carefully curate our datasets, aggressively filtering out sentence pairs that may detrimentally affect the quality of our system's output. Some of our data are collected from human translations and some are synthetically generated. A part of the synthetic data is generated using an LLM, and we find that it increases the translation capability of our system significantly.

Dheeraj Singh Rana, P. K. Sahoo

In this study, we explore the accelerated expansion of the universe within the framework of modified $f(Q)$ gravity. The investigation focus on the role of bulk viscosity in understanding the universe's accelerated expansion. Specifically, a bulk viscous matter-dominated cosmological model is considered, with the bulk viscosity coefficient expressed as $ζ= ζ_0 ρH^{-1} + ζ_1 H $. We consider the power law $f(Q)$ function $f(Q)=αQ^n $, where $α$ and $n$ are arbitrary constants and derive the analytical solutions for the field equations corresponding to a flat FLRW metric. Subsequently, we used the combined Cosmic Chronometers (CC)+Pantheon+SH0ES sample to estimate the free parameters of the obtained analytic solution. We conduct Bayesian statistical analysis to estimate the posterior probability by employing the likelihood function and the MCMC random sampling technique, along with the AIC and BIC statistical assessment criteria. In addition, we explore the evolutionary behavior of significant cosmological parameters. The effective equation of state (EOS) parameter predicts the accelerating behavior of the cosmic expansion phase. Further, by the statefinder and $Om(z)$ diagnostic test, we found that our viscous model favors quintessence-type behavior and can successfully describe the late-time scenario.

Zonghao Huang, Neil Zhenqiang Gong, Michael K. Reiter

Auditing the use of data in training machine-learning (ML) models is an increasingly pressing challenge, as myriad ML practitioners routinely leverage the effort of content creators to train models without their permission. In this paper, we propose a general method to audit an ML model for the use of a data-owner's data in training, without prior knowledge of the ML task for which the data might be used. Our method leverages any existing black-box membership inference method, together with a sequential hypothesis test of our own design, to detect data use with a quantifiable, tunable false-detection rate. We show the effectiveness of our proposed framework by applying it to audit data use in two types of ML models, namely image classifiers and foundation models.

Shunichiro Orihara, Tomotaka Momozaki, Tomoyuki Nakagawa

In observational studies, the propensity score plays a central role in estimating causal effects of interest. The inverse probability weighting (IPW) estimator is commonly used for this purpose. However, if the propensity score model is misspecified, the IPW estimator may produce biased estimates of causal effects. Previous studies have proposed some robust propensity score estimation procedures. However, these methods require considering parameters that dominate the uncertainty of sampling and treatment allocation. This study proposes a novel Bayesian estimating procedure that necessitates probabilistically deciding the parameter, rather than deterministically. Since the IPW estimator and propensity score estimator can be derived as solutions to certain loss functions, the general Bayesian paradigm, which does not require the considering the full likelihood, can be applied. Therefore, our proposed method only requires the same level of assumptions as ordinary causal inference contexts. The proposed Bayesian method demonstrates equal or superior results compared to some previous methods in simulation experimentss, and is also applied to real data, namely the Whitehall dataset.

Péter Simonik

A dolgozat a tatai Esterházy-uradalomhoz tartozó Alsógalla, Bánhida, Felsőgalla, valamint Tatabánya községek területén élt zsidó közösség történetén keresztül kívánja megragadni a modernizáció, a polgárosodás és az asszimiláció folyamatát egy olyan térségben, amely a 19. század második felében, a szénbányászat megjelenését követően, jelentős gazdasági átalakuláson ment keresztül. A zsidóság helyi társadalomban betöltött szerepének, valamint a zsidó és nem zsidó népesség viszonyának vizsgálata révén beazonosításra kerültek azon tényezők, amelyek hozzájárultak az izraelita felekezetű népesség társadalmi beilleszkedéséhez, továbbá kijelölésre kerültek azon mérföldkövek is, amelyek az asszimiláció egyes szakaszaihoz köthetők.

Sharon Chokuwa, Muhammad H. Khan

Domain generalization for Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) classification allows a model to adeptly classify retinal images from previously unseen domains with various imaging conditions and patient demographics, thereby enhancing its applicability in a wide range of clinical environments. In this study, we explore the inherent capacity of variational autoencoders to disentangle the latent space of fundus images, with an aim to obtain a more robust and adaptable domain-invariant representation that effectively tackles the domain shift encountered in DR datasets. Despite the simplicity of our approach, we explore the efficacy of this classical method and demonstrate its ability to outperform contemporary state-of-the-art approaches for this task using publicly available datasets. Our findings challenge the prevailing assumption that highly sophisticated methods for DR classification are inherently superior for domain generalization. This highlights the importance of considering simple methods and adapting them to the challenging task of generalizing medical images, rather than solely relying on advanced techniques.

Erik Brynjolfsson, Danielle Li, Lindsey Raymond

We study the staggered introduction of a generative AI-based conversational assistant using data from 5,172 customer support agents. Access to AI assistance increases worker productivity, as measured by issues resolved per hour, by 15\% on average, with substantial heterogeneity across workers. Less experienced and lower-skilled workers improve both the speed and quality of their output while the most experienced and highest-skilled workers see small gains in speed and small declines in quality. We also find evidence that AI assistance facilitates worker learning and improves English fluency, particularly among international agents. While AI systems improve with more training data, we find that the gains from AI adoption are largest for relatively rare problems, where human agents have less baseline training and experience. Finally, we provide evidence that AI assistance improves the experience of work along two key dimensions: customers are more polite and less likely to ask to speak to a manager.

Christian Fernando Ribeiro Guimarães Vinci

Esse ensaio buscará sondar as relações entre filosofia e literatura, no pensamento de Gilles Deleuze, a despeito de sua parceria conjunta com Félix Guattari, atentando tanto para as concepções de escrita expressas ao longo de sua obra quanto para o modo como essas concepções teriam influenciado o estilo de seus escritos filosóficos. Partindo da premissa deleuziana de que a escrita possui um acentuado lastro clínico, sendo a responsável pela elaboração de um diagnóstico das forças capazes de aprisionar ou calar a vida, procurar-se-á esmiuçar as ressonâncias desse lastro clínico, na concepção de filosofia como ato criativo, elaborada pelo autor. Como hipótese a ser aqui trabalhada, defende-se que a escrita deleuziana – compreendida como portadora de uma literalidade, conforme sustenta François Zourabchivili, ou como encrustada de uma poética imanentista, tal qual sugere Anita Costa Malufe – procuraria produzir uma zona de vizinhança ou indiscernibilidade entre a escrita filosófica, de caráter mais exegético, e a escrita literária, mais afectiva, de modo a produzir um deslocamento na relação do leitor com o ato de pensar.

Michael Bishop, Joey Contreras, Peter Martin et al.

The existence of a small, non-zero cosmological constant is one of the major puzzles in fundamental physics. Naively, quantum field theory arguments would imply a cosmological constant which is up to 10$^{120}$ times larger than the observed one. It is believed a comprehensive theory of quantum gravity would resolve this enormous mismatch between theory and observation. In this work, we study the ability of generalized uncertainty principle (GUP) models, which are phenomenologically motivated models of quantum gravity, to address the cosmological constant problem. In particular, we focus on how these GUP models may change the phase space of QFT, and how this affects the momentum space integration of the zero-point energies of normal modes of fields. We point out several issues that make it unlikely that GUP models, in their current form, would be able to adequately address the cosmological constant problem.

J. McPhetres, M. Zuckerman

Past research suggests that religion and science may conflict on which is a better tool for explaining the world. This conflict implies that religiosity might negatively impact both attitudes toward science and science knowledge. However, past research has focused mostly on religious affiliation and has not consistently identified such a relation using a general religiosity measure that assesses religious beliefs and religious practice. Using two large, nationally representative datasets as well as two original datasets, and controlling for relevant demographic variables, four studies (N = 9,205) showed that general measures of religiosity are negatively associated with science knowledge, a relation that was partially mediated by an association between religiosity and negative attitudes toward science. Study 2 also showed that parents’ reports about their religiosity and its role in their children’s upbringing predicted, some 20 years later, their children’s attitudes toward science. The studies are correlational but the longitudinal relations in Study 2 suggests that religiosity might undermine science literacy.

Deborah L. Hall, David C. Matz, W. Wood

Max Silva da Rocha

Este trabalho objetiva realizar uma análise retórica acerca dos lugares da argumentação que fundamentaram o discurso teológico encontrado no Evangelho Segundo Lucas 19, 1-10. Esse texto bíblico apresenta o encontro entre o orador Jesus Cristo e o publicano Zaqueu. Assim, por Retórica, compreende-se o uso de técnicas argumentativas que visam persuadir; por discurso teológico, entende-se o uso de textos extraídos de livros considerados sagrados que falem sobre Deus. O discurso teológico toma como suporte textual a Bíblia, considerada um livro de expressiva importância para o Cristianismo. Metodologicamente, o trabalho filia-se a uma perspectiva qualitativa de análise retórica e embasa-se em Abreu (2009), Aristóteles (2011), Ferreira (2015), Meyer (2007), Perelman e Olbrechts-Tyteca (2014), Reboul (2004), Rocha (2020a, 2020b), entre outros. A partir da análise retórica, verificou-se que os lugares da argumentação foram decisivos para o ato de persuadir, no texto teológico destacado. Percebeu-se que o orador Jesus Cristo se serviu desses recursos retóricos (lugares argumentativos) para ganhar a confiança e persuadir o publicano Zaqueu.

Jack Jewson, David Rossell

Statisticians often face the choice between using probability models or a paradigm defined by minimising a loss function. Both approaches are useful and, if the loss can be re-cast into a proper probability model, there are many tools to decide which model or loss is more appropriate for the observed data, in the sense of explaining the data's nature. However, when the loss leads to an improper model, there are no principled ways to guide this choice. We address this task by combining the Hyvärinen score, which naturally targets infinitesimal relative probabilities, and general Bayesian updating, which provides a unifying framework for inference on losses and models. Specifically we propose the H-score, a general Bayesian selection criterion and prove that it consistently selects the (possibly improper) model closest to the data-generating truth in Fisher's divergence. We also prove that an associated H-posterior consistently learns optimal hyper-parameters featuring in loss functions, including a challenging tempering parameter in generalised Bayesian inference. As salient examples, we consider robust regression and non-parametric density estimation where popular loss functions define improper models for the data and hence cannot be dealt with using standard model selection tools. These examples illustrate advantages in robustness-efficiency trade-offs and provide a Bayesian implementation for kernel density estimation, opening a new avenue for Bayesian non-parametrics.

Michael Timothy Bennett

The following briefly discusses possible difficulties in communication with and control of an AGI (artificial general intelligence), building upon an explanation of The Fermi Paradox and preceding work on symbol emergence and artificial general intelligence. The latter suggests that to infer what someone means, an agent constructs a rationale for the observed behaviour of others. Communication then requires two agents labour under similar compulsions and have similar experiences (construct similar solutions to similar tasks). Any non-human intelligence may construct solutions such that any rationale for their behaviour (and thus the meaning of their signals) is outside the scope of what a human is inclined to notice or comprehend. Further, the more compressed a signal, the closer it will appear to random noise. Another intelligence may possess the ability to compress information to the extent that, to us, their signals would appear indistinguishable from noise (an explanation for The Fermi Paradox). To facilitate predictive accuracy an AGI would tend to more compressed representations of the world, making any rationale for their behaviour more difficult to comprehend for the same reason. Communication with and control of an AGI may subsequently necessitate not only human-like compulsions and experiences, but imposed cognitive impairment.

Eric B. Dent, M. Higgins, Deborah M. Wharff