Hasil untuk "Oils, fats, and waxes"

LÜ Wei, XUE Fangfang, HE Sixian et al.

Winsor Ⅲ microemulsion flooding is an effective means to solve the low production percentage of high-temperature， high-salinity and low-permeability reservoirs， but the research on the construction and mechanism understanding of Winsor Ⅲ microemulsion flooding system is insufficient. In this paper， the Winsor Ⅲ microemulsion system with temperature resistance and salt resistance was constructed through the solubility test， oil-water interfacial tension test， and phase behavior test of two types of surfactants and their composite systems under the conditions of simulated reservoirs. Then， the feasibility of the system in enhancing oil recovery of low-permeability reservoirs was explored through core displacement experiments， contact angle testing experiments， and visual core displacement experiments. The mechanisms of enhancing oil recovery were analyzed from two aspects： changes in wettability and solubilization and emulsification. The results show that alcohol ether carboxylate surfactant ST 982-B can construct a Winsor Ⅲ microemulsion system at the mass fraction of 0.3%-0.5%； the microemulsion system can effectively enhance oil recovery of low-permeability reservoirs by 7.8%-9.7%. The microemulsion system can effectively improve the rock wettability， and the “denudation” of oil film after solubilization and emulsification of the system further enhances the oil displacement efficiency.

Hou Min, Zhou Tianming, Chen Degang et al.

To meet the demands of exploration and development of 10 000-meter ultradeep wells， research on key technologies for the design of kilo-ton heavy-duty ultra-high derrick substructure was conducted. After analyzing the functional requirements and key technical problems to be solved of the heavy-duty ultra-high derrick substructure， the main technical parameters and structural scheme of the heavy-duty ultra-high derrick substructure were determined. The derrick adopts a front-opening K-shaped structure， with an effective height of 61 m and a maximum rated static hook load of 11 250 kN， and the overall rotational hoisting is carried out using wire ropes. The substructure is divided into front and rear floors. The front floor is a parallelogram structure with a height of 15 m， and the equipment on the floor can be installed when the substructure is located at a low position， and then raised to the working position via hydraulic cylinders for overall rotational hoisting. The rear floor is used to place equipment such as drawworks. Moreover， the key technologies for the design of heavy-duty ultra-high derrick substructure were systematically summarized， including the design technology of derrick substructure hoisting system， analysis technology of derrick substructure stability and structural optimization technology of derrick substructure. The research results provide reference for the development of the supporting derrick substructure of 10 000-m drilling rigs in China.

Sun Dianxin

The vane type multiphase pump is prone to produce vane tip leakage vortex and gas-liquid separation under gas-liquid conditions,which directly leads to reduced pump performance,thereby affecting the pump delivery efficiency and increasing the production costs.To solve these problems,based on CFD simulation,the splitter vanes of pump impeller were modified,and the influence of the front shape of splitter vanes on pump performance was investigated.The results show that the models with 3 front shapes of splitter vanes yield higher delivery head than the original model.Typically,the model with continuously curved splitter vane has the highest delivery head of 10.85 m and the efficiency of 33.76%,which are 31.83% and 2.58% respectively higher than the original model.When the thickness of the splitter vanes decreases,the ability of the front half of the splitter vane to suppress medium separation is improved,and the adhesion of the liquid phase on the suction surface of the splitter vane is enhanced.Affected by the suppressed banded leakage vortex,the turbulence degree of medium flow in the impeller is low in case of continuously curved splitter vane,and the suppression is quantified as 5.07% liquid phase drag reduction and 3.80% gas phase drag reduction at the impeller eye.The research results provide reference for the subsequent optimization design of multiphase pumps.

GAO Yongjin, CHEN Yi, SUN Xiangcan et al.

Volcanic rocks， such as andesite and tuff， are widely developed in the Carboniferous system in Karamali area， northern Xinjiang. The tectonic background of their formation is still controversial. In this paper， two typical Carboniferous profiles from Karamali Mountain were selected. Andesite and tuff samples from the lower Carboniferous Jiangbasitao Formation， the upper Carboniferous Bashan Formation， and Huxingliang Formation were observed under a microscope， and their main trace elements were analyzed. The results show that the contents of MgO （0.5%-2.35%） and Mg# （15.7%-42.5%） are low to medium in samples， indicating that the crystallization differentiation of rock samples occurs during the formation process. The distribution curve of trace elements in the samples is obviously different from that of N-MORB， E-MORB， and OIB. The samples are almost all in the calc-alkaline series in Ta/Yb-Th/Yb and La-Y-Nb diagrams， while the samples fall subduction components and approach the mantle series in Nb/Yb-La/Yb diagrams. The Nb/Y-Rb/Y and Ba/La-Ba/Nb diagrams also show that the samples are affected by both fluid enrichment and melt enrichment. The Nb/U and Ce/Pb ratios of the samples are 1.6-11.1 and 0.47-12.2， respectively， which are close to the range of continental crust and indicate that the source of the material may be mixed with continental crust materials. According to the Th-Hf/3-Nb/16 diagram， all the samples are located in the island arc basalt region. The comprehensive analysis shows that Karamali area was in the continental island arc environment of active continental margin from the early Carboniferous to the late Carboniferous， and this environment lasted at least from the early Carboniferous to the late Carboniferous.

Bowen Shi, Jiajun Hong, Zhihua Wang et al.

Abstract As deep gas-condensate reservoirs are explored, the problem of paraffin deposition is becoming more prominent. Therefore, this paper collects condensate samples from representative paraffin deposition gas-condensate wells and analyzes basic physical properties. The cold plate deposition device is employed to study paraffin deposition behavior under well conditions and to divide the critical regions for paraffin deposition in gas-condensate wells. The experimental apparatus, such as the crude oil dynamic paraffin deposition rate tester, is utilized to investigate the preventive effect of paraffin dispersants and paraffin crystal modifier. The results show that there is significant phase change behavior in gas-condensate wells and gas phase is dominant form, but there is also phase evolution. It can be identified from the experiments that paraffin deposition is mainly located in the 1000 ~ 1500 m region, and a paraffin deposition identification chart has been established. The maximum deposition rate could reach 15.50 mm/year, which matched the temperature and pressure conditions of 45 ℃ and 70 MPa. The preventive effect of paraffin crystal modifiers greatly exceeds that of paraffin dispersants, with paraffin prevention rates of 85–95% at the optimal concentrations of 0.25–0.50 wt.%. The dissolving paraffin rate can reach 0.0169 g/min. It decreases the paraffin appearance temperature approximately 40% and significantly changes the paraffin crystal morphology. Increased deposition surface area of the cold plate structural design describes the paraffin deposition. This diagram facilitates the reliable identification of paraffin deposition areas and the deposition rates in the wellbore during production. The optimum amounts of BZ and PI paraffin inhibitors are quantified. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the paraffin deposition behavior, and scientific basis and guidance for the selection of paraffin inhibitors in gas-condensate wells.

Osamah ALOMAIR, Mabkhout AL-DOUSARI, C. Nyeso AZUBUIKE et al.

This study investigated experimentally the coupled effects of hydrophilic SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) and low-salinity water (LSW) on the wettability of synthetic clay-free Berea sandstone. Capillary pressure, interfacial tension (IFT), contact angle, Zeta potential, and dynamic displacement measurements were performed at various NP mass fractions and brine salinities. The U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) index was used to quantify the wettability alteration. Furthermore, the NP stability and retention and the effect of enhanced oil recovery by nanofluid were examined. The results showed that LSW immiscible displacement with NPs altered the wettability toward more water wet. With the decreasing brine salinity and increasing NP mass fraction, the IFT and contact angle decreased. The wettability alteration intensified most as the brine salinity decreased to 4000 mg/L and the NP mass fraction increased to 0.075%. Under these conditions, the resulting incremental oil recovery factor was approximately 13 percentage points. When the brine salinity was 4000 mg/L and the NP mass fraction was 0.025%, the retention of NPs caused the minimum damage to permeability.

SONG shuling, YANG Erlong, SHA Mingyu

The availability of shale oil directly affects the degree of effective exploration and development, and the mobility of shale oil is closely related to its occurrence state. Therefore, studying the occurrence state of shale oil plays an important role in its development. The pore model is established by graphene and quartz, and the occurrence state of n-octane and its mixture in nanopores is studied by molecular simulation method. The effects of pore size, temperature, pressure, shale oil composition, wall wettability and wall composition on the occurrence state are analyzed. The results show that: ①shale oil is multi-layer adsorbed in the pores and symmetrical about the pore center, and the thickness of the adsorption layer is 0.4~0.5 nm; ②The larger the pore size of the reservoir, the higher the temperature, the lower the pressure, the lighter the molecular component, the weaker the polarity, and the higher the wall wettability are, the more unfavorable the adsorption of oil molecules on the wall is;③ In the combined wall, due to the influence of graphene wall, the adsorption amount of shale oil molecules increases with the increase of quartz wall wetting humidity. In addition, the adsorption transfer phenomenon of n-hexanoic acid and cyclohexane also occurs.

王森1,张淑媛1,周阳2,侯耀龙1 WANG Sen1, ZHANG Shuyuan1, ZHOU Yang2, HOU Yaolong1

为研究大豆在机械通风过程中的温度变化，以华北地区内径为30 m、装粮高度为20 m的钢筋混凝土浅圆仓为研究对象，基于多孔介质传热传质理论，利用数值模拟软件COMSOL建立大豆储藏过程中粮堆内部温度变化的数值模型，利用此模型对机械通风过程浅圆仓大豆粮堆温度场进行了分析，并预测了不同初始粮温和装粮高度条件下仓内粮堆温度变化过程。结果表明：随着与风道距离的增加，粮层温度变化幅度由剧烈逐渐变得缓慢；粮堆热阻的存在导致热量在整个粮堆的传递过程表现出一定的迟滞性，从而使整个粮堆温度分布不均；初始粮温分别为12、14、16、18、20 ℃时，机械通风86 h后仓内粮温分别降至4.9、6.2、7.3、8.4 ℃和9.6 ℃，分别下降了59%、56%、54%、53%和52%，在相同边界条件下，初始温度较低的粮堆，粮温降幅较大；机械通风过程，不同装粮高度（18、19 m和20 m）的粮堆温度变化差异呈现先增大后减小的趋势，在机械通风19 h和110 h后，装粮高度相差1 m时，粮堆之间温差分别为0.1 ℃和0.6 ℃，在机械通风结束后，仓内粮堆温度分别为0.3、0.5 ℃和0.9 ℃，此时装粮高度相差1 m时，粮堆之间的温差为0.2~0.4 ℃。综上，所建立的模型可对多种初始边界条件的钢筋混凝土浅圆仓大豆粮堆温度场进行预测。In order to study the temperature change of soybean in the process of mechanical ventilation, a reinforced concrete shallow round silo with a inside diameter of 30 m and a grain loading height of 20 m in North China was taken as the research object, and based on the theory of heat and mass transfer in porous media, the numerical simulation software COMSOL was used to establish numerical model of temperature changes inside grain pile during soybean storage. The model was used to analyze the temperature field of soybean grain pile in shallow round silo in the process of mechanical ventilation, and the temperature change process of the grain pile under the conditions of different initial grain temperature and grain loading height were predicted. The results showed that the temperature of the grain layer changed from violent to slow with the increase of the distance from the air duct. The existence of the thermal resistance of the grain pile led to a certain hysteresis in the heat transfer process of the whole grain pile, so that the temperature distribution of the whole grain pile was uneven. When the initial grain temperature was 12,14,16,18,20 ℃, after 86 h of mechanical ventilation,the temperature of the grain piles in the silo dropped to 4.9, 6.2, 7.3, 8.4 ℃ and 9.6 ℃,and decreased by 59%, 56%, 54%, 53% and 52% respectively. Under the same boundary conditions, the grain temperature with the lower initial temperature had a larger drop in grain temperature.During the mechanical ventilation process, the grain temperature change difference at different grain loading heights (18, 19 m and 20 m) showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. After the mechanical ventilation for 19 h and 110 h, the temperature difference between the grain piles was 0.1 ℃ and 0.6 ℃ when the height difference between the grain loading was 1 m; after the mechanical ventilation, the temperatures of the grain piles in the silo were 0.3, 0.5 ℃ and 0.9 ℃ respectively, and when the height difference of grain loading was 1 m, the temperature difference between the grain piles was 0.2-0.4 ℃. In conclusion, the established model can predict the temperature field of soybean grain pile in reinforced concrete shallow round silo with various initial boundary conditions.

何微1，李俊2，王晓梅1，林巧1，杨小薇1HE Wei1，LI Jun2，WANG Xiaomei1，LIN Qiao1，YANG Xiaowei1

为了深入研究全球环境下我国油料供给中的突出问题，保障我国油料供应安全，推动我国油菜产业高质量发展，详细调研、分析了全球和我国油菜产业发展现状及存在的主要问题，并提出相应对策。结果表明：全球油菜籽供需缺口较大、油菜产品价格涨幅明显；我国油菜产品产量和消费量仍维持高位、库存持续减少；我国油菜产业发展在育种、产业化、国民需求和国际贸易方面均存在一些问题。基于上述问题，提出通过提升油菜种质资源建设和利用，强化转基因育种研究和应用，加强适应全程机械化的优质品种研发，提高市场调控和财政补贴，实施差异化战略提升食用油品质，拓展进口渠道增加油料储备，最终促进我国油菜产业高质量发展和保障油料供给安全。 In order to study the prominent problems in Chinese oilcrops supply under the global environment, ensure the security of Chinese oilcrops supply and promote the high-quality development of rapeseed industry in China, a detailed investigation and analysis of the global and rapeseed industry development in china were conducted, and countermeasures for the main problems were put forward. It was found that the global rapeseed supply and demand gap was large, and the price of rape products had risen significantly. The production and consumption of rape products in China remained high, while the inventories continued to decrease. It also revealed some problems in terms of breeding, industrialization, demand and international trade in the development of rapeseed industry in China. Based on the problems, it was suggested to improve the construction and utilization of rapeseed germplasm resources, strengthen the research and application of transgenic breeding, strengthen the research and development of high-quality varieties suitable for the whole mechanization process, increase market regulation and financial subsidies, implement differentiated strategies to improve the quality of edible oil, and expand import channels to increase oil reserves, so as to ultimately promote the high-quality development of rapeseed industry in China and ensure the safety of oilcrops supply.

Tao Hongwei, Yang Chuan, Liu Xueguang et al.

To solve the problem of rapid plugging of oil and gas pipelines in complex environments such as mountains and tunnels,a flexible sleeve was proposed,which is a flexible plugging tool for oil and gas pipelines.Its pressurized active sealing structure was analyzed and tested.The groove position of the rubber liner was analyzed and designed by using finite element simulation.Based on the designed groove position of the rubber liner and the pressurized active sealing structure,the finite element simulations of the sealing between liner and liner and the sealing between liner and pipe wall were carried out.Sealing principle test and sealing performance test were carried out to prove the feasibility and reliability of the pressurized active sealing.The simulation and test results show that when the distance between the built-in groove of the flexible sleeve rubber liner and the inner end face is 25 mm,it can guarantee the sealing tube not to protrude when the initial pressure is less than 3.0 MPa,realizing effective initial sealing.The pressurized sealing tube bonded by cone joint can realize the effective sealing of the flexible sleeve against the leakage pressure of 10 MPa pipeline.The research results have reference significance for the application and design of pressurized active sealing in other oil and gas pipeline plugging devices.

XIAN Baoan, WANG Li, ZHANG Xiaobin et al.

The damage of coal-rock reservoir completion fluid and the easy collapse of horizontal wells are the main factors limiting the output of coalbed methane horizontal wells in Qinshui area. In terms of the resulting problems of low horizontal well production and production reduction, the integrated technology of dual-tubing screen completion and production increasing is used to solve the problems of damage to coal seam caused by completion fluid of horizontal wells of coalbed methane and the instability of open hole wall of coal seam. Therefore, one-trip drilling of completion and flushing operation is realized, the output of single CBM well is improved, and the stable production cycle of a CBM well is extended. The dual tubing completion structure of a horizontal CBM well consists of an outer screen system and an inner flushing system. The outer screen system can realize the long time support of the shaft wall and prevent the collapse, while the inner flushing system can establish the completion fluid circulation channel, realize the function of hydraulic jet, pollution prevention, sand flushing and well cleaning, reduce the resistance encountered of screen pipe entering, and improve the success rate of screen pipe entering in just one-time. This process is the main method to develop horizontal wells in Qinshui CBM Block. A series of screen pipes and supporting tools with an outer diameter of 73 mm, 89 mm and 110 mm have been developed, and this technology has been popularized and applied in 331 horizontal CBM wells. Compared with the open-hole horizontal wells developed in the year before 2014, the stable production cycle of the screen completion horizontal wells is increased by more than 5 times, and the single well production of the horizontal wells of 15# coal seam has exceeded 1 000 m ³ to the fundamentally solve technical difficulties in development. A new efficient development mode suitable for the horizontal wells in the refreshing water coalbed methane block is formed.

Wu Peng, Shi Tao, Zhao Shigang et al.

To meet the lightweight design requirements of the pipe racking column, and quickly realize cost reduction and efficiency increasing of the equipment, the optimization of the pipe racking column section dimension is taken as the research focus. The design modeler module is used for parametric modeling, and the statics module of ANSYS Workbench software is used for finite element analysis on the stiffness, strength and vibration modes of the column.Then, the structural parameters of the column are optimized. The analysis results show that the width of the side wall of the column <i>L</i>₂ and the angle of the bending plate α are the most sensitive to the maximum total deformation. Increasing the values of <i>L</i>₂ and <i>α</i> can effectively reduce the maximum total deformation. The influence of <i>L</i>₂ and <i>α</i> on the maximum equivalent stress is nonlinear. The maximum equivalent stress increases first and then decreases with the increase of <i>α</i>. The maximum equivalent stress decreases with <i>L</i>₂. The optimized scheme reduces the mass by 3.2% and the maximum total deformation by 14.1%. When the maximum equivalent stress is reduced, the natural frequencies of the first 3rd order are improved, and the optimization purpose of reducing the column quality, enhancing the stiffness and improving the natural frequency is achieved. The obtained results can provide references for the dimension optimization of relevant equipment.

N. Berkowitz

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the origin of fossil hydrocarbons. All biota, even the most primitive algae and bacteria that contributed their substance to the source materials of fossil hydrocarbons in early Paleozoic times, construct their fabric by selectively drawing on a pool of four chemically well-defined classes of matter: lipids, amino acids, carbohydrates, and lignins. Of these, particularly important for eventual formation of oils are lipids, a group of closely related aliphatic hydrocarbons that include water-insoluble neutral fats, fatty acids, waxes, terpenes, and steroids. In living organisms, lipids primarily serve as sources of energy; however, during putrefaction, they are hydrolyzed to long-chain carboxy acids and subsequently decarboxylated to form alkanes. A second class of compounds that contributed to source materials was amino acids that are encountered in nature in acidic, basic, and neutral forms. A third contributor to source materials was carbohydrates, a class of compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Matthew Menkiti, Ifechukwu Ezemagu, Sreeram Singaraju

Adsorptive component of produced water (PW) coagulation using Tympanotonos Fuscatus coagulant (TFC) was studied. Influence of the following parameters: pH, coagulant dose, settling time, and temperature were investigated. The functional group, crystalline nature, morphological observation and thermal characteristics of the sample were evaluated. Equilibrium data were analyzed using Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Frumkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) adsorption isotherms. The kinetics data were fitted to reversible first order, pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, elovich, intra-particle diffusion and Boyd kinetic models. Adsorption Gibbs energy, enthalpy and entropy were evaluated. Equilibrium data best fitted the Langmuir isotherm (R2 > 0.99; X2 < 1.6; SSE < 1.6). Reversible first order model correlated best to the kinetics data. The values of process average Gibb's free energy, enthalpy and entropy were 30.35, 27.88 and 0.1891 kJ/mol, respectively. The process was spontaneous, feasible and endothermic in nature. The maximum efficiency of 83.1% was favored at pH 2.0. This study indicated significant adsorptive component, while using Tympanotonos Fuscatus extract as readily available, renewable, ecofriendly bio – coagulant for efficient treatments of PW.

D. Kansal, N. Gupta

Introduction: To know the neuropharmacological effects of Albizzia chinensis extract in rats and mice. Materials and Methods: The test compound was evaluated experimentally for its neuropharmacological activities in rats and mice. Blind neuropharmacological screening, potentiation of barbiturate hypnosis, stimulation of the central nervous system, maximal electroshock and pentylenetetrazol induced convulsions, analgesic activity were studied. Results: The compound potentiated pentobarbital hypnosis, reduced spontaneous motor activity, antagonized amphetamine induced hyperactivity, blocked the conditioned avoidance response without affecting the unconditioned response and showed analgesic activity by the tail-flick method but not in hot plate model in the experimental animals. Conclusion: The compound is similar to chlorpromazine and morphine. Keyword: Saponin, Central nervous system, Animals. Introduction The active constituents of vegetable drugs are various, like alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, oils, fats, waxes, resins, oleoresins, gums, balsams, lipids and tannins etc. The saponins, though in wide use in the Chinese system of medicine had not earlier got the attention that they seem to deserve. The plant Albizzia chinensis Merr. (syn A.stipulata), commonly known as “Oee” in Himachal Pradesh belongs to the family Leguminosae and the sub-family Mimoseae. It is a large deciduous tree, the leaves of which are used as supplementary fodder in winter. However, the plant has been in use as a lotion for cuts, scabies and other skin diseases, but has not been subjected to pharmacological studies so far. It is precisely for this reason that it has been taken up for the present study. Plan of Study The test compound was evaluated experimentally for its neuropharmacological activities in rats and mice. The study was conducted according to the following general plan. Initially blind neuropharmacological screening was carried out. On the basis of the results of this, the effects on the central nervous system (CNS) were studied. This included effects on general behavior, potentiation of barbiturate hypnosis, stimulation of the central nervous system, maximal electroshock and pentylenetetrazol induced convulsions, analgesic activity and psychopharmacological studies. Materials and Methods The various effects/activities on CNS of the test compound were studied on rats and albino mice. The animals were housed in cages which were kept in clean and airy rooms. Room heating was provided in harsh winter months. They were fed on sprouted green gram routinely. Free access to water was allowed. They were however fasted on the day prior to some of the experiments. The average weight of the rats was 100-225 gms and that of mice was 15-40 gms. Animals of the same strain but of either sex were used. The drugs used were morphine sulphate, pentobarbitone sodium, pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), sodium salicylate, amphetamine, phenytoin sodium, trimethadione and chlorpromazine (CPZ). Stock solutions of various drugs were prepared in distilled water. The final dilutions were, however, made in normal saline just before use. The test substance was the saponin albichinoside (ALB) obtained from the plant Albizzia chinensis. The test drug was injected intraperitoneally. 1. Blind Neuropharmacological Studies Screening: (Irwin, 1959). The test substance was administered to albino mice ranging in weight from 15-40 gms in the doses of 1.0 mg/kg and 5.0 mg/kg. The volume dose was 10.0 ml/kg. The normal behavior and activity of the mice was recorded before the administration of drugs. After the drug injections the behavior and activity were recorded at 15 minute intervals for two hours, at 30 minute intervals for the next two hours and at hourly intervals for the next 4 hours. Final observations were made after 24 hours and the overnight mortality was also recorded. Fig. 1: Chemical structure of albichinoside (ALB) Naresh Gupta et al. Neuro Pharmacological effects of Albizzia chinensis extract Indian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, July-September, 2018;5(3):129-134 130 2. Potentiation of Barbiturate Hypnosis: (Kuhn and van Mannen, 1961) The above method was used with slight modifications in that the barbiturate used was pentobarbitone sodium (Piala, High, Hassert, Burke and Craver, 1959; Brazada and Bauccum, 1961). The albino mice were weighed, marked and divided into three groups of five animals each. The first group was given normal saline only, the second chlorpromazine and third albichinoside (5.0 mg/kg). Inj. pentobarbitone sodium was given in a dose of 35.0 mg/kg 45 minutes later. The time of loss of righting reflex, as well as, its recovery was noted and the difference was taken to be the sleeping time. The mice were checked every five minutes for the recovery of the righting reflex by gently manipulating them. 3. Spontaneous Motor Activity (Harris & Uhle, 1961) The method used for this was a little variation on the basic protocol followed by Harris & Uhle (1961) because the Techno photoactometer used had six photovoltaic cells and, therefore, the number of light beams was six (Uski and Sugeno, 1967). Three groups of albino mice consisting of five animals each were used. Acclimatization of the animals to the instrument was carried out by placing them in it for 10 minutes. The normal activity count of the animals was taken thrice at 0, 30 and 60 minutes for 10 minutes each and the average was determined. Animals showing gross over or under activity were rejected and replaced. The three groups were then given normal saline, chlorpromazine (5.0 mg/kg) and albichinoside (5.0 mg/kg) respectively, intraperitoneally. The volume dose was 5.0 ml/kg. The activity counts were then again taken at 30 minute intervals for two hours and at hourly intervals for another two hours. 4. Antagonism of Amphetamine induced Hyperactivety (Harris and Uhle, 1961) For this experiment also 10 minute activity counts were taken. Three groups of albino mice with 5 animals each were used. After acclimatization their normal activity counts were taken at 0 and 30 minutes and the average activity were determined. One group was then given normal saline, another chlorpromazine (5.0 mg/kg) and the third albichinoside (5.0 mg/kg) in a volume dose of 5.0 ml/kg). The activity count was again taken at 0 and 30 minutes and the average determined. One hour later amphetamine (4.5 mg/kg) was given to all the groups i.p. and the activity counts were again taken at 30 minute intervals for two hours and then at hourly intervals for two hours. 5. Conditioned Avoidance Response (Piala, High, Hassert, Burke and Craver, 1959) The apparatus used was similar to that described by Cook and Weidley (1957). The current, delivered through the grid was approximately 0.1mA of 60 cycles AC at 40V. The conditioned stimulus was provided with a buzzer built into the apparatus. Albino rats of either sex were selected at random and trained individually to climb a pole (unconditioned response) by delivering an electric shock for 30 seconds. They were later conditioned to do like-wise at the sound of the buzzer for 12 seconds (conditioned response). The shock was delivered to them if they did not respond to the buzzer. This schedule was continued for 15 days and rats not responding properly were rejected. A final trial was given on the day of the experiment. The selected rats were divided into six groups of 10 animals each. They were injected with normal saline, chlorpromazine (5.0 mg/kg) and albichinoside (2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 20.0 mg/kg) respectively, intraperitoneally. The response of the animals was then observed at hourly intervals for 5 hours. Three trials were given for each response. 6. Analgesic Effect a. Tail Flick Method (Davies, Walpole and Raventos, 1946) This experiment was performed with a Techno analgesiometer. The radiant heat stimulus was delivered with a nitrochrome wire heated with a current of 6 V. The albino rats were put into a rat holder and the tail, about 2 inches away from the root, was held over the heated wire. The rat responded by flicking the tail when the heat became unbearable. A number of rats were screened and those showing a reaction time between 6-10 seconds were selected for the actual experiment. The animals were divided into 3 groups of 5 animals each and their tail flick latency was recorded. The first group was then given normal saline, the second morphine (5.0 mg/kg) and third albichinoside (5.0 mg/kg) in a volume of 10.0 ml/kg, i.p. The reaction time of the animals was then observed at 15 minutes intervals for one hour. b. Hot-plate Method (Jacob and Bosvski, 1961) For this experiment the hot-plate designed by Eddy and Leimbach (1953) was used. However, the temperature of the plate was maintained at 65 ̊C as salicylate is active at this temperature. The albino mice were individually placed on the hot-plate and their latency for licking their hind-paws was recorded. Those showing a latency of around 6 seconds were selected for the actual experiment. The animals were then divided into three groups of five animals each. One group was given normal saline, the second sodium salicylate (400.0 mg/kg) and the third albichinoside (5.0 mg/kg) i.p. They were then individually placed on the hot-plate and their latency for licking the hind-paw, jumping and leaping was noted. In the absence of any reaction the cut-off time was 45 seconds. The responses were taken at 5, 10, 15 and 30 minutes. The volume dose was 5.0 ml/kg. 7. Anti-convulsant Effect a. Maximal Electroshock induced Convulsions (MES) (Toman, Swinyard and Goodman, 1946) Albino rats of either sex were divided into 3 groups of 5 animals each. They were then held securely and corneal electrodes, previously dipped in normal saline, were placed on their eyes. A DC current of 1m sec duration, 100/sec frequency and 140V amplitude was delivered to Naresh Gupta et al. Neuro Pharmacological effects of Albizzia chinensis extract Indian

Emilija Miteva-Kacarski, Olivera Gjorgieva-Trajkovska, Janka Dimitrova

Zhao Hong, Yang Xiaoli

Industrial CT is a kind of detection technology widely used in nondestructive detecting of industrial products. In order to improve its imaging accuracy and scanning efficiency, the loading system position should be precisely controlled. The mathematical model has been established based on the position control system experiment platform of industrial CT experiment platform. The traditional PID and fuzzy PID control module of MATLAB/Simulink have been used for experimental design and simulation analysis. Finally, the control module has been established by using the LabVIEW platform of the host computer, so as to verify the effectiveness of the strategy. In the experiment, the relative error of fuzzy PID is maintained at 1%~6%, which proves that the designed fuzzy PID controller has a good tracking performance and can meet the practical engineering application. The proposed control strategy met the needs of industrial CT position control accuracy, which can provide references for the design of position control system for industrial CT test bench.

Duflot Valérie

K. Hickman

R. Ueno, T. Miyazaki