Hasil untuk "Modern history, 1453-"

Nicola A. Spaldin

The Modern Theory of Polarization, which rigorously defines the spontaneous electric polarization of a periodic solid and provides a recipe for its computation in electronic structure codes, transformed our understanding of ferroelectricity and related dielectric properties. Here we call for the development of an analogous Modern Theory of Chiralization. We review earlier attempts to quantify chirality, highlight the fundamental and practical developments that a modern theory would facilitate, and suggest possible promising routes to its establishment.

Javier Bragado Echevarría

Tras las guerras de Italia del siglo XVIII (1717-1748), la fuerza extranjera en el ejército borbónico, que había sido una parte sustancial del mismo desde comienzos de siglo, experimentó un complejo proceso de reforma, cambio y continuidad. Además de los regimientos «de nación», existieron también compañías sueltas o francas de extranjeros. A pesar de que no tuvieron un papel significativo dentro del ejército, parece relevante poner su existencia en perspectiva considerando que su planteamiento no obedeció exclusivamente a criterios circunstanciales o militares, sino también políticos, dentro de un proceso estructural mayor que combinó tres realidades: la redefinición del papel de los regimientos extranjeros en el ejército, el aprovechamiento de las oportunidades puntuales para reclutar soldados de otros países y la exploración de sistemas de reclutamiento fuera de la Península. Por ello, en esta investigación analizamos las razones para la creación de las compañías sueltas existentes entre 1753 y 1760, así como su proceso de formación y funcionalidad, que varió desde una fuerza auxiliar para guarnición de plazas hasta su proyección final como tropa de reserva en regimientos extranjeros o piquetes enviados para la defensa de América.

Aalok Thakkar

Despite ongoing calls for inclusive and culturally responsive pedagogy in computing education, the teaching of algorithms remains largely decontextualized. Foundational computer science courses often present algorithmic thinking as purely formal and ahistorical, emphasizing efficiency, correctness, and abstraction. When history is mentioned, it usually centers on the modern development of digital computers, highlighting figures such as Turing, von Neumann, and Babbage. This narrow view misrepresents the origins of algorithmic reasoning and perpetuates a Eurocentric worldview that undermines equity and representation in STEM. In contrast, algorithmic thinking predates electronic computers by millennia and has deep roots in ancient civilizations including India, China, Babylon, and Egypt. Our work responds to this gap by embedding algorithm instruction in broader historical and cultural contexts, with particular attention to classical Indian contributions.

Antonietta Iacono

Il saggio presenta l’orazione che l’umanista Andrea Contrario rivolse, probabilmente nel 1456, ad Alfonso il Magnanimo; ne ripercorre la trama caratterizzata da un’alta formalizzazione retorica e da una ricca intertestualità, evidenziando il tema della contrapposizione tra Turchi e Cristiani e facendo emergere ragioni, aspettative, posizioni ideologiche diffuse a Napoli, come in Italia e in Europa. Particolare attenzione è riservata al motivo della laus del sovrano (re, imperatore, ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν, paladino di tutta la cristianità) che permea l’intera orazione, e costituisce anche la legittimazione per l’autore a parlare a nome del popolo cristiano, che attende da Alfonso la crociata contro l’empio turco per salvaguardare la cristianità.

Hagit Attiya, Michael A. Bender, Martin Farach-Colton et al.

A data structure is called history independent if its internal memory representation does not reveal the history of operations applied to it, only its current state. In this paper we study history independence for concurrent data structures, and establish foundational possibility and impossibility results. We show that a large class of concurrent objects cannot be implemented from smaller base objects in a manner that is both wait-free and history independent; but if we settle for either lock-freedom instead of wait-freedom or for a weak notion of history independence, then at least one object in the class, multi-valued single-reader single-writer registers, can be implemented from smaller base objects, binary registers. On the other hand, using large base objects, we give a strong possibility result in the form of a universal construction: an object with $s$ possible states can be implemented in a wait-free, history-independent manner from compare-and-swap base objects that each have $O(s + 2^n)$ possible memory states, where $n$ is the number of processes in the system.

Teresa Peláez Domínguez

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Teresa Ortega López, Gregorio Santiago Díaz

En la historia de España, los años sesenta del siglo XX son los años del desarrollismo y del crecimiento de las ciudades. Nuestro propósito con este artículo ha sido mirar al desarrollismo franquista, pero no desde la ciudad. Lo hemos hecho desde el mundo rural, desde el fenómeno de la emigración y desde la historia de las mujeres, pero no de las que se fueron, sino de las mujeres que se quedaron. El artículo, posándose en testimonios inéditos y en documentación novedosa procedente de los archivos locales, sostiene que la realidad de la emigración masculina contribuyó a modificar los roles y responsabilidades asumidas por las mujeres del mundo rural andaluz y extremeño. La ausencia de sus maridos, aunque no acabó con la jerarquía de género y con la desigualdad que caracterizaba la relación entre hombres y mujeres, sí las llevó a asumir nuevos deberes adicionales e hizo que su faceta adquiriera muchas veces la imagen de jefa de familia o de sostenedoras de hogares. Lo que asumieron, lo que aprendieron, lo que hablaron, lo que leyeron y hasta lo que compraron esas mujeres del rural, caracterizadas como viudas blancas, desafía las suposiciones de su pasividad y aislamiento que siempre las han caracterizado.

John E. Perry, J. Leidenhag

Is there a journal less likely than Modern Theology to devote a special issue to the natural sciences? When we were in grad school, we would have said, “No and I hope they never descend to that. You see, Modern Theology does real theology.” Real theology, we thought, should always be queen of the sciences. We had picked up the fads of our generation, and one such fad was the idea that whenever scientists were invited to the theological table, then theology would automatically assume a subservient position. But then we came across Kenneth Surin’s founding editorial in Modern Theology that promised to study “theology in relation to history and culture . . . and the natural and social sciences.” How did this square with the rest of the journal’s bold vision? We were not able to piece it together until later. What we were picking up on, however— without quite sensing the significance— was theology’s “new boldness.” That was Kathryn Tanner’s phrase in her essay reflecting on Modern Theology’s first twentyfive years. Tanner was not alone. In the twentyfifth anniversary issue of the journal, several former editors and current editorial board members recounted some version of the same outlook. No longer were theology’s options constrained by modernity; it was time to proclaim a pox on both houses— those too ready to culturally accommodate and those too ready to culturally repudiate. What should replace the tired options of modernity varies, depending on whom you ask. For George Lindbeck, theology should be understood as a culturallinguistic grammar— because the old options, which looked like opposites (experientialexpressivist and cognitivepropositionalist), were in fact fighting on the same side. For Stanley Hauerwas, theology should take the form of ecclesial practices of resident alien Christians— because the old options, which looked like opposites (Democrats and Republicans), were in fact members of the same family squabbling over who had jurisdiction of the kitchen. For Kenneth Surin, theology was defined as whatever would

John Denton

In 2011 and 2012 two important anniversaries were commemorated by church services, sermons, round tables, conferences and documentaries, during which hyperbolic acclamation (aka AVolatry) was showered on the so-called King James Bible (KJB), also known as the Authorized Version (AV), on the occasion of the 400th anniversary of its publication (1611) and the Book of Common Prayer (BCP) on the occasion of the 350th anniversary of its last official edition (1662), which is still in use (if so desired). Tributes were paid to the translators of the Bible and Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, who is considered to be the main author of the 1549 and 1552 editions, upon the latter of which subsequent editions published after his execution are based. These cornerstones of the liturgy of the Church of England, which, until the early nineteenth century, was the predominant church in the land, were claimed to have made an enormous contribution to the development and embellishment of the English language. However, one of the main aims of this article is to argue that this contribution deserves more critical scrutiny. When these two texts first appeared, the BCP in 1549, imposed on an unwilling people in place of the traditional Latin liturgy, was challenged by a serious rebellion, which was crushed with extreme violence by government forces. The KJB was considered to be nothing more than a new edition of the last (1602) printing of the Bishops’ Bible; in the words of the translators themselves: ‘… we never thought from the beginning, that we should need to make a new translation, nor yet to make of a bad one a good one … but to make a good one better’. The consecration of these two texts as ‘timeless classics’ was largely the work of the nineteenth century. In the second half of the twentieth century they were mostly replaced by contemporary versions. The ‘thou God’ has become the ‘you God’

Niccolò Guasti

Cristina Rosario Martínez Torres

This article aims the edition and brief study of La Paz en la guerra, a key piece in the illustrated poetry of Cándido María Trigueros that was long presumed lost. Conceived to be read before the Patriotic Society of Seville, its verses will show how the poet from Toledo supports the conceptions of the common good linked to the Bourbon campaigns of that moment while raising a dreamlike song for peace and the progress that the latter can engender during the reign of Charles III.

Javier Pérez Núñez

Este ensayo constituye una sucinta aproximación al estudio histórico de la obra literaria escrita por Antonio Trueba durante la Monarquía isabelina. Con ella realiza una importante aportación a la difusión del modelo social y nacional conservador. Así, en la familia y en la aldea católicas encuentra los rasgos de una sociedad ejemplar: auténtica religiosidad, sanas costumbres y tradiciones, valor del trabajo, respeto a la propiedad, etc. Estos caracteres corresponden al pensamiento católico-conservador, que es el que profesa y en cuyo entorno articula sus principales relaciones sociales. De él procede, de una parte, su inclinación por el régimen político doctrinario y su visión retrospectiva y tradicional de la nación y de la historia de España. De otra parte, también deriva su adhesión al fuerismo vasco, participando de manera muy destacada en la creación de la imagen idílica del mundo rural vasco.

Vladimir Shiltsev, Frank Zimmermann

Since the initial development of charged particle colliders in the middle of the 20th century, these advanced scientific instruments have been at the forefront of scientific discoveries in high energy physics. Collider accelerator technology and beam physics have progressed immensely and modern facilities now operate at energies and luminosities many orders of magnitude greater than the pioneering colliders of the early 1960s. In addition, the field of colliders remains extremely dynamic and continues to develop many innovative approaches. Indeed, several novel concepts are currently being considered for designing and constructing even more powerful future colliders. In this paper, we first review the colliding beam method and the history of colliders, and then present the major achievements of operational machines and the key features of near-term collider projects that are currently under development. We conclude with an analysis of numerous proposals and studies for far-future colliders. The evaluation of their respective potentials reveals tantalizing prospects for further significant breakthroughs in the collider field.

Pedro Telles da Silveira

Historiadoras e historiadores têm enfrentado uma nova série de tensões na tentativa de justificar o trabalho que realizam. Projetos legislativos, discursos políticos, cortes no financiamento de instituições públicas e privadas, todos eles originam uma situação cada vez mais dificultosa para a prática acadêmica. Não por acaso, os casos de depressão e problemas psicológicos na graduação e pós-graduação começaram a ganhar destaque no debate público. Ao mesmo tempo, temos visto também o crescimento da preocupação com a maneira pela qual historiadoras e historiadores podem legitimar perante a sociedade o que fazem. Uma dessas maneiras é a história pública. A partir dessa situação, o objetivo desta contribuição é defender a necessidade de uma discussão mais ampla sobre trabalho e relações trabalhistas no âmbito da história. Assim, propõe-se que os cursos de graduação e pós-graduação em história assumam postura ativa e, até mesmo, propositiva frente ao mercado de trabalho, através da reconfiguração da identidade profissional de historiadoras e historiadores que a história pública oferece. Dessa maneira, considera-se que a história pública tem papel fundamental para encontrar brechas que permitam superar o diagnóstico concomitante do aumento dos casos de depressão e ausência de perspectivas profissionais, de modo a repensar o que as historiadoras e historiadores fazem.   Palavras-chave: História Pública. Mercado de Trabalho. Depressão Mental.

Carlos E. González-Guillén, Toby S. Cubitt

All Hamiltonian complexity results to date have been proven by constructing a local Hamiltonian whose ground state -- or at least some low-energy state -- is a "computational history state", encoding a quantum computation as a superposition over the history of the computation. We prove that all history-state Hamiltonians must be critical. More precisely, for any circuit-to-Hamiltonian mapping that maps quantum circuits to local Hamiltonians with low-energy history states, there is an increasing sequence of circuits that maps to a growing sequence of Hamiltonians with spectral gap closing at least as fast as O(1/n) with the number of qudits n in the circuit. This result holds for very general notions of history state, and also extends to quasi-local Hamiltonians with exponentially-decaying interactions. This suggests that QMA-hardness for gapped Hamiltonians (and also BQP-completeness of adiabatic quantum computation with constant gap) either require techniques beyond history state constructions. Or gapped Hamiltonians cannot be QMA-hard (respectively, BQP-complete).

Jorge A. López, Milijana Suskavcevic, Carlos Velasco

Modern physics is now a regular course for non-physics majors who do not have to take the accompanying laboratory. This lack of an experimental component puts the engineering students at a disadvantage. A possible solution is the use of computer simulations to add a constructivist element to the class. In this work, we present a set of computer simulations of fundamental experiments, a key to the teaching of modern physics, as well as their in-class implementation and assessment. Preliminary results indicate that the use of these simulations produces a substantial increase in student comprehension.

Edoardo Grassia

Harufumi Tamazawa, Akito Davis Kawamura, Hisashi Hayakawa et al.

Recent studies of radioisotopes in tree rings or ice cores suggest that extreme space weather events occurred in the pre-telescope age. Observational records of naked-eye sunspots and low-latitude auroras in historical documents in pre-telescopic age can provide useful information on past solar activity. In this paper, we present the results of a comprehensive survey of records of sunspots and auroras in Chinese official histories from the 6th century to the 10th century, in the period of Suí, Táng, the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. These official histories contain records of continuous observations with well-formatted reports conducted under the policy of the government. A brief comparison of the frequency of observations of sunspots and auroras with the observations of radioisotopes as an indicator of solar activity during the corresponding periods is provided. Based on our data, we survey and compile the records of sunspots and auroras in historical documents from variouslocations and in several languages, and ultimately provide these as open data to the scientific community.

Jordan Cotler, Lu-Ming Duan, Pan-Yu Hou et al.

We propose and demonstrate experimentally a scheme to create entangled history states of the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) type. In our experiment, the polarization states of a single photon at three different times are prepared as a GHZ entangled history state. We define a GHZ functional which attains a maximum value $1$ on the ideal GHZ entangled history state and is bounded above by $1/16$ for any three-time history state lacking tripartite entanglement. We have measured the GHZ functional on a state we have prepared experimentally, yielding a value of $0.656\pm 0.005$, clearly demonstrating the contribution of entangled histories.

Manuel REQUENA

<p class="p1">Este artículo estudia los diversos procesos electorales de carácter municipal durante la II República en la provincia de Albacete, las constantes interferencias del Gobierno de turno sustituyendo los consistorios democráticamente elegidos por gubernamentales, la lucha por el control del poder local y las medidas adoptadas para resolver los problemas locales y la conflictividad generada.</p>