Hasil untuk "Mechanical drawing. Engineering graphics"

Andrea Ratti, Massimo Piccioni, Arianna Bionda

The yacht industry's reliance on traditional mold-based composite manufacturing presents significant challenges in terms of design flexibility, cost, and environmental sustainability, particularly for customized or limited-series components. This paper presents the results of the NEMO research project, which explores a zero-tools flexible approach that integrates large-scale composite-reinforced additive manufacturing (AM) with computational design. A comparative case study of an integrated yacht component was conducted, benchmarking the proposed method against the conventional processes. The findings reveal significant improvements across key manufacturing metrics, prompting a critical discussion on the broader implications, including the redefinition of the designer's role in a digital workflow, the enhancement of product value through deep customization, and a clear pathway towards more circular and scalable production models. This research demonstrates a viable, design-driven pathway for the Made in Italy nautical sector to achieve greater flexibility and circularity, aligning the demand for high-level customization with sustainable and digital innovation.

Xue Pei, Michele Melazzini, Francesco Zurlo

The Italian contract furniture sector, an important component of national manufacturing, faces increasing pressure to align with sustainability goals. Servitization, shifting from product-centric to service-oriented business models, offers promising potential to support this transition but remains underexplored in practice, especially in traditional industries. This research investigates how strategic design can act as a catalyst for implementing servitization to support companies’ sustainable transition, and specifically, how strategic design supports companies in integrating sustainability into their innovation and development processes. In the ACTAS pilot project, an Italian furniture company is involved in a series of co-creation workshops to prototype a product service system development process that is aligned with long-term sustainability objectives. The findings show that strategic design enables internal alignment, fosters long-term visioning, and translates sustainability goals into actionable strategies. The study proposes a conceptual model that highlights the importance of design interventions across multiple organisational levels and phases of innovation. This research contributes both empirically and methodologically to the field of design for sustainability transitions by demonstrating how strategic design can bridge business innovation and systemic change, offering a framework for traditional manufacturing contexts navigating sustainability challenges.

Cláudio Lúcio do Val Lopes, João Marcus Pitta, Fabiano Belém et al.

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into clinical settings presents a software engineering challenge, demanding a shift from isolated models to robust, governable, and reliable systems. However, brittle, prototype-derived architectures often plague industrial applications and a lack of systemic oversight, creating a ``responsibility vacuum'' where safety and accountability are compromised. This paper presents an industry case study of the ``Maria'' platform, a production-grade AI system in primary healthcare that addresses this gap. Our central hypothesis is that trustworthy clinical AI is achieved through the holistic integration of four foundational engineering pillars. We present a synergistic architecture that combines Clean Architecture for maintainability with an Event-driven architecture for resilience and auditability. We introduce the Agent as the primary unit of modularity, each possessing its own autonomous MLOps lifecycle. Finally, we show how a Human-in-the-Loop governance model is technically integrated not merely as a safety check, but as a critical, event-driven data source for continuous improvement. We present the platform as a reference architecture, offering practical lessons for engineers building maintainable, scalable, and accountable AI-enabled systems in high-stakes domains.

Hamideh Pourrasoul Ouzi, Marie Jonsson, M. Tarkian

Production time estimation in sheet metal manufacturing traditionally relies on expert knowledge and interpretation of engineering drawings, a process that is time-consuming and introduces variability in estimated times. Automating this task is challenging due to heterogeneous drawing styles for many small and medium companies, acting as suppliers, varying formats, and complex document structures that intermingle geometric, textual, and dimensional information. This paper presents a comparative study of techniques for automated feature extraction from mechanical drawings to enable machine learning based time prediction for laser-cutting. This paper proposes a multi-stage computer vision pipeline that sequentially filters drawing infrastructure like title blocks, removes dimensioning artifacts and identifies flat-view geometry for perimeter calculation. A combined approach is presented, where relevant features are extracted from drawings and used together with historical routing data to train regression models. Comparative experiments demonstrate that XGBoost achieves strong predictive performance (91.96\% accuracy, NRMSE = 0.0804) when trained on manually extracted features, validating the feasibility of the approach. However, automated extraction faces significant challenges, including format heterogeneity and scale detection ambiguity. This paper discusses these limitations and proposes future directions that incorporate YOLO-based object detection, convolutional neural networks (CNNs), and LangGraph orchestrated agentic frameworks with human-in-the-loop verification to improve extraction robustness and enable practical deployment.

Giorgio Dall'Osso, Silvia Gasparotto, Michele Zannoni

Territories located in inland areas, marked by natural or artificial fortifications, are often the focus of attention because, despite their immense cultural, historical, and natural heritage, they are frequently in a state of abandonment and depopulation. There are many disciplinary fields involved in the reactivation, regeneration and enhancement of these areas. Specifically, this research aims to investigate, map and analyze case studies in which design has played an active role in these types of contexts. 150 case studies, from 28 countries, were collected and catalogued; the data were then processed and made usable through data visualizations. A summary framework finally identifies the three main categories in which design-driven actions have fostered the reactivation of these places.

Igor Majnarić, Dean Valdec, Đorđe Vujčić

Except for standard CMYK colors in high-quality printed products, designers often choose metallic silver tones. With this method, designers underline important segments and parts of printed publications. Silver applications today are mostly performed with expensive foil printing techniques or lithographic offset printing. However, the development of new Xerox electrophotographic machines has enabled the application of an additional silver toner that achieves a metallic effect of silver tones. In this paper, the possibility of successful realization of silver PANTONE 877C printed with the conventional offset printing (HUBER printing ink series Alchemy) and with silver Xerox emulsion aggregation (EA) toner was investigated. The test used 170 g/m2 gloss art printing paper printed on printing press Heidelberg GTO ZP 52 (offset printing conditions) and Xerox Versant 180 (electrophotographic printing conditions). Due to the easier modification of the electrophotographic press conditions (RIP Fiery FS 200), the printing was performed with two screenings (AM and FM distribution of printing elements in a halftone image). Due to the use of different silver pigments, two colorimetric measurement methods (M0 and M3 mode) were also analyzed. Colorimetric analysis (CIE LAB measurements and ΔE2000 color difference) showed that the silver halftones of Xerox EA toner also achieve large color changes ΔEmean>5. However, the PANTONE 877C tone will be better reproduced in full tone (ΔEOFF_Xerox = 4,2) while the rasterization process will achieve higher average tone deviations. By varying the Fiery RIP settings (FM-AM screening), a better imprint will be obtained with FM screening (average difference ΔEFM_AM = 0,64).

سودابه خلیلی, نسیم حسنی, زویا سلحشور

در این تحقیق، از پوست گردو به‌عنوان ماده اولیه برای سنتز کربن فعال به روش شیمیایی با استفاده از فسفریک اسید استفاده شده است. هدف اصلی، بررسی توانایی این جاذب طبیعی در حذف رنگزای دیسپرس قرمز 167 از پساب‌های نساجی است. خصوصیات فیزیکی و شیمیایی جاذب با استفاده از آزمون‌های BET، SEM و عنصری بررسی شدند. تأثیر عوامل مختلفی مانند pH، زمان تماس، غلظت اولیه رنگزا و دما بر روی فرایند جذب مطالعه شد. ایزوترم‌های جذب، به همراه مدل‌های سینتیکی شبه مرتبه اول و دوم، برای مدل‌سازی داده‌های تجربی استفاده گردید. نتایج نشان دادند که جاذب سنتز شده دارای سطح ویژه بالا و ساختار متخلخل مؤثر در حذف رنگزا است و مدل شبه مرتبه دوم، بهترین برازش را با داده‌ها داشته است. مطالعات ترمودینامیکی نشان داد که فرایند جذب گرماگیر و به صورت خودبه‌خودی است. گرمای ایزوستریک جذب در پوشش نسبتاً پایین از ماده جاذب، برای نمونه سنتز شده برابر با 4/54 کیلوژول بر مول گزارش شد، که نشان‌دهنده ویژگی‌های فیزیکی-شیمیایی و ناهمگنی سطح کربن فعال سنتز شده است.

Ziyou Li, Agnia Sergeyuk, Maliheh Izadi

Large Language Models are transforming software engineering, yet prompt management in practice remains ad hoc, hindering reliability, reuse, and integration into industrial workflows. We present Prompt-with-Me, a practical solution for structured prompt management embedded directly in the development environment. The system automatically classifies prompts using a four-dimensional taxonomy encompassing intent, author role, software development lifecycle stage, and prompt type. To enhance prompt reuse and quality, Prompt-with-Me suggests language refinements, masks sensitive information, and extracts reusable templates from a developer's prompt library. Our taxonomy study of 1108 real-world prompts demonstrates that modern LLMs can accurately classify software engineering prompts. Furthermore, our user study with 11 participants shows strong developer acceptance, with high usability (Mean SUS=73), low cognitive load (Mean NASA-TLX=21), and reported gains in prompt quality and efficiency through reduced repetitive effort. Lastly, we offer actionable insights for building the next generation of prompt management and maintenance tools for software engineering workflows.

Marina Araújo, Júlia Araújo, Romeu Oliveira et al.

[Context] Domain knowledge is recognized as a key component for the success of Requirements Engineering (RE), as it provides the conceptual support needed to understand the system context, ensure alignment with stakeholder needs, and reduce ambiguity in requirements specification. Despite its relevance, the scientific literature still lacks a systematic consolidation of how domain knowledge can be effectively used and operationalized in RE. [Goal] This paper addresses this gap by offering a comprehensive overview of existing contributions, including methods, techniques, and tools to incorporate domain knowledge into RE practices. [Method] We conducted a systematic mapping study using a hybrid search strategy that combines database searches with iterative backward and forward snowballing. [Results] In total, we found 75 papers that met our inclusion criteria. The analysis highlights the main types of requirements addressed, the most frequently considered quality attributes, and recurring challenges in the formalization, acquisition, and long-term maintenance of domain knowledge. The results provide support for researchers and practitioners in identifying established approaches and unresolved issues. The study also outlines promising directions for future research, emphasizing the development of scalable, automated, and sustainable solutions to integrate domain knowledge into RE processes. [Conclusion] The study contributes by providing a comprehensive overview that helps to build a conceptual and methodological foundation for knowledge-driven requirements engineering.

Sonja M. Hyrynsalmi, Grischa Liebel, Ronnie de Souza Santos et al.

The discipline of software engineering (SE) combines social and technological dimensions. It is an interdisciplinary research field. However, interdisciplinary research submitted to software engineering venues may not receive the same level of recognition as more traditional or technical topics such as software testing. For this paper, we conducted an online survey of 73 SE researchers and used a mixed-method data analysis approach to investigate their challenges and recommendations when publishing interdisciplinary research in SE. We found that the challenges of publishing interdisciplinary research in SE can be divided into topic-related and reviewing-related challenges. Furthermore, while our initial focus was on publishing interdisciplinary research, the impact of current reviewing practices on marginalized groups emerged from our data, as we found that marginalized groups are more likely to receive negative feedback. In addition, we found that experienced researchers are less likely to change their research direction due to feedback they receive. To address the identified challenges, our participants emphasize the importance of highlighting the impact and value of interdisciplinary work for SE, collaborating with experienced researchers, and establishing clearer submission guidelines and new interdisciplinary SE publication venues. Our findings contribute to the understanding of the current state of the SE research community and how we could better support interdisciplinary research in our field.

Rita Duina, Marco Berni, Andrea Del Bono

In September 2021, Codesign Toscana1 organised a pop-up school animated by a concept implicitly present in many design-related debates and around which our practices as an interdisciplinary collective have developed over the last five years: the “Design Posture” (hereafter DP). By relying on a collaborative design framework, we experimented with a cooperative learning approach using the urban context as a non-formal education platform and, following the direct experience of the pop-up school, named “Response/Ability” we discuss the possibility of new horizons in the urban context to organize educational platforms that rely on reclaimed city spaces and that generate insights for young generations.

Martina Taranto, Barbara Pollini, Valentina Rognoli

Material design and indigenous knowledge are more often intertwined in the contemporary practice of design. Sustainable design is evolving towards discourses that stress the relevance of local interventions and the diverse contribution native cultures can give in shaping post-developed societies. This paper addresses the topic of endemic material design in decentralised areas through Material Driven Design experience by analysing the project called Viral Nature, a material research and design of a composite material able to host vegetal life and attract biodiversity. Originally formulated as a potential design intervention against soil degradation and desertification, nonetheless, the exposure of Viral Nature artefacts to the public showed its potential to be employed as a communicative medium to foster human feelings of environmental empathy. A case study to display a design trend leading toward resistant practices of biointegrated design, to investigate and hypothesise how endemic DIY-Material Design strategies enhance the functionality of the material experience and encourage a change of paradigm towards alternative solutions for the pluriverse.

Umm-e- Habiba, Markus Haug, Justus Bogner et al.

Artificial intelligence (AI) permeates all fields of life, which resulted in new challenges in requirements engineering for artificial intelligence (RE4AI), e.g., the difficulty in specifying and validating requirements for AI or considering new quality requirements due to emerging ethical implications. It is currently unclear if existing RE methods are sufficient or if new ones are needed to address these challenges. Therefore, our goal is to provide a comprehensive overview of RE4AI to researchers and practitioners. What has been achieved so far, i.e., what practices are available, and what research gaps and challenges still need to be addressed? To achieve this, we conducted a systematic mapping study combining query string search and extensive snowballing. The extracted data was aggregated, and results were synthesized using thematic analysis. Our selection process led to the inclusion of 126 primary studies. Existing RE4AI research focuses mainly on requirements analysis and elicitation, with most practices applied in these areas. Furthermore, we identified requirements specification, explainability, and the gap between machine learning engineers and end-users as the most prevalent challenges, along with a few others. Additionally, we proposed seven potential research directions to address these challenges. Practitioners can use our results to identify and select suitable RE methods for working on their AI-based systems, while researchers can build on the identified gaps and research directions to push the field forward.

James S. Wheaton, Daniel R. Herber

Traditional requirements engineering tools do not readily access the SysML-defined system architecture model, often resulting in ad-hoc duplication of model elements that lacks the connectivity and expressive detail possible in a SysML-defined model. Without that model connectivity, requirement quality can suffer due to imprecision and inconsistent terminology, frustrating communication during system development. Further integration of requirements engineering activities with MBSE contributes to the Authoritative Source of Truth while facilitating deep access to system architecture model elements for V&V activities. The Model-Based Structured Requirement SysML Profile was extended to comply with the INCOSE Guide to Writing Requirements updated in 2023 while conforming to the ISO/IEC/IEEE 29148 standard requirement statement templates. Rules, Characteristics, and Attributes were defined in SysML according to the Guide to facilitate requirements definition and requirements V&V. The resulting SysML Profile was applied in two system architecture models at NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, allowing us to explore its applicability and value in real-world project environments. Initial results indicate that INCOSE-derived Model-Based Structured Requirements may rapidly improve requirement expression quality while complementing the NASA Systems Engineering Handbook checklist and guidance, but typical requirement management activities still have challenges related to automation and support with the system architecture modeling software.

Sayan Chatterjee, Ching Louis Liu, Gareth Rowland et al.

The increasing popularity of AI, particularly Large Language Models (LLMs), has significantly impacted various domains, including Software Engineering. This study explores the integration of AI tools in software engineering practices within a large organization. We focus on ANZ Bank, which employs over 5000 engineers covering all aspects of the software development life cycle. This paper details an experiment conducted using GitHub Copilot, a notable AI tool, within a controlled environment to evaluate its effectiveness in real-world engineering tasks. Additionally, this paper shares initial findings on the productivity improvements observed after GitHub Copilot was adopted on a large scale, with about 1000 engineers using it. ANZ Bank's six-week experiment with GitHub Copilot included two weeks of preparation and four weeks of active testing. The study evaluated participant sentiment and the tool's impact on productivity, code quality, and security. Initially, participants used GitHub Copilot for proposed use-cases, with their feedback gathered through regular surveys. In the second phase, they were divided into Control and Copilot groups, each tackling the same Python challenges, and their experiences were again surveyed. Results showed a notable boost in productivity and code quality with GitHub Copilot, though its impact on code security remained inconclusive. Participant responses were overall positive, confirming GitHub Copilot's effectiveness in large-scale software engineering environments. Early data from 1000 engineers also indicated a significant increase in productivity and job satisfaction.

U. V. Satya Seshavatharam, S. Lakshminarayana

Based on light speed expansion, a modified red shift formula, a scaled Hawking’s black hole temperature formula, the super gravity of galactic baryon matter and baby Planck ball, in our recent publications we have clearly established a novel model of quantum cosmology. In this contribution, we appeal for the need of reviewing the basics of Lambda cosmology in the context of cosmic quantum spin. We would like to emphasize the point that spin is a basic property of quantum mechanics, and one who is interested in developing quantum models of cosmology must think about cosmic rotation. It may also be noted that, without a radial in-flow of matter in all directions towards one specific point, one cannot expect a big crunch and without a big crunch one cannot expect a big bang. Really, if there was a “big bang” in the past, with reference to the formation of the big bang as predicted by General Theory of Relativity (GTR) and with reference to the cosmic rate of expansion that might have taken place simultaneously in all directions at a “naturally selected rate” about the point of big bang, the “point” of the big bang can be considered as the characteristic reference point of cosmic expansion in all directions. Thinking in this way, either the point of big bang or baby Planck ball can be considered as a possible centre of cosmic evolution.

Vlasios Petousis, Martin Veselský, Jozef Leja et al.

Neutron stars are like nuclear physics laboratories, providing a unique opportunity to apply and search for new physics. In that spirit, we explored novel concepts of nuclear physics studied in a neutron star environment. Firstly, we investigated the reported 17 MeV boson, which has been proposed as an explanation to the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mn>8</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>Be, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mn>4</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>He and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mn>12</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>C anomaly, in the context of its possible influence on the neutron star structure, defining a universal Equation of State. Next, we investigated the synthesis of hyper-heavy elements under conditions simulating the neutron star environment.

Sehrish Malik, Moeen Ali Naqvi, Leon Moonen

There is an increasing need to assess the correct behavior of self-adaptive and self-healing systems due to their adoption in critical and highly dynamic environments. However, there is a lack of systematic evaluation methods for self-adaptive and self-healing systems. We proposed CHESS, a novel approach to address this gap by evaluating self-adaptive and self-healing systems through fault injection based on chaos engineering (CE) [ arXiv:2208.13227 ]. The artifact presented in this paper provides an extensive overview of the use of CHESS through two microservice-based case studies: a smart office case study and an existing demo application called Yelb. It comes with a managing system service, a self-monitoring service, as well as five fault injection scenarios covering infrastructure faults and functional faults. Each of these components can be easily extended or replaced to adopt the CHESS approach to a new case study, help explore its promises and limitations, and identify directions for future research. Keywords: self-healing, resilience, chaos engineering, evaluation, artifact

M. Eze, Charles Okunbor, D. Aleburu et al.

This work demonstrates in practical terms the evolutionary concepts and computational applications of Parametric Curves. Specific cases were drawn from higher order parametric Bezier curves of degrees 2 and above. Bezier curves find real life applications in diverse areas of Engineering and Computer Science, such as computer graphics, robotics, animations, virtual reality, among others. Some of the evolutionary issues explored in this work are in the areas of parametric equations derivations, proof of related theorems, first and second order calculus related computations, among others. A Practical case is demonstrated using a graphical design, physical hand sketching, and programmatic implementation of two opposite-faced handless cups, all evolved using quadratic Bezier curves. The actual drawing was realized using web graphics canvas programming based on HTML 5 and JavaScript. This work will no doubt find relevance in computational researches in the areas of graphics, web programming, automated theorem proofs, robotic motions, among others.

Kalliopi-Artemi Kalteremidou, Brendan Raymond Murray, Delphine Carrella-Payan et al.

In the automotive sector, lightweight carbon/epoxy composites have shown their benefits compared to traditional metals, and they are used in several parts of vehicles, such as frames and chassis. In such sub-components, different cross-section geometries are utilized and the materials can be subjected to various loading combinations. Determining the precise damage development is of great importance to obtain improved designs, avoiding overdesigned parts and early failure. To that end, V-shape carbon/epoxy specimens have been experimentally characterized under both quasi-static and fatigue tensile loads. The potential of Digital Image Correlation (DIC) and Acoustic Emission (AE) for damage assessment is explored.