Abstract Functionalism has been increasingly challenged by legal comparatists questioning its nature and suitability. These epistemologically-focused critiques have effectively dichotomised modern comparative law methods, leaving two undertheorised possibilities, namely, the functionalist model—understood in conventional positivist (and substance-ontic) lexes—and emergent postmodern approaches as typified by Pierre Legrand’s system of ‘negative comparative law’ protocols. This article explores an often-neglected alternative grounded in process-relational philosophy. As shown by re-examining Ernst Rabel’s original model, its central claim is that a synthesis of early functionalist theory and process-relational principles exposes postmodern critiques as imprecise and overstated—arguably misconceiving key notions of ‘difference’ and ‘similarity’, and consequently failing to appreciate how greater awareness of the correct order and relationships between levels of abstraction can enhance the nature and possibilities of comparative legal knowledge.
The essence of a financial offense in the conditions of war in Ukraine has been studied, the content of which, according to doctrinal approaches, is associated with violation of financial legislation. The features of a financial offense have been identified, the consideration of which determines the financial security of the country. The place of the financial and legal liability relations in the system of financial and legal relations has been analyzed, and it has been determined that financial offenses differ in specific features which are related to various spheres of financial legal relations, i.e. budgetary, tax, banking and others.
The general and specific signs and properties of a financial offense have been identified, and the differences between a financial offense and a military financial offense have been substantiated. It has been established that the general signs of an offense, such as illegality, damage, guilt, action (inaction), and punishability, acquire economic and legal meaning in financial relations during martial law, as they characterize the activities of authorized competent officials in the formation, distribution, and use of public financial resources allocated by the state for protection and defense. The following special signs of a financial offense in wartime have been defined: the object of financial legal relations is public finances at the disposal of the military; the subject of financial legal relations is participants in financial activities, military personnel; the existence of a distinct type of legal liability – financial and legal.
It has been proven that national security and defense depend on the state's ability to counter financial offenses, as it relies on the use of public financial resources, their lawful formation, distribution and use, which requires the recognition of a financial offense in wartime as a military offense and the ability to prevent it from being committed. The author’s definition of the concept of “military financial offense” is formulated as a violation of financial legislation regarding the formation, distribution and use of public financial resources aimed at organizing military service and performing military duty.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
The article examines the theoretical and legal aspects of the operation of law during martial law in Ukraine, which arose in connection with Russian aggression in 2022. The author analyzes the constitutional foundations and peculiarities of the operation of law under martial law, and examines the peculiarities of legislation and its application in Ukraine. Particular attention is paid to restrictions on constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens under martial law, such as freedom of movement, the right to peaceful assembly, and others. The article contains proposals for improving the legal regulation of martial law in Ukraine in order to ensure national security and protect the rights and interests of citizens. In continuation of the analysis of the theoretical and legal aspects of the operation of law during martial law in Ukraine, the article examines the mechanisms of institutions responsible for implementing legislation in times of crisis. Particular attention is paid to the role of the authorities in ensuring compliance with the rights and obligations of citizens during martial law, as well as the importance of defining procedures and control over the restriction of constitutional rights and freedoms during this period. Additionally, the article analyzes international experience and standards in this area in order to offer recommendations for improving Ukraine's domestic legislation in the context of protecting the rights and freedoms of citizens during martial law. Such an approach is aimed at ensuring national security and ensuring law and order in a crisis situation arising from aggression. The main task of law during martial law is to ensure national security and protect the rights and freedoms of citizens. However, this must be done in compliance with the basic principles of the rule of law, including transparency, legality, proportionality of measures and guarantees of judicial protection of citizens' rights. Only such an approach will ensure the effectiveness of management measures in a crisis situation, while preserving the basic values of the legal system.
The judiciary plays an important role in a democratic, law-based state. The independent judiciary is responsible for handling cases, resolving conflicts and evaluating the compliance of laws with the constitution, and also guarantees human rights and freedoms by controlling the legality of actions of other branches of state power. And this factor determines the relevance of research. The existence and effective functioning of the judiciary and the rule of law are key aspects of any modern democracy. The purpose of the article is to cover justice under the rule of law as an object of knowledge in domestic jurisprudence. It is proposed to classify scientific sources, covering certain aspects of the administration of justice under the rule of law, into three groups. The first group of such sources consists of scientific papers, the subject of which is the organization and functioning of judicial authorities. The papers of this group clear up the provisions characterizing the court and justice: the organizational structure of the judicial system; appointment procedures and requirements for the qualification of judges; mechanisms of interaction with other branches of power; judicial process and guarantees of citizens' rights; effectiveness and reforms of the judicial system, etc. The second group of sources consists of scientific papers, the subject of research of which is the rule of law. The requirements of the rule of law to a large extent concern the judiciary and fair justice determining the isolation of this group of sources. Researches in this field help to understand how the rule of law affects judiciary, the role of the judicial system in providing it, and how this principle contributes to stability, justice, and abidance by law in society. The third group of sources consists of scientific papers, the subject of study of which is the determination of directions for improving the activities of the judiciary under the rule of law. These studies can serve as a basis for developing strategies for reforms and improvements in the judicial system with the aim of bringing it closer to high standards of the rule of law and meeting the exigencies of society. It is summarized that numerous scientific studies of the problems of the judiciary and the rule of law lay a solid foundation for the further development of the relevant provisions in order to strengthen the effectiveness of the judiciary. However, the indicated problems require systematic study, taking into account the need to improve social standards.
SUMARIO: 1. LA VINCULACIÓN CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA ADMINISTRACIÓN PÚBLICA Y DEL DERECHO ADMINISTRATIVO.—2. DERECHO ADMINISTRATIVO Y ESTADO DE DERECHO: 2.1. La cláusula del Estado de Derecho.; 2.2. Elementos estructurales; 2.3. Elementos sustantivos; 2.4. Elementos formales.—3. DERECHO ADMINISTRATIVO Y ESTADO SOCIAL: 3.1.- La cláusula del Estado social; 3.2. Dimensión material; 3.3. Dimensión instrumental.—4. DERECHO ADMINISTRATIVO Y ESTADO DEMOCRÁTICO: 4.1. Democracia representativa; 4.2. Democracia participativa; 4.3. Principios instrumentales.—5. DERECHO ADMINISTRATIVO Y ESTADO AUTONÓMICO: 5.1. La cláusula del Estado autonómico; 5.2. Autonomía; 5.3. Unidad; 5.4. Solidaridad.—6. DERECHO ADMINISTRATIVO Y APERTURA INTERNACIONAL.—7. BIBLIOGRAFÍA: 7.1. Bibliografía citada;
7.2. Bibliografía complementaria recomendada.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Public law
Abstract
The Covid-19 vaccine program is a government program that shows how pandemic prevention must be regulated by law. There are many obstacles in the Covid-19 vaccine program, including distribution and post-vaccination risks. This research is needed regarding the principles of vaccine safety and legal protection. The author uses juridical normative study method with conceptual approach. The Indonesian Food and Drug Authority approve that all Covid-19 vaccine brands in Indonesia have met the principles of safety, the clinical trial stage to determine the formation of antibodies, infection rate, and effectiveness. Preventive legal protection, the Covid-19 vaccine is intended for healthy people. As for repressive legal protection to resolve disputes between institutions, medical personnel, and recipients of the Covid-19 vaccine. To eliminate post-vaccination risks, it is necessary to improve Standard Operating Procedure for patients who have co- morbidities. Law Number 17 of 2023, has answered legal harmonization between Law Number 4 of 1984, Law Number 24 of 2007, and Law Number 6 of 2018 relating to risk mitigation, prevention of regional quarantine, and coordination between the Government Center and Regions in determining disaster status.
Abstrak
Program vaksin Covid-19 merupakan program Pemerintah untuk pengendalian pandemi yang harus diatur oleh hukum. Program vaksinasi Covid-19 banyak menghadapi kendala antara lain hambatan distribusi vaksin dan risiko pasca vaksinasi. Perlu dilakukan penelitian terkait prinsip keamanan vaksin dan pelindungan hukum. Penulis menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan konseptual. Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan Republik Indonesia telah memberi persetujuan bahwa semua merek vaksin Covid-19 di Indonesia telah memenuhi prinsip keamanan, tahap uji klinis untuk mengetahui pembentukan antibodi, tingkat infeksi, dan efektivitas. Pelindungan hukum preventif yaitu vaksin Covid-19 hanya diperuntukkan bagi orang yang sehat secara medis. Adapun pelindungan hukum represif untuk menyelesaikan sengketa antara institusi, tenaga medis, dengan penerima vaksin Covid-19. Untuk mengeliminir risiko pasca vaksinasi, perlu perbaikan Standar Operasional Prosedur bagi pasien yang memiliki penyakit penyerta. Dalam rangka pelindungan masyarakat, terbitnya Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2023, telah menjawab harmonisasi hukum antara Undang-Undang Nomor 4 Tahun 1984, Undang-Undang Nomor 24 Tahun 2007, dan Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2018 berkaitan dengan mitigasi risiko, pencegahan karantina wilayah, dan koordinasi antara Pemerintah Pusat dengan Daerah dalam hal penetapan status bencana.
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
The article is devoted to the study of financial policy under martial law. It is substantiated that Ukraine's financial policy in recent years has seen significant progress and attention from both government agencies and foreign creditors such as the IMF, the World Bank and the European Union. The focus is on the development of budget legislation since the adoption of the Budget Code of Ukraine. It is noted that the Strategy for the Development of the Public Financial Management System and the Action Plan for its Implementation are a certain roadmap for reforming the budget system in general and budget legislation in particular. The author argues that in today's conditions of war, the situation around the entire financial policy, as well as around the public economy as a whole, has changed dramatically for the needs of warfare and hostilities. Financial policy priorities have changed for the needs of operational support and for the proper and continuous execution of local budgets. In order to ensure the effective functioning of the budget sphere and the vital needs of Ukrainians during hostilities, public authorities make quick, efficient and prompt decisions to maintain financial stability in the country. Today, the local budget is amended not only by executive committees of local councils, local state administrations, but also by military-civil administrations at the request of local financial bodies without a decision by the Verkhovna Rada or local council. Based on the study, it was found that the financial and economic levels are stable and unchanging, which means high professionalism in government and political decision, as well as professionalism and resilience of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Today, financial policy strategy and tactics must be interlinked. Financial strategy is a long-term course of financial policy, designed for the future and which involves the solution of major challenges identified by economic and social strategy. While financial tactics should be aimed at solving the current problems of the country's development through the timely redistribution of financial resources.
El acuerdo de paz suscrito entre el Gobierno Nacional y las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC) incluyó un punto sobre el tema agrario denominado Reforma Rural Integral (RRI). En particular, la RRI incluye mecanismos típicos de reformas agrarias dirigidas a otorgar acceso a tierra a campesinos que no cuentan con ella, mediante diversos mecanismos redistributivos o de otro tipo. La información disponible sobre el grado de implementación de las disposiciones de este punto muestra que en gran medida ha sido mínima o inexistente la puesta en marcha de esos mecanismos. ¿Cuáles son las causas de estos bloqueos en la implementación de la reforma agraria de la RRI? A partir de la teoría sobre las reformas agrarias redistributivas y por medio del análisis documental, se muestra que los bloqueos obedecen a un caso típico de ausencia de división coalicional entre las élites políticas y las élites terratenientes, junto con un contexto de altas restricciones institucionales. Asimismo, se evidencia que estos bloqueos se manifiestan en los obstáculos para adoptar la legislación necesaria para dar base a la RRI y a una disminución del presupuesto destinado a la burocracia encargada de implementar mecanismos de redistribución, negociación y colonización de tierras.
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Esta pesquisa tem o intuito de aclarar o tema de privatizações, partindo de seu contexto histórico e jurídico, até o caso da privatização do setor de telecomunicações no Brasil, considerando as medidas dos governos de Fernando Collor e FHC (Fernando Henrique Cardoso) para combater crises econômicas de acordo com as diretrizes do Consenso de Washington. Em seguida, reflete sobre os efeitos da transferência de Telecom da Telebrás para a iniciativa privada, a reordenação da atuação estatal, e suas consequências para a soberania nacional no setor. Por fim, analisa as privatizações em um setor de infraestrutura e a importância do investimento estatal em produção e desenvolvimento de tecnologias nacionais, a fim de preservar a supremacia dos interesses pátrios frente ao capital estrangeiro com a independência de tecnologias importadas.
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Este artículo pretende contribuir al debate sobre la objetividad de la ciencia, la independencia y la libertad académica de quienes investigan. A partir de una breve panorámica sobre los factores que moldean la investigación en salud pública, se pretende iniciar una reflexión desde la perspectiva ética sobre la libertad de los y las investigadoras a la hora de realizar su investigación —las fuerzas externas e internas que la moldean— y el propósito social de su labor investigadora, que debe ser el avance del conocimiento para aumentar el bienestar social y la salud de las poblaciones.
Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law, Medical philosophy. Medical ethics
Por meio de pesquisa da legislação nacional, da literatura jurídica e da jurisprudência, assim como da metodologia participante para a interpretação do fenômeno jurídico e normativo, este trabalho estuda o procedimento para a desconsideração da personalidade jurídica previsto no novo Código de Processo Civil a fim de preencher a lacuna existente na lei processual quanto à forma de se desprezar a pessoa jurídica nos casos em que o direito material admite a responsabilização de sócio ou administrador por obrigações dela. O objetivo precípuo do estudo consistiu em analisar a adequação do procedimento instituído pelo Código à luz dos direitos e garantias processuais civis fundamentais. Constatou-se que o incidente processual é enquadrado como técnica de intervenção de terceiro e a sua disciplina permite a instauração em qualquer fase do processo de conhecimento, no cumprimento de sentença e na execução de título extrajudicial. O principal mérito do procedimento instituído pelo Código de Processo Civil de 2015 é propiciar, de forma prévia e suficiente, o contraditório e o direito de defesa.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Pedro Pulzatto Peruzzo, Guilherme Perez Cabral, Thiago Silva Freitas Oliveira
O objetivo do presente artigo é refletir sobre o tema da educação jurídica no Brasil, analisando possibilidades, avanços e retrocessos para a sua compreensão como formação para a promoção dos direitos humanos. Para tanto, traremos ao campo jurídico reflexões que, apesar de bastante desenvolvidas no âmbito geral das ciências humanas e sociais aplicadas e da filosofia, ainda não foram devidamente assimiladas no universo jurídico. Partiremos da discussão sobre o significado geral da educação em direitos humanos destacando a ideia de autonomia que não perde de vista a convivência e a inclusão do outro. Analisaremos o contexto atual do ensino jurídico no Brasil destacando vícios ideológicos presentes na transmissão “bancária” dos conhecimentos necessários para a atuação no Sistema de Justiça e propondo caminhos para sua efetivação como formação para a promoção dos direitos humanos.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, International relations
Objective: to review the current situation in production and distribution of unmanned aerial vehicles (further - UAVs) in developed countries, as well as the legal regulation issues.Methods: abstract-logic, summarizing and observation, comparative analysis.Results: The analysis of international trade in UAVs revealed the leading countries dominating the market: Israel, the USA and Canada. The leading importers are India, UK and France. China and Russian Federation are important producers but are just marginally involved in international trade, having rather protectionist trade policies. The characters of national regulatory frame- works vary significantly from country to country, while the Czech Republic belongs to the rather liberal group of EU members. Scientific novelty: So far, the journal publications in regard of UAVs have addressed uniquely technical issues and economic issues have been unattended. This paper clarifies the terminology mess, analyses trade policy issues, trade and production statistics and regulatory concerns linked to this steeply growing segment that is subject to double-use items regulations. Practical value: Given a lack of relevant publications focused on international trade in UAVs in particular, the paper provides a complex overview of current state of play in terms of this promising yet very controversial subject.
Economics as a science, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
This paper focuses on the practice of making reference to foreign law in legal adjudication. On the one hand, this practice has received overwhelming attention from legal scholars in the last two decades under the headings of “judicial dialogue”, “judicial cross-fertilization” or “constitutional conversation”; on the other hand, a systematic, theoretical picture of this practice is still lacking. The paper aims to bridge this gap by elucidating the structure of legal comparison in judicial decision-making from the point of view of argumentation theory. To this end, the paper examines the various forms of comparative reasoning, identifies the set of their implicit premises and shows under what conditions referring to foreign law in legal adjudication is justified on its own grounds. This analysis will lead us to discuss the thesis according to which comparative reasoning by courts is changing the nature of law and the structure of contemporary legal systems.
The case of Tanudjaja v. Attorney General, represents an unprecedented opportunity for Canadian legal scholars to examine the right to adequate housing in the Canadian human rights context. It is the only legal challenge that broaches directly the right to housing under Canadian law, basing its arguments on two key elements contained in Charter of Rights and Freedoms: sections 7 and 15. Moreover, the case represents an attempt by the claimants to bolster their Charter claim with reference to housing rights found in international human right’s law. For Canadian housing rights’ scholars, this decision, though ultimately quite negative in its conclusions, demonstrates the need for a better understanding of the intersection between international legal norms on human rights on the one hand, and the Charter, on the other. It does not, however, adequately portray the full extent of the former’s influence on the latter, as Justice Lederer of the Ontario Superior Court of Justice, failed to address the importance of international legal doctrine with respect to the interpretation of positive social and human rights in the Canadian legal context. In particular, he ignored the growing body of Charter related cases and precedents in Canadian jurisprudence that shed light on the complex relationship between fundamental human rights enshrined in various international legal documents and the recognized positive obligations they impose on the government of Canada to implement them under such long established treaties as the Covenant of Economic Social and Cultural Rights.
In this comment, the author makes a critique of the analysis undertaken by Judge Lederer with regards to the relevance of international human rights norms in the context of Tanudaja, by comparing it with past Charter jurisprudence involving the impact of these on Canadian human rights claims.
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
En Colombia existió una legislación en la que el ascenso para los empleados públicos con derechos de carrera tenía un alcance mayor; la reglamentación actual dejó de lado un sistema cerrado que, lejos de ser discriminatorio, permitía hacer efectiva la garantía de una ventaja para quien podía aspirar a obtener un ascenso a partir del mérito y la experiencia adquiridos con anterioridad a su proceso de promoción. Hoy existe la necesidad de implementar mecanismos que permitan al empleado de carrera ascender, crecer y desarrollarse; la consolidación de un sistema protector, impulsador y profesionalizante, que incentive a los servidores en los cuales recae la responsabilidad de mantener vivo el aparato estatal.