Liandro Souza Santos, Jéferson Ricardo Brito da Silva
O presente artigo analisa, à guisa das heranças do processo de desenvolvimento
e urbanização das grandes cidades na formação do exército industrial de
reserva, o Contrato de Concessão do Aeroporto Salgado Filho que, além de ter
concedido 100% da exploração do serviço a uma única Concessionária pelo
prazo máximo de 25 anos, culminou na desapropriação e desocupação da Vila
Nazaré. O contrato, realizado na modalidade leilão, foi celebrado em nome do
“interesse público”, com vistas ao desenvolvimento econômico da região.
Contudo, a desapropriação promovida pela Prefeitura, dizimou a economia
solidária consistente na reciclagem, principal fonte de trabalho, renda e, por
conseguinte, dignidade daquela comunidade. Pretende-se explorar por que mais
da metade do investimento nessa concessão saíram do Banco Nacional de
Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (BNDES), enquanto a comunidade ali
viveu desassistida de políticas públicas por mais de 30 anos. Indaga-se ainda
em que medida o poder econômico alemão, organizado por meio de Lobby junto
ao Estado, teria sido crucial para que o Poder Concedente assumisse tamanhos
riscos na assinatura desse contrato. A esse respeito, vide o evento climático que
assolou aquela região entre os meses de abril a maio do ano de 2024, que fez
com que o Projeto de Lei de Diretrizes Orçamentárias da União para o ano de
2025, fosse readequado mediante créditos extraordinários, para atender ao
pedido de reequilíbrio financeiro feito pela Concessionária.
Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law, Political institutions and public administration (General)
Qu’implique l’étude d’un droit administratif étranger ? Inscrire une recherche dans le champ disciplinaire du « droit étranger » soulève d’abord la question de la manière dont il convient d’envisager la relation de ce dernier avec celui du « droit comparé ». À bien des égards, la distinction généralement établie semble devoir être nuancée, notamment parce qu’un droit étranger ne peut être compris et présenté que par rapport au droit national. Quant au droit administratif étranger, le constat majoritaire a longtemps été celui d’une certaine indifférence des comparatistes à l’égard du droit administratif, et des administrativistes à l’égard du droit comparé. Pourtant, outre que l’étude d’un droit administratif étranger présente un grand intérêt pour la compréhension du système de gouvernement considéré, elle permet également d’envisager son droit administratif national avec un regard renouvelé et critique.
Background: The nature of the European Union (EU) as a global actor has long been the subject of diverse academic debates. Proponents of an understanding of the EU as a normative force believe that its greatest transformative power lies not in coercion but in a policy of enlargement that allows the EU to stimulate reforms in the candidate countries of the Central and Eastern European region, despite the crisis of enlargement. The aim of the article is to study the impact of the Europeanisation process on the legal systems of member states and candidate countries, in particular Ukraine, as well as the formulation of proposals for national institutions regarding the perception of the ‘Europeanisation’ impact of EU law on the legal system of Ukraine. Methods: The methodological basis of the work is interdisciplinary and comprehensive approaches. The interdisciplinary approach is based on the application of theoretical developments in jurisprudence, philosophy, political science, and the theory of international relations, which make it possible to study the process of Europeanisation in relation to member states and candidate countries as fully and comprehensively as possible. The comprehensive approach is aimed at identifying the multifaceted and multifactorial ontological determinants of the Europeanisation process of legal systems. These approaches determined the choice of appropriate general theoretical and special scientific methods: hermeneutic, dialectical, analysis, synthesis, etc. Results and Conclusions: As a result of the study of the political will, capacity, and legitimacy of the EU to defend the values proclaimed in the founding treaties, in cases of violations of the regulations of the EU law by the member states, the authors come to the conclusion that the EU may face negative consequences due to the display of democratic reformist coalitions in individual member states (Poland and Hungary ), as well as due to favouring (authoritarian) stability over uncertain (democratic) change. Concession to candidate countries for EU accession in terms of the fulfilment of the Copenhagen criteria in exchange for satisfying the interests of leading member states may undermine the credibility of the project of building a European identity based on the common values of the EU, as well as the loss of the reputation of the normative power of the European Union. Accelerating the process of Ukraine’s accession to the EU, which is connected with Ukraine’s acquisition of the status of a candidate for accession to the EU, requires the Europeanisation of the domestic legal culture as a prerequisite for the modernisation of all other elements of the legal system. This, in turn, implies the completion of the process of de-Russification of legal science and education, the development and approval of the Legal Education Development Program, and the modernisation of legal terminology.
Firda Nisa Syafithri, Fakhri Aulia Rahman, Aip Piansah
et al.
Legal thought is characterized by the development of legal philosophy schools of thought. The emergence of a legal school was a response or criticism of the previous legal school, or it emerged as a response to the social development of society at that time. Currents that emerge and develop in the realm of legal thought include natural law, legal positivism (pure legal theory), utilitarianism, legal realism, American sociological jurisprudence, and schools of history. The entire history of legal philosophy makes it clear that the real problem in the field of legal philosophy is none other than this problem: what is natural law? From the beginning, natural law has been the subject of legal philosophy and until today this problem always reappears in people's minds. The research method that the writer uses in this research is descriptive analytic. The author uses data collection techniques in the form of a literature study by taking into account issues related to Empiricism and Phenomenology in the Legal Perspective of Naturalism. The research results have implications for the Legal Philosophy of Naturalism which can be seen in terms of empiricism and phenomenology. Based on the theory of natural law, there are those who argue that the beginning of all goods is not owned by anyone. Such goods are called ResNullius (See Article 519 BW. which states: "Items that are not owned by anyone"). By agreement between them, humans divide these goods, thereby obtaining individual property rights.
The article analyzes the methodological problems of fundamental jurisprudence. The evolution of thebackbone legal science — the theory of state and law is shown. Its prototype was the encyclopedia of legalsciences, representing in a compressed form the entire body of knowledge about law. In Russia, a full legalencyclopedia appears in the 30s of the XIX century. However, domestic science did not follow the path ofencyclopedism — Russian lawyers focused their attention on understanding concepts and creating legalconcepts. The Encyclopedia of Law actually merged with its general theory. In Soviet times, the problemsof the theory of state and law and the philosophy of law were not separated either methodologically or incontent. During this period, the science of the theory of state and law was an inseparable material on issuesof jurisprudence: the theory of state and law, the history of political and legal doctrines, the philosophy oflaw, the sociology of law, and constitutional law (Soviet state law). At the turn of the 20th-21st centuries,significant changes took place in Russian jurisprudence that influenced the methodology of cognition of law.If for the Soviet legal science there was the only true Marxist-Leninist methodology for the study of state andlaw, then in the conditions of the de-ideologization of social sciences, the authors defend the pluralism oflegal understanding. Modern scientific literature states that the methods of cognition used by legal schools can be different and even mutually exclusive. It is recognized that the methodology sets the point of viewfrom which the researcher evaluates the law, and since these methods are poorly compatible, different viewson the essence of law and the state become an objective reality. A consequence of the pluralistic approachto the study of social phenomena was the need to distinguish between related sciences of the historical andtheoretical cycle.
: Forest and land fires not only cause losses to the country of origin where the fire occurred, but also have an impact on other countries in the form of transboundary smoke pollution. The occurrence of transboundary smoke pollution that causes disruption to the environment of other countries is an act that is contrary to the principles of international law, especially those governing international environmental law. This research examines the worst forest and land fires that occurred in Riau. This research uses a doctrinal approach with consideration of research targets in the form of laws and regulations by examining the accuracy of arrangements, relations between norms and testing the norm system. The research approach analyzes legal theory, jurisprudence, and legal philosophy, and does not avoid the use of certain facts as support in research analysis. In this approach, the author analyzes the distributor's responsibility in the case of transboundary haze pollution in Riau. The result is that the parties responsible in the case of transboundary air pollution or Transboundary Haze Pollution in addition to the polluter, namely palm oil companies in Riau, also involve the state, in this case the Indonesian government as the party authorized to grant licenses and supervise the business licenses that have been issued, as well as being responsible as a contributor, namely the state of Singapore because of its financing to companies that cause air pollution in Riau. As well as making financiers, namely banks, one of the distributors in cross-border pollution in accordance with the polluter pays principle, which is the main principle that the polluter must be the payer.
This paper intends to delve into Roscoe Pound’s thought, enhancing his teleological conception of law as a key to understanding Pound’s historicism, pragmatism and functionalism. The Author will also deal with the Poundian contribution within a ‘situated’ perspective aimed at stressing some ‘genetic’ traits of American legal realism in relation to the specific history of the evolution of the common law in the US context. The text has the objective to discuss the theoretical-legal matrix of Pound’s theoretical reflection and its afference to legal science, highlighting his attitude to address the macro-theme of the constitutive principles of the law itself.
Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law, Political theory
Oxford Seminars in Jurisprudence began life in the summer of 2020 as a monthly online discussion series intended to help plug the gap left by the many canceled conferences and seminars in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic. The aim was to establish a forum in which scholars from institutions all over the world could discuss high quality work in progress in the philosophy of law, broadly construed. Seminars were open for all to attend, and we were pleased to welcome an international, eclectic mix of attendees. In selecting presenters, we alternated between a run of invited speakers and a run of presenters whose work had been chosen through a call for (anonymized) papers. Once the pandemic crisis had settled somewhat, and in-person activities resumed, we decided to pivot the series to an in-person conference, the first of which took place in Oxford in July 2022. The conference presenters were selected via the call for papers process, which yielded an excellent array of working papers and many fruitful discussions at the conference itself. We were delighted to partner, in this project, with Legal Theory, with a view to assembling final versions of some of the papers into a special issue of the journal. The three articles ultimately selected for publication here represent state-of-the-art work in legal philosophy and about its most fundamental concepts. Ezequiel Monti’s paper asks whether there are any truly conventional obligations, meaning obligations that do not just turn out to be ‘specifications’ of our conventionindependent ones. He argues that such genuinely conventional obligations do indeed exist. Julian Jonker considers the putative correlativity of claim rights with directed duties or with incidents of wronging, and offers a novel defense of the correlativity thesis against some known attacks. And Wendy Salkin poses the underexplored question of whether judges ought, in some respects, to represent litigants or even social groups when speaking from the bench. She argues that bench representation of this kind is sometimes called for, and does not necessarily undermine judicial impartiality. We trust that these proceeds of the Oxford Seminars conference will make for rewarding reading for the journal’s readership. We extend our thanks to the authors, to all of the presenters, commentators, and attendees of the conference, and to the editors of Legal Theory for being open to this collaboration.
The article is devoted to the problem of finding the methodology of science and scientific activity. The history of science includes natural scientific and humanitarian research. The theory and philosophy of law suggest that it is useful to turn to experience that of three periods in the evolution of science: to the periods of classical, non-classical and post-non-classical rationality. The authors show that the beginning of each of the periods is associated with international legal events or documents, which affect evolution and humanity in general. An international agreement or other document becomes a milestone paradigm shifts under the influence of the scientific revolution. The impact of documents on the unification of law is especially strong. how shown in the article, sources of international public and international private law, comparative jurisprudence contain elements of the methodology of science and scientific research, corresponding to the requirements of the present.
Sidney Cesar Silva Guerra, Fernanda Figueira Tonetto
Ainda que o direito internacional tenha origens que remontem ao antigo direito das gentes, pode-se dizer que sua faceta moderna, que coloca o indivíduo no centro do seu espectro de proteção, nasce em período posterior. Se as primeiras raízes do novo direito internacional começam nascer no fim do Século XIX, com o surgimento do direito internacional humanitário, pode-se afirmar, de outro lado, que o segundo pós-guerra se constitui em um marco para novos paradigmas do direito internacional. Esse é o momento histórico em que se inaugura o sistema de proteção das Nações Unidas e toda uma construção normativa iniciada com a Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos, do qual emerge toda uma construção jurisprudencial oriunda das Cortes Internacionais e Regionais. Diante de todo esse contexto, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar os impactos trazidos pela Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos na construção do direito internacional moderno, cotejando-a com o desenvolvimento do direito internacional dos direitos humanos, do qual pode-se extrair quais os valores mais caros pertencentes à comunidade humana em seu conjunto. Para atingir o objetivo proposto, serão utilizados o método histórico de procedimento, por meio de uma análise evolutiva dessas construções. Será utilizado igualmente o método hipotético-dedutivo de abordagem, o qual da parte hipótese de que a humanidade possui valores absolutos e universais a ser protegidos por esse sistema.
The objective of Pre-Trial is basically to provide justice rights protection from abuse of power and the arbitrary actions of law enforcement officers. Pre-Trial is as the guard for the realization of due process of law. Hence, its authority is not limited to Article 77 of the Criminal Law Procedural Code and the decision of Constitutional Court No.21/PUU-XII/2014. The dismissal of Pre-Trial appeal as provided for in article 82 paragraph (1) sub-paragraph d of the Criminal Law Procedural Code and the decision of the Constitutional Court No.102/PUU-XII/2015 do not have a sufficient rational basis. Pre-Trial and principal case examination should not terminate each other. Conversely, the result of Pre-Trial will be used as a reference to analyze whether evidence used in the principal case examination is conducted properly or not. Thus, when a Pre-Trial examination is underway, the chief of a judge of the district court must adjourn the principal review of his case.
Private international law. Conflict of laws, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
Alice Brocardo de Lima, Elaine Souza Dantas, Suellen Barreto Peranovich
O Direito Sistêmico pretende ser utilizado como um dos métodos mais eficazes de resolução de conflitos, seja no Poder Judiciário, ou antes dele, nos atendimentos pelos advogados ao adotar uma postura menos litigante e aplicar um olhar mais ampliado acerca daquele conflito trazido pelo seu cliente. O olhar sistêmico ressignifica o conflito e passa a enxergá-lo como a possibilidade de mudança e uma preparação prévia para a paz, nas palavras de Bert Hellinger.
Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law, Political institutions and public administration (General)
Tulisan ini mengungkap kritik Islam revivalis atas pandangan Tim Penulis Paramadina melalui buku Fiqh Lintas Agama Membangun Masyarakat Inklusif-Pluralis yang membolehkan perkawinan beda agama tanpa membedakan apakah ahlul Kitab, musyrik dan kafir. Demikian juga kebolehan atas waris beda agama. Pendapat ini didasarkan atas paradigma fikih inklusif, yang akomodatif terhadap hak-hak minoritas. Akomodasi fikih ini didasarkan atas argumen teologis-normatif dengan merujuk kepada surat al-Mâidah ayat 5. Sedangkan secara historis adanya bukti praktik sahabat yang mengawini wanita non muslim. Karena itu, pelarangan atas pernikahan beda agama dalam fikih klasik lebih bersifat ijtihadi. Sementara kebolehan waris beda agama tidak ditegaskan secara eksplisit oleh teks, sebaliknya adanya teks (riwayat) Mu‟azd dan Mu‟awiyah yang membolehkan. Pendapat Tim Penulis Paramadina ini menuai kritik dari Islam revivalis dengan merujuk kepada pendapat ulama fikih klasik yang menyepakati keharaman perkawinan dan waris beda agama. Dalam hal yang disebut terakhir, Islam revivalis berargumen bahwa riwayat Mu‟azd dan Mu‟awiyah tidak disepakati kevalidannya dibandingkan dengan riwayat yang melarang seorang muslim mewarisi orang kafir. Sedangkan mendahulukan dalil yang disepakti kevalidannya adalah lebih utama diperpegangi daripada dalil yang tidak disepakti kevalidannya. Demikian juga memilih pendapat mayoritas atas pendapat minoritas jauh lebih dikedepankan. Hal mana mayoritas ulama melarang nikah beda agama adalah haram karena pernyataan tekstual ayat, kecuali nikah dengan ahlul Kitab. Itu pun kebolehan tersebut bersifat darurat. Bahkan dampak buruk perkawinan beda agama harus didahulukan daripada mengambil manfaat. Pandangan mayoritas ulama fikih klasik diikuti oleh MUI, NU dan Muhammadiyah, serta tokoh dan pemikir Islam Indonesia lainnya. Meskipun ruang dan jalan alternatif tersedia dalam opini hukum minoritas, tetapi tidak dapat dipraktikan di Indonesia. Karena undang-undang perkawinan no. 1 tahun 1974 dan Kompilasi Hukum Islam tidak mengakomodir sehingga kehilangan keabsahannya secara legal.
Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law, Islamic law
Intellectual property (IP) law and philosophy is an interdisciplinary approach to scholarship that applies insights and methods from philosophy to the legal, normative, theoretical, political, and empirical questions presented by the project of organizing and regulating the creation and dissemination of knowledge, technology, and culture. In this chapter, I outline four types of IP-law-and-philosophy scholarship, focusing specifically on the discipline of analytic philosophy (with appropriate caveats about the coherence of that discipline). These modes of scholarship can be categorized as: (1) the jurisprudence of the IP system; (2) philosophical analysis of IP law; (3) applied philosophy in IP; and (4) normative theory of IP. Category (4) is obviously a special case of category (3), focusing specifically on applications of moral philosophy. Within each category, I provide illustrative examples of past scholarship and suggestions for further research.
Constitutional transcendence of the requirement of majority for the recognition of the right to sexual identity and the change in the registration of sex in the Civil Registry in the case of transsexual people and their incardination in the limitations to the capacity to act Minors. Diversity of legal treatment of the age and its legislative and jurisprudential treatment in attention to the progressive acquisition of discernment and ability to understand and to issue its will in the best interest of the minor. The principle of the best interest of the child as a frame of reference to analyze each specific case in defense of fundamental rights in general and its concretion in the case of minors. The difficulty of assessing this indeterminate legal concept.
Resumen: El realismo crítico personalista plantea una nueva idea de juridicidad. Reclama frente a la escisión radical entre teoría y praxis jurídica, entre lo axiológico y lo normativo, entre la realidad y lo objetivo, que esgrime la argumentación kelseniana, una instancia crítica para el derecho positivo: la existencia de la persona humana concreta, (que hace y vive la historia), como fundamento inmediato de todo lo jurídico. Si partimos de la base de que siendo la teoría general del derecho una invención moderna, hasta su culminación en Kelsen, ¿por qué no admitir que pueda ser matizada por otros marcos axiológicos y cognitivos, también modernos, descuidados desde entonces por esa concepción normativista? Por eso, hablamos de “realismo crítico”.
Abstract: The personalist critical realism sets out a new idea about legality facing Kelsen’s argument. Kelsen claims a radical separation between legal theory and praxis, between the axiological and the normative, and between reality and objectivity. However, the personalist critical realism proposes a critical starting point: the existence of the real human being, the one who makes and lives history, as the immediate basis of the legal world. If we start from the assumption that the general theory of law is a modern invention, until it reached its highest point with Kelsen; why do not we admit that it can be elaborated by other cognitive frameworks, also modern, which have been ignored since then, by that normative idea? Therefore, we talk about “critical realism”.
El surgimiento de diversas corrientes post-positivistas, particularmente aquellas denominadas neo-constitucionalistas, han puesto en el centro de la escena iusfilosófica la supuesta tensión entre el respeto de las garantías constitucionales y el activismo judicial. El presente trabajo intenta mostrar cómo —particularmente en el ámbito de los países de América Latina— no solo se trata de una falsa dicotomía, sino que en muchos casos solo es posible garantizar la protección de los derechos fundamentales —en especial los económicos, sociales y culturales— mediante prácticas judiciales proactivas.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
Discussion on penology generally revolves around the philosophy behind the ‘punishment’ and its ‘implementation’ in order to maintain a crime-free, harmonious society. To understand the philosophy of the major school of thoughts for punishment, this paper discusses the theory of retributivism as a punishment mechanism and relates it to Qisas - the theory of punishment that hinges on Islamic criminal law jurisprudence. The objective of this paper is to compare the retributive concept of punishment with the Islamic theory of Qisas and to unravel how Islam attempts to establish justice through punishment while implementing forgiveness. It is significant to note that we can find a nexus between the retributive and Qisas school of theory that perpetrators should be punished as a consequence of the crime or an act that is against norms of the community. Nonetheless, this paper concludes that Qisas is quite distinct from the concept of retributivism in the case of punishment. Whereas the core of the retributive justice system is to put the moral blame on the offender for the offence and to provide justice through similar punishment; the law of Qisas is more concerned with the fairness and forgivingness. Keywords: Forgiveness, Islamic criminal law, punishment, retributive justice, Qisas Cite as: Karim, R., Newaz, S., & Kabir, A.I. (2017). A comparative analysis of retributive justice and the law of qisas. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 2 (2), 169-177. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol2iss2pp169-177