This research aims to formulate a theoretical framework for Islamic education management based on the integration of ontology, epistemology and axiology as a deep philosophical foundation. Islamic education management theory often adopts a secular approach that prioritizes material efficiency without considering spiritual and moral values in the Islamic context. Therefore, this research proposes a theocentric approach that emphasizes the importance of monotheism in ontology, the integration of revelation and empirical knowledge in epistemology, and the application of maslahah values in axiology. By using a descriptive-analytic qualitative approach through literature study, this research examines how these three dimensions can be integrated with each other to produce Islamic education management theory that is relevant to contemporary challenges. The research results show that the integration of ontology, epistemology and axiology in Islamic education management not only provides practical solutions, but also enriches the spiritual, moral and social dimensions in the management of educational institutions. It is hoped that the resulting theory can be a new contribution to the Islamic education management literature with an applicable approach but still maintaining the authenticity of Islamic values.
What is the role of consciousness in our mental lives? This book argues that consciousness plays an essential role in explaining how we can acquire knowledge and epistemically justified belief about ourselves and our surroundings. On this view, our mental lives cannot be preserved in unconscious creatures—zombies—who behave just as we do. Only conscious creatures have epistemic justification to form beliefs about the world. Zombies cannot know anything about the world, since they have no epistemic justification to believe anything. On this view, all epistemic justification depends ultimately on consciousness. This book builds a sustained argument for the epistemic role of phenomenal consciousness, which draws on a range of considerations in epistemology and the philosophy of mind. The book is divided into two parts, which approach the theory of epistemic justification from opposite directions. Part I argues from the bottom up by drawing on considerations in the philosophy of mind about the role of consciousness in mental representation, perception, cognition, and introspection. Part II argues from the top down by arguing from general principles in epistemology about the nature of epistemic justification. These mutually reinforcing arguments form the basis for a unified theory of the epistemic role of phenomenal consciousness, one that bridges the gap between epistemology and the philosophy of mind.
Метою статті виступає теоретичний аналіз проблематики медіаграмотності суспільства при споживанні інформації в умовах війни. Методологічну основу статті становлять загальнонаукові методи пізнання соціальних явищ і процесів. У ході дослідження використано такі методи: логіко-історичного, структурно-функціонального аналізу – для виявлення етапів еволюційного розвитку наукових підходів до трактування концепту «медіаграмотність» в соціологічний науці та сучасного його інтерпретування; аналізу та синтезу – для уточнення поняття «медіаосвіта»; узагальнення – для визначення тенденцій та завдань медіаграмотності у сучасного суспільства. В статті проаналізовано появу та розвиток основних інформаційних революцій в світі та їх причини. Охарактеризовано поняття «медіаграмотність» та «медіаосвіта» їх стан та значення у сучасному світі. Теоретичне значення результатів: можуть бути впровадженні при розробці навчальних курсів з медіаграмотності.
It has recently been argued that mathematics can play a genuinely explanatory role in science. Cases where this is supposed to be the case have been divided into those where the explanatory role is played by mathematical operations, and those where it is played by mathematical entities. In this article, I analyze some of these purported cases and argue that claims that mathematics can be genuinely explanatory are unfounded. Throughout my discussion, I emphasize the representational role of mathematics, as opposed to its supposed explanatory role: the role of mathematics, even in the cases that I discuss, is to represent physical facts and help draw inferences about those facts.
Epistemology. Theory of knowledge, Science (General)
This paper addresses some of the contours of an ethics of knowledge in the context of ameliorative epistemology, where this term describes epistemological projects aimed at redressing epistemic injustices, improving collective epistemic practices, and educating more effectively for higher-order reflective reasoning dispositions. Virtue theory and embodiment theory together help to tie the cultivation of moral and epistemic emotions to cooperative problem-solving. We examine one cooperative vice, ‘knavery,’ and how David Hume’s little-noticed discussion of it is a forerunner of contemporary game theory’s concern with behavior of ‘free riding’ on systems of trust or cooperation. We develop these and other examples as calling for “risk-aware” social epistemology, which ties epistemic risk (the risk of one’s ‘getting it wrong’) with doxastic responsibility. Risk-aware social epistemology aims at describing and ameliorating epistemic practices, but without confusing over-generalizing about culpability in ways that would conflate philosophical censure or critique of bias, with “blameworthiness” in any stronger sense.
Автор статті досліджує філософську спадщину відомого індусько-англійсько-американського мандрованого проповідника, духовного вчителя, Джидду Крішнамурті. У ній розглядається його підхід до мислення та розуму, а також їхнє відношення до фундаментальної реальності, яку він називає ґрунтом. Цей підхід порівнюється з європейським новочасним проєктом раціональності, створеного раціоналістами та психологами-емпіриками. Відтак, у підсумку автор висновує, що Джидду Крішнамурті створив власну концепцію розумності, заснованої на осяянні, а сама осяйна розумність має гносеологічний, епістемологічний та онтологічний статус. Гносеологічний статус осяйної розумності полягає у безпосередньому сприйнятті фундаментальної реальності; епістемологічний статус – у наданні людині доступу до гнозису про таку реальність; онтологічний статус полягає у тому, що лише осяйна розумність може досягнути того, що лежить в основі дуальної та суперечливої видимості, а саме: єдиного, цілісного, нечасового та непросторового ґрунту.
En este trabajo sistematizamos los avances alcanzados en una investigación en curso que pretende abordar la trayectoria política e intelectual del economista argentino Horacio Ciafardini (1942-1984). Al tratarse de un trabajo en desarrollo y ante la ausencia de escritos que sistematicen esta información, en nuestra reconstrucción ponemos énfasis en los aspectos formales de su vida y no en el análisis de su producción intelectual.
Epistemology. Theory of knowledge, History (General)
S. V. Skryabina, S. A. Kovyazina, S. V. Kuzmin
et al.
Objective. In the Russian Federation on the background of the sporadic incidence of measles, the trend is not highly uniform distribution of morbidity on territories of the country with the formation of local outbreaks, including the result of nosocomial infection. Find out the causes of the outbreak, for example the territory, for 15 years keeping and epidemic well-being in relation to measles, high vaccination coverage in children and adults, to assess the capacity of health care organizations and epidemiology to prevent the spread of measles and the elimination of flash was the goal of this research.Material and methods. A retrospective epidemiological analysis was held: the incidence of measles for the period 2001–2016 in the Sverdlovskiy region ; 76 «Cards epidemiological case investigation suspected measles», was from October to December 2016; the analysis of the extraordinary and final reports of the measles outbreak, reports on the activities carried out in the outbreak of measles. Laboratory verification of cases suspected were examined the ELISA method in the Perm regional centre, on the basis of detection of specific IgM and/or IgG increase. Molecular genetic research of 15 clinical specimens were performed at the Scientific- methodical centre on supervision of measles and rubella (Gabrichevsky Research Institute by Epidemiology & Microbiology», Moscow).Results. During the period c from 40 to 51 week of 2016 measles ill 76 people, mostly (66 persons) residents of the city of Yekaterinburg. Prevailed among the infected children was 67% (51 persons), usually not vaccinated against this infection – 90% (46) of children had a measles vaccination. All cases were laboratory confirmed. Expected sources or place of infection was established in 90.8% of cases. Among cases and 72.4% (55 persons) amounted to unvaccinated against measles, 11.8 per cent(9 people) were vaccinated once, of 15.8% (12) had a two-fold vaccination. In 8 hospitals was 8 foci of measles, 6 of which had spread. Among the cases of measles identified in health facilities, 35 children and 19 adults, including 5 health workers and 3 medical students. The formation of foci of nosocomial infection contributed to missed cases of measles, late diagnosis, significantly reduce the effectiveness of anti-epidemic measures. The results of molecular genetic studies of 15 clinical samples of patients selected at 42–44, and 47–49 weeks possible to establish the circulating strains of measles virus genotype D8. Epidemiological investigations and the common genetic variant circulating genotypes, selected at different stages of measles spread from different foci made it possible to combine all cases in one outbreak. Analysis of clinical manifestations of measles have testified to the fact that measles is proceeded typically in 92.2% of cases. Eleven drifts infection in educational institutions of Ekaterinburg was not accompanied by the secondary spread, indicating good collective immunity.Conclusion. Thus, a retrospective epidemiological analysis of outbreaks of measles showed that in conditions of sporadic measles in doctors reduced vigilance against measles. Late diagnosis of measles and as a consequence of its failure to carry out anti- epidemic measures led to the spread of infection, as well as skid measles in other medicine organization, which consisted of nosocomial foci. The present outbreak showed that measles requires constant attention, especially during her long absence in the region. It is only possible to prevent sustained secondary transmission if measles vaccination coverage is high for the entire population.
Vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae type b infection is the principal method of its prophylaxis. This position is supported the results of extensive immunization which leading to significant morbidity decrease. The article discusses compositions of modern conjugated mono and associated vaccines, which has been licenced in Russia, USA, Great Britain, Canada and Australia, tactics and schedules of immunization. The special attention gives to immunocompromised person s vaccination, who possess the high sensibility to the infection.
A tradução árabe de alguns trechos do tratado de metafísica Elementatio Theologiae de Proclo, conhecida com o nome de Liber de Causis e atribuída erroneamente a Aristóteles, influenciou três grandes pensadores dominicanos da Idade Média: Alberto Magno, Tomás de Aquino e Meister Eckhart. Composto de trinta e uma proposições, defende a tese da existência de uma causa primeira que dá o ser a tudo o que existe, sem nenhuma exceção. Os estudiosos são unânimes em reconhecer que este livro pseudo-epigráfico possui um peso relevante nos momentos centrais da obra eckhartiana, tanto latina quanto alemã. Em particular, o turíngio lança mão da auctoritas do Liber de Causis para sustentar a imanência-transcendência simultânea da Causa Primeira nas criaturas, a doutrina da hierarquia dos entes, a concepção do ser como ratio prima da criaturalidade, a inefabilidade de Deus. Além desses aspectos ontológicos, este trabalho apresenta também o aspecto especificamente antropológico do esvaziamento de toda criatura como conditio sine qua non para a união com o único Uno (einic ein), como traço inconfundível da presença do Liber de Causis na obra de Meister Eckhart.