Hasil untuk "Comparative law. International uniform law"

Min Yang, M. Kong, Changhe Li et al.

Grinding is a crucial process in machining workpieces because it plays a vital role in achieving the desired precision and surface quality. However, a significant technical challenge in grinding is the potential increase in temperature due to high specific energy, which can lead to surface thermal damage. Therefore, ensuring control over the surface integrity of workpieces during grinding becomes a critical concern. This necessitates the development of temperature field models that consider various parameters, such as workpiece materials, grinding wheels, grinding parameters, cooling methods, and media, to guide industrial production. This study thoroughly analyzes and summarizes grinding temperature field models. First, the theory of the grinding temperature field is investigated, classifying it into traditional models based on a continuous belt heat source and those based on a discrete heat source, depending on whether the heat source is uniform and continuous. Through this examination, a more accurate grinding temperature model that closely aligns with practical grinding conditions is derived. Subsequently, various grinding thermal models are summarized, including models for the heat source distribution, energy distribution proportional coefficient, and convective heat transfer coefficient. Through comprehensive research, the most widely recognized, utilized, and accurate model for each category is identified. The application of these grinding thermal models is reviewed, shedding light on the governing laws that dictate the influence of the heat source distribution, heat distribution, and convective heat transfer in the grinding arc zone on the grinding temperature field. Finally, considering the current issues in the field of grinding temperature, potential future research directions are proposed. The aim of this study is to provide theoretical guidance and technical support for predicting workpiece temperature and improving surface integrity.

حامد باشکوه اجیرلو, حمید مرتضی نیا, محمد سلگی et al.

رتبه‌بندی اعتباری برای مقایسه شرکت‌ها به‌لحاظ ریسک اعتباری با یکدیگر، تصمیم‌گیری مشارکت‌کنندگان بازار سرمایه را تسهیل می‌کند. این پژوهش با هدف شناسایی، وزن‌دهی و طراحی الگوی رتبه‌بندی اعتباری شرکت‌های پذیرفته شده در بازار سرمایه برای 19 صنعت انجام شد.برای شناسایی شاخص‌های تعیین‌کننده و طراحی الگوی رتبه‌بندی اعتباری از رویکرد (کیفی-کمی) بهره‌گرفته شد. در بخش کیفی شاخص‌های نهایی از مطالعه ادبیات نظری و سپس اعتبارسنجی با خبرگان به‌دست آمد. در بخش کمی نیز از معادلات ساختاری برای تعیین روابط بین شاخص‌ها و مولفه‌ها شد.با مطالعه ادبیات نظری و اعتبارسنجی با خبرگان 46 شاخص نهایی به عنوان عوامل تاثیرگذار روی رتبه اعتباری شرکت‌های پذیرفته شده در بازار سرمایه شناسایی شد. با تعیین روابط بین شاخص‌ها و مولفه‌ها با استفاده از معادلات ساختاری، 6 شاخص حذف و مشخض شد که مولفه‌های نقدینگی، سودآوری و رشد، مسئولیت اجتماعی و زیست‌محیطی، کیفیت حسابداری و کیفیت دارایی و اندازه شرکت به صورت مستقیم و مولفه‌های صنعت، نسبت‌های ارزش بازار، نسبت‌های اهرمی، نسبت‌های کارایی، کیفیت حسابرسی و کیفیت مدیریت به صورت غیرمستقیم و از طریق مولفه‌های دیگر روی رتبه اعتباری تاثیرگذار هستند. مولفه نسبت‌های نقدینگی و سودآوری و رشد به ترتیب با ضریب رگرسیونی 0.574 و 0.352 تاثیرگذارترین عوامل روی رتبه اعتباری شرکت‌ها بودند.تاثیرگذاری 12 مولفه روی رتبه اعتباری نشان می‌دهد که شرکت‌های پذیرفته شده در بازار سرمایه برای بهبود وضعیت اعتباری خود، می‌بایست به همه عوامل از جمله وضعیت نقدینگی ،ساختار سرمایه شرکت و سودآوری و رشر توجهات لازم را داشته باشند تا بتوانند به‌سهولت به منابع مالی مورد نیاز دسترسی داشته باشند.

Jessika Houde, Étienne Blais

L’objectif de la présente étude était d’évaluer l’effet d’une équipe mobile de médiation et d’intervention sociale sur la prise en charge des personnes en situation d’itinérance. L’équipe mobile a été mise en place afin d’offrir une alternative non judiciaire à la gestion des conflits en lien avec des enjeux de cohabitation ou d’utilisation de l’espace public. Pour atteindre notre objectif, nous avons utilisé des données administratives, collectées par un service policier et par l’organisme responsable de l’équipe mobile, afin de créer un groupe expérimental (n = 81) et un groupe témoin (n = 208). Nous avons apparié les observations des groupes expérimental et témoin sur la base de leur score de propension dans le but de reproduire les conditions d’un essai randomisé. Les résultats que nous avons obtenus indiquent que les transports vers l’hôpital sont moins fréquents lorsque l’équipe mobile intervient que lors d’interventions policières. Les résultats montrent aussi que les personnes ayant affaire avec l’équipe mobile ont plus de chances d’être dirigées vers des ressources communautaires, que si elles ont affaire avec les forces policières. Ainsi, les équipes mobiles, composées d’intervenants psychosociaux, semblent efficaces pour gérer les conflits impliquant des personnes en situation d’itinérance dans l’espace public.

Kai Hong Law

A selection of new results from the CMS experiment is presented. These results focus on searches for dark-sector particles using Run 2 or Run 3 data. Dedicated data streams were utilised to explore the low-mass parameter space. Machine learning techniques were employed to discriminate between signal and background.

Eugenio Giannelli, Stacey Law, Eoghan McDowell

We show that the $p$-part of the degree of an irreducible character of a symmetric group is completely determined by the set of vanishing elements of $p$-power order. As a corollary we deduce that the set of zeros of prime power order controls the degree of such a character. The same problem is analysed for alternating groups, where we show that when $p=2$ this data can only be determined up to two possibilities. We prove analogous statements for the defect of the $p$-block containing the character and for the $p$-height of the character.

Bim Gustavsson, Stacey Law

Let $p$ be any prime. We determine precisely those irreducible characters of symmetric groups which contain at most $p$ distinct linear constituents in their restriction to a Sylow $p$-subgroup, answering a question of Giannelli and Navarro. Moreover, we identify all of the linear constituents of such characters, and in the case $p = 2$ explicitly calculate a new class of Sylow branching coefficients for symmetric groups indexed by so-called almost hook partitions.

Tuva Källberg, Chi Yan Law, Jonathan C. Tan et al.

The role of magnetic fields in regulating the formation of massive stars remains much debated. Here we present sub-millimeter polarimetric observations with JCMT-POL2 at $850\:μ$m of 13 regions of massive star formation selected from the SOFIA Massive (SOMA) star formation survey, yielding a total of 29 massive protostars. Our investigation of the $p'-I$ relationship suggests that grain alignment persists up to the highest intensities. We examine the relative orientations between polarization-inferred magnetic field direction and source column density elongation direction on small and large scales. On small scales, we find a bimodal distribution of these relative orientations, i.e., with an excess of near-parallel and near-perpendicular orientations. By applying a one-sample Kuiper test and Monte Carlo simulations to compare to a relative orientation distribution drawn from a uniform distribution, we statistically confirm this bimodal distribution, independent of the methods to measure structural orientation. This bimodal distribution suggests that magnetic fields are dynamically important on the local scales ($\lesssim 0.6\:$pc) of massive protostellar cores. We also examine how basic polarization properties of overall degree of polarization and local dispersion in polarization vector orientations depend on intrinsic protostellar properties inferred from spectral energy distribution (SED) modeling. We find a statistically significant anti-correlation between the debiased polarized fraction and the luminosity to mass ratio, $L_{\rm bol}/M_{\rm env}$, which hints at a change in the dust properties for protostellar objects at different evolutionary stages.

Nishanthini R Nishanthini R, Jayendra Kasture Jayendra Kasture

This study examines the timing of foreign insolvency filings in five jurisdictions: the United States of America, Australia, the European Union, the United Kingdom, and Singapore, which collectively experience a significant volume of cases worldwide. The current United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Cross-Border Insolvency (CBI) law, established under the UNCITRAL, does not adequately implement the timing protocol under the determination of the Centre of Main Interests (COMI). The study addresses inconsistencies in applying the timing protocol, focusing on its uniformity, recognition standards, and relief measures through comparative analysis.

B. O'Carroll, M. Archer, L. Willmott et al.

As more jurisdictions consider introducing assisted dying laws, questions are raised as to optimal oversight mechanisms. There have been a variety of approaches taken internationally to oversight of individual cases of assisted dying. All jurisdictions examined in this article require clinical prospective review, where a second practitioner assesses the person’s eligibility. Jurisdictions also uniformly permit some kind of state retrospective review, whereby a patient’s death is examined after they have died although the nature of these reviews varies. Some jurisdictions have introduced state prospective review, where approval is required before assisted dying can occur, and Québec has a system of clinical retrospective review. Some recent approaches challenge the traditional dichotomy of prospective and retrospective review by also introducing the capability of undertaking some form of contemporaneous review. This article undertakes a detailed examination and comparison of the various international approaches to oversight of individual cases of assisted dying.

Abdulsatar Ghafari, Mahbubullah Rohani

Bill of exchange, as one of the oldest and most reliable commercial instruments, plays a significant role in facilitating domestic and international transactions and enables payment without direct cash transfer. This written document, signed by the issuer, orders the payment of a specified amount unconditionally on a fixed date or on demand to the holder and has both legal and economic nature. This research examines the legal and Islamic jurisprudential (Shariah) framework governing the use of bills of exchange within Afghanistan’s payment and banking system. Bills of exchange, as key financial instruments in commercial transactions, play a vital role in facilitating trade and credit. However, their application in Afghanistan remains limited due to legal ambiguities, enforcement challenges, and religious considerations. The importance of studying the bill of exchange within Afghanistan’s banking system lies in its potential use as a tool for short-term financing, payment guarantee, reduction of cash requirements, and banking risk management. The aim of this study is to provide a legal and jurisprudential analysis of the bill of exchange under Afghan laws and to compare it with international standards, such as the Geneva Convention and the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (UCP). The research method employed is library research and a comparative analysis of legal documents and international regulations. The findings indicate that despite the clear legal status of the bill of exchange, its practical application remains limited, with the main factors being weak banking and judicial infrastructure, lack of trust among traders, absence of standardized digital templates, and predominance of traditional money transfer systems such as remittances. Strengthening legal and banking infrastructure, increasing commercial trust, and establishing digital mechanisms are required.

Pierangelo Blandino

This paper explores the possibility of a standard legal language (e.g. English) for a principled evolution of law in line with technological development. In doing so, reference is made to blockchain networks and smart contracts to emphasise the discontinuity with the liberal legal tradition when it comes to decentralisation and binary code language. Methodologically, the argument is built on the underlying relation between law, semiotics and new forms of media adding to natural language; namely: code and symbols. In what follows, I will concentrate on the study of factors that explain why such approach can be fruitful for the future of law and innovation. I have three reasons for selecting this topic. The first is a more pragmatic reason, based on my current research of law as a linguistic phenomenon. Secondly, the topic does also touch the matter on binary code language, rivalrous to legal alphabetic language. Lastly, the study aims at emphasizing the pivotal role of the jurist as an interpreter in a changing society accommodating diverging realms of reality. The study is structured as follows. Firstly, a quick exam of the traits of blockchain networks would provide the contextual link to establish the arguments in support of the need of a standard legal language. Secondly, a comparison between liberal legal institutions and theory of semiotics is set to perceive their functioning and ascertain their limits in the light of todays unprecedented changes. Thirdly, a summary on blockchain networks’ legal features would constitute the thrust behind the idea of a uniform legal language. Methodologically, the argument does also establish some relations with classical laws of physics and philosophy of media. Its aim is to demonstrate how the suggested legal interpretation and semiotic-based approach can contribute to overcome existing stumbling blocks including, but not limited to, the lack of cooperation at the international level as well as the gap in State norms when it comes to innovation. In this sense, the proposed strategies do not intend to replace current advances in the legal thought. In contrast, it seeks to harmonise their results providing a methodical approach that can concur to inform a new technique to address new controversial issues. In practice, the proposed method regarding the adoption of a uniform legal language would lower transactive costs in terms of normative coordination in the matter of international cooperation and in the definition of applicable law among different legal systems. Alternatively, it might contribute to the convergence of legal systems and/or their underlying concepts. Differently put, article’s contribution can be envisaged in fostering juridical consistency with regards to different forms of languages’ coexistence.

O. S. Voltornist

The Hague Conference on Private International Law (hereinafter – “Conference”) has played a pivotal role in the development and unification of jurisdictional rules in private international law. This paper examines the outcomes of the Conference various conventions, focusing on their impact on harmonizing jurisdictional frameworks among member states. By analyzing key conventions, such as the 1965 Hague Convention on Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents, the 1970 Hague Convention on the Taking of Evidence Abroad in Civil or Commercial Matters, and the 2005 Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements, this research highlights how these instruments address conflicts of laws and jurisdictional disputes in cross-border cases. The paper further explores the challenges faced in implementing these conventions, including differing national interpretations and the influence of domestic legal systems on international agreements. Through comparative analysis, it evaluates the effectiveness of these conventions in reducing forum shopping and ensuring more predictable outcomes for parties involved in international disputes. Moreover, this study reflects on the future prospects for further unification of jurisdiction rules, considering emerging trends such as globalization, digitalization, and the increasing complexity of cross-border legal issues. The research aims to contribute to the discourse on private international law by providing insights into the Conference achievements and identifying areas where further efforts are needed to enhance the coherence and effectiveness of jurisdictional rules. Ultimately, the findings underscore the significance of international cooperation in resolving jurisdictional challenges and advancing the uniform application of private international law principles. The success of the Hague Conference, however, hinges not only on the adoption of conventions but also on the degree to which states integrate these instruments into their domestic legal frameworks. Inconsistencies in ratification and divergent national practices often dilute the intended harmonization, creating gaps in enforcement and legal uncertainty. Some major economies have yet to ratify key conventions, limiting their global reach and diminishing the benefits of predictability and uniformity. These obstacles highlight the need for stronger mechanisms to monitor and encourage compliance, along with the development of flexible frameworks that can accommodate diverse legal traditions while still promoting convergence. Enhanced dialogue among member states and targeted technical assistance could foster broader participation, ensuring that the potential of the Conference’s conventions is fully realized.

R. Beheshti

An authoritative, in-depth examination of remedies in international sales of manufactured goods, this book provides a detailed analysis of the remedies available to a commercial buyer. The book concentrates on four prominent legal regimes, namely the UK sales law, the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 1980 (CISG), the American Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), and the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts 2016 (UPICC). It surveys the remedies available to a commercial buyer in the event that a seller fails to fulfil the contractual obligations stipulated by an international sales transaction of manufactured goods. The remedies investigated are self-help remedies, including suspension of performance and termination; monetary remedies, including damages and price reduction; and performance remedies including specific performance and the right to cure. Providing access to, and analysis of, cases and arbitral decisions from all over the world, the book scrutinises the strengths and weaknesses of buyers’ remedies through comparative and normative examination.

Instituto Brasileiro de Ciências Criminais

A possibilidade de remição de pena por meio da leitura fomenta movimentações no campo jurídico há anos. Em 2013, a Recomendação do CNJ nº 44 estabeleceu os parâmetros para fins de remição de pena pelo estudo e previu sua equivalência para a leitura.

S. Mukherjee, S. R. Sitaram, X. Wang et al.

Infrared spectroscopy currently requires the use of bulky, expensive, and/or fragile spectrometers. For gas sensing, environmental monitoring, or other applications in the field, an inexpensive, compact, robust on-chip spectrometer is needed. One way to achieve this goal is through gradient permittivity materials, in which the material permittivity changes as a function of position in the plane. In this paper, we demonstrate the synthesis of infrared gradient permittivity materials using shadow mask molecular beam epitaxy. The permittivity of our material changes as a function of position in the lateral direction, allowing us to confine varying wavelengths of infrared light at varying horizontal locations. We see an electric field enhancement corresponding to a wavenumber gradient of ~650 cm$^{-1}$ to 900 cm$^{-1}$ over an in-plane gradient width of ~13 $μ$ m on the flat mesa of our sample. In addition, we see a wavenumber gradient of ~900 cm$^{-1}$ to 1250 cm$^{-1}$ over an in-plane gradient width of ~13 $μ$m on the slope of our sample. These two different wavenumber gradient regions develop on two opposite sides of our material. This demonstration of a scalable method of creating an in-plane gradient permittivity material could be leveraged for the creation of a variety of miniature infrared devices, such as an ultracompact spectrometer.

John Francis, Stephen Law

We explore simple methods for adapting a trained multi-task UNet which predicts canopy cover and height to a new geographic setting using remotely sensed data without the need of training a domain-adaptive classifier and extensive fine-tuning. Extending previous research, we followed a selective alignment process to identify similar images in the two geographical domains and then tested an array of data-based unsupervised domain adaptation approaches in a zero-shot setting as well as with a small amount of fine-tuning. We find that the selective aligned data-based image matching methods produce promising results in a zero-shot setting, and even more so with a small amount of fine-tuning. These methods outperform both an untransformed baseline and a popular data-based image-to-image translation model. The best performing methods were pixel distribution adaptation and fourier domain adaptation on the canopy cover and height tasks respectively.

Qihua Zhang, Maria Hilse, Wesley Auker et al.

Tin telluride (SnTe) is an IV-VI semiconductor with a topological crystalline insulator band structure, high thermoelectric performance, and in-plane ferroelectricity. Despite its many applications, there has been little work focused on understanding the growth mechanisms of SnTe thin films. In this manuscript, we investigate the molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) synthesis of SnTe (111) thin films on InP (111)A substrates. We explore the effect of substrate temperature, Te:Sn flux ratio, and growth rate on the film quality. Using a substrate temperature of 340 °C, a Te:Sn flux ratio of 3, and a growth rate of 0.48 Å/s, fully coalesced and single crystalline SnTe (111) epitaxial layers with x-ray rocking curve full-width-at-half-maxima (FWHM) of 0.09° and root-mean-square surface roughness as low as 0.2 nm have been obtained. Despite the 7.5% lattice mismatch between the SnTe (111) film and the InP (111)A substrate, reciprocal space mapping indicates that the 15 nm SnTe layer is fully relaxed. We show that a periodic interfacial misfit (IMF) dislocation array forms at the SnTe/InP heterointerface, where each IMF dislocation is separated by 14 InP lattice sites/13 SnTe lattice sites, providing rapid strain relaxation and yielding the high quality SnTe layer. This is the first report of an IMF array forming in a rock-salt on zinc-blende material system and at an IV-VI on III-V heterointerface, and highlights the potential for SnTe as a buffer layer for epitaxial telluride film growth. This work represents an important milestone in enabling the heterointegration between IV-VI and III-V semiconductors to create multifunctional devices.

Abdulkarim Althiyabi

: This paper delves into the theoretical foundations of International Commercial Arbitration (ICA), examining the nuanced debates and perspectives that define this pivotal area of international dispute resolution. Through a comprehensive analysis, the paper navigates the terrain of the four predominant theories in ICA: the Jurisdictional Theory, the Contractual Theory, the Hybrid Theory, and the Autonomous Theory. Each theory offers a distinct lens through which the nature, operational dynamics, and challenges of ICA are interpreted, shedding light on the multifaceted relationship between arbitration practices and the legal frameworks within which they operate. Key findings from this exploration highlight the diversity of thought surrounding ICA, emphasizing the critical role of party autonomy, the influence of state law, and the unique characteristics that define arbitration as an autonomous entity within the global legal order. Practical challenges, including the enforceability of arbitral awards and the interplay between national laws and arbitration agreements, are identified, underscoring the complex interdependencies that shape ICA's application in real-world scenarios. The paper concludes with six strategic recommendations aimed at enhancing the legal frameworks governing ICA, promoting uniformity in the enforcement of arbitral awards, and fostering a more informed and collaborative global arbitration community. By advocating for a harmonized approach that embraces the insights of various theoretical perspectives, the paper proposes pathways for advancing the efficacy, fairness, and global acceptance of ICA as an essential mechanism for resolving international commercial disputes.

Laura Baccaglini

SOMMARIO: 1. La protezione del patrimonio nella composizione negoziata della crisi. – 2. Il contenuto delle misure protettive. – 3. La selettività soggettiva delle misure protettive. – 4. (segue) Quando, e fino a quando, è possibile una selezione delle misure protettive, o dei loro destinatari. – 5. Le misure cautelari. – 6. Profili processuali del procedimento di conferma, revoca modifica delle misure protettive e/o concessione delle misure cautelari. - 7. Il vaglio del giudice in sede di conferma (o revoca) delle misure protettive. – 8. La durata delle misure protettive: la loro proroga e revoca. Presupposti e procedimento. – 9. Revoca o mancata conferma delle misure protettive e decorrenza degli effetti.

Gábor Kurunczi

One measure of a democratic rule of law is how the state defines the framework for the exercise of representative democracy, and who it grants the right to participate in representative democracy (i.e. who it considers to belong to the people). However, this dual nature of the right to vote raises a number of questions. For example, before the 2018 Hungarian parliamentary elections and during the campaign period, critical voices were heard criticising the system used in Hungarian parliamentary elections (including the institution of winner compensation). By contrast, the fundamental nature of the right to vote, i.e. the subjective aspect, is less often the focus of attention. In this respect, the question rightly arises as to whether the importance of the right to vote as a fundamental right has not been lost. Has the role of different electoral techniques and electoral systems not become a more important issue than the definition and possible extension of the scope of the electorate? Starting from the dual nature of electoral law, the study examines the requirements that can be imposed on electoral systems and the characteristics and challenges of electoral law as a fundamental right.