Hasil untuk "Building construction"

Aldo Canfora, Eleonora Bergamaschi, Riccardo Mioli et al.

Urban Building Energy Modeling (UBEM) plays a central role in understanding and forecasting energy consumption at the city scale. In this work, we present a UBEM pipeline that integrates EnergyPlus simulations, high-performance computing (HPC), and open geospatial datasets to estimate the energy demand of buildings in Bologna, Italy. Geometric information including building footprints and heights was obtained from the Bologna Open Data portal and enhanced with aerial LiDAR measurements. Non-geometric attributes such as construction materials, insulation characteristics, and window performance were derived from regional building regulations and the European TABULA database. The computation was carried out on Leonardo, the Cineca-hosted supercomputer, enabling the simulation of approximately 25,000 buildings in under 30 minutes.

Karolina Skrivankova, Mark Handley, Stephen Hailes

Operating an intelligent smart building automation system in 2025 is met with many challenges: hardware failures, vendor obsolescence, evolving security threats and more. None of these have been comprehensibly addressed by the industrial building nor home automation industries, limiting feasibility of operating large, truly smart automation deployments. This paper introduces KaOS, a distributed control platform for constructing robust and evolvable smart building automation systems using affordable, off-the-shelf IoT hardware. Supporting control applications and distributed system operations by leveraging containerisation and managed resource access, KaOS seeks to achieve flexibility, security, and fault tolerance without sacrificing cost-effectiveness. Initial evaluation confirms the practical feasibility of our approach, highlighting its potential to sustainably maintain and incrementally evolve building control functionalities over extended timeframes.

Luis Morales-Navarro, Daniel J. Noh, Yasmin B. Kafai

As generative language models (GLMs) have gained popularity, youth are increasingly using them in their everyday lives. As such, most research has centered on supporting youth as users of GLM-powered systems. However, we know little of how to engage youth in the design of these models. Building on the rich legacy of child-computer interaction research that positions youth as designers of computing systems, we explore how to support young people in designing GLMs. Through a case study of three teenagers (ages 14-15) building a babyGPT screenplay generator, we illustrate how the team developed a model while engaging in artificial intelligence/machine learning-relevant data practices and addressing ethical issues. This paper contributes a case study that demonstrates the feasibility of engaging youth in building GLMs.

Haozhou Zhai, Yanzhe Gao, Tianjiang Hu

Fire scene datasets are crucial for training robust computer vision models, particularly in tasks such as fire early warning and emergency rescue operations. However, among the currently available fire-related data, there is a significant shortage of annotated data specifically targeting building units.To tackle this issue, we introduce an annotated dataset of building units captured by drones, which incorporates multiple enhancement techniques. We construct backgrounds using real multi-story scenes, combine motion blur and brightness adjustment to enhance the authenticity of the captured images, simulate drone shooting conditions under various circumstances, and employ large models to generate fire effects at different locations.The synthetic dataset generated by this method encompasses a wide range of building scenarios, with a total of 1,978 images. This dataset can effectively improve the generalization ability of fire unit detection, providing multi-scenario and scalable data while reducing the risks and costs associated with collecting real fire data. The dataset is available at https://github.com/boilermakerr/FireUnitData.

MASTAC LAVINIA , FILIP COSMIN , TRANDAFIR RALUCA ANDREEA

The realm of construction is presently experiencing a remarkable metamorphosis, propelled by advancements in technology, economic imperatives, and a growing insistence on sustainability. This study examines the central themes of construction research through a bibliometric approach. The VOSviewer software was used to identify relationships and trends between concepts such as digitalization, innovation, sustainability and cost management. The results indicate an increasing focus on the integration of advanced technologies such as Building Information Modeling (BIM), automation and resource management. The geographical distribution of the research highlights the dominance of countries such as China, the United States and the United Kingdom, alongside emerging contributions from regions such as Malaysia and Hong Kong. Nevertheless, considerable disparities endure, particularly within rising economies. The insufficient allocation of resources towards research and development for small and medium enterprises serves as a significant impediment to the broad embrace of advanced technologies. The study highlights the need for an interdisciplinary approach, where collaboration with fields such as economics, management, ecology and human resources is necessary to maximize the potential of the industry. The study underscores the significance of bespoke public policies and efficacious international collaborations to foster the extensive embrace of innovative technologies and sustainable solutions.

Bruno Postle, Nikos A. Salingaros

This paper combines Christopher Alexander’s pattern language with generative AI into a hybrid design framework. The result is a narrative synthesis that can be useful for informed project design. Advanced large language models (LLMs) enable the real-time synthesis of design patterns, making complex architectural choices accessible and comprehensible to stakeholders without specialized architectural knowledge. A lightweight, web-based tool lets project teams rapidly assemble context-specific subsets of Alexander’s 253 patterns, reducing a traditionally unwieldy 1166-page corpus to a concise, shareable list. Demonstrated through a case study of a university department building, this method results in environments that are psychologically welcoming, fostering health, productivity, and emotional well-being. LLMs translate these curated patterns into vivid experiential narratives—complete with neuroscientifically informed ornamentation. LLMs produce representative images from the verbal narrative, revealing a surprisingly traditional design that was never input as a prompt. Two separate LLMs (for cross-checking) then predict the pattern-generated design to catalyze improved productivity as compared to a standard campus building. By bridging abstract design principles and concrete human experience, this approach democratizes architectural planning grounded on Alexander’s human-centered, participatory ethos.

Rofiat Bunmi Mudashiru, Maryam Yusuf-Olawuyi, Aliyu Tijani et al.

The design of an aquaponics system is a major drive in achieving a sustainable agricultural practice, tackling environmental problems, and food security. Aquaponics provides a conservative technique that integrates both hydroponics and aquaculture in regions with minimal arable land. This current study aims to design and build an aquaponics system that is suitable and beneficial to its environment. The objectives of building the aquaponics system are to cultivate fish and plants in a closed system that can reduce the requirement for chemical-based nutrients and increase water-use efficiency. Preliminary assessment, design, and preparations of drawings were applied to obtain a suitable plan for the aquaponics system. Civil, construction, plumbing, welding, and planting works were conducted to physically implement the aquaponics system. A farm base of 8 m X  4 m (hydroponics) was built alongside a concrete tank base of (3 m x 2 m x 0.6 m) to hold the fish tank of 2000 L (aquaculture). A canopy material was then laid to hold water in the hydroponics section. Twelve pieces of polystyrene (2.1 m X 1.2 m) were laid to float inside the hydroponics system with each one carrying 9 lightweight disposable cups to serve as planting mediums. Rice husk and palm kernel shells were filled into the cups to grow the plants (cucumber and pepper). Plant and growing medium weights were considered in determining the number of growing mediums(cups) in the hydroponics system. Other works done included plumbing for water, welding for the aquaponics structure, and installation of a cover. This current study incorporates organic waste materials as systematically grown mediums to create additional nutrients, increase grow mediums for optimized plant production, and reduce cost. The result of the study showed a shorter growth cycle for the plants (pepper and cucumber) between germination and flowering indicating a higher infusion of nutrients created by the hydroponics system. The result of the study can be applied as a guide to designing and building an effective aquaponics system and a tool for developing systems that can reduce food insecurity and farming techniques.

Nuria Martín-Chivelet, Michiel van Noord, Francesca Tilli et al.

Building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) is expected to play a relevant role in decarbonising our cities, both in new buildings and retrofit projects, making them more sustainable, resilient and pleasant. However, BIPV remains a niche market. To understand the reasons and help boost its development, this paper provides insights into BIPV through a holistic and systematic analysis that considers BIPV’s dual nature as both photovoltaic and building product. The methodology is based on the analyses of several BIPV technological innovation systems (TISs) developed in six countries, as well as extensive comparative assessments and investigations to identify key global features of BIPV. Social aspects, market status and forecast, perspectives from the photovoltaic and building sectors, and related regulations and standardisation are key aspects analysed to develop recommendations for policymakers. Outcome examples are low to moderate acceptance of BIPV among building owners, who give cost reasons for choosing building-added photovoltaics (BAPV) over BIPV, as well as a need for information, official guidance, skilled personnel, improved cross-sector collaboration, availability of BIPV products, proper digital tools and specific regulation to improve BIPV’s legitimacy in the construction sector. Essential is developing policies that encourage the adoption of BIPV, including standardisation, promotion and financing.

Benjamin Staugaard, Simon Madsen, Zheng Ma et al.

In recent years, the building sector has experienced an increasing legislative pressure to reduce the energy consumption. This has created a global need for affordable building management systems (BMS) in areas such as lighting-, temperature-, air quality monitoring and control. BMS uses 2D and 3D building representations to visualize various aspects of building operations. Today the creation of these visual building representations relies on labor-intensive and costly computer-aided design (CAD) processes. Hence, to create affordable BMS there is an urgent need to develop methods for cost-effective automatic creation of visual building representations. This paper introduces an automatic, metadata-driven method for constructing building visualizations using metadata from existing smart building infrastructure. The method presented in this study utilizes a Velocity Verlet integration-based physics particle simulation that uses metadata to define the force dynamics within the simulation. This process generates an abstract point cloud representing the organization of BMS components into building zones. The developed system was tested in two buildings of respectively 2,560 m2 and 18,000 m2. The method successfully produced visual building representations based on the available metadata, demonstrating its feasibility and cost-effectiveness.

Jingwei Zhu, Olaf Wysocki, Christoph Holst et al.

Thermal point clouds integrate thermal radiation and laser point clouds effectively. However, the semantic information for the interpretation of building thermal point clouds can hardly be precisely inferred. Transferring the semantics encapsulated in 3D building models at LoD3 has a potential to fill this gap. In this work, we propose a workflow enriching thermal point clouds with the geo-position and semantics of LoD3 building models, which utilizes features of both modalities: The proposed method can automatically co-register the point clouds from different sources and enrich the thermal point cloud in facade-detailed semantics. The enriched thermal point cloud supports thermal analysis and can facilitate the development of currently scarce deep learning models operating directly on thermal point clouds.

Zhanwei Zhao, Lei Yu

Due to their unique bistable characteristics, deployable self-locking structures are suitable for many engineering fields. Without changing the geometrical composition, such structures can be unfolded and locked solely by the elastic deformation of materials. However, their further applications are hampered by the lack of simple and systematic geometric design methodologies that consider arbitrary structural curvature profiles. This paper proposes such a methodology for double-layer semicylindrical grid structures to simplify their cumbersome geometric design. The proposed methodology takes joint sizes into account to ensure that the design results can be applied to actual projects without further adjustments. By introducing symmetry into the structural units (SUs) and selecting reasonable geometric parameters that describe the structural side elevation profile, a concise set of simultaneous nonlinear geometric constraint equations is established, the solution of which provides the geometric parameter values of the grid shape. On this basis, the remaining geometric parameter values, i.e., the geometric parameter values of the inner scissor-like elements (SLEs) of each SU, can be achieved from the equations derived from general SLEs. Design examples and the assembled physical grid structure indicate the feasibility and wide applicability of the proposed geometric design methodology.

Esperanza González-Redondo

This paper presents an analytical framework for evaluating the impact of the two main processes identified in Madrid timber-framed courtyard buildings reinforcing the courtyard's crucial role in architectural heritage sustainability: their development caused dwellings to darken (1737–1950), and the existing challenge is to open new patios according to the listed buildings' protection policy.Critical findings in archival research and existing building assessments led to completed data collection and analysis. When exploring construction expansion, from the house towards the collective prototype around a gradually reduced patio and dwelling darkening (1737–1786), buildings resulted in open, semiopen, underlighted and closed designs. Study area on-site assessment uncovered the transition from the older low-rise type (1–3) floors to the modern closed model of up to (4–6) storeys.Construction enlargements, consequently reducing original green areas and courtyards, call for reversing that process or formulating a new strategy. It debates the partial demolition of listed buildings in upgrades and its agreement with the needed “blue courtyard” strategy (PGOUM), resulting from joining new rear individual patios to create a communal building block courtyard. The uncovered “in-between” type (1864), which integrates two open-air collective spaces, an inner courtyard and a back garden, appears challenging to explore.

Ying Lin, Tao Liu

Although the wind load is usually adopted as the governing lateral load in the design of transmission towers, many tall transmission towers may be damaged or even collapse in high seismic intensity areas, especially under near-fault pulse-like ground motions. To study the seismic vibration control effect of a tuned mass damper (TMD) attached to transmission tower, parametric analyses are conducted in SAP2000 through CSI OAPI programming, including TMD parameters such as the mass ratio <i>μ</i> from 0.5% to 10%, the frequency ratio <i>f</i> from 0.7 to 1.2, and the damping ratio <i>ξ</i> from 0.01 to 0.2. Based on the obtained analysis results, artificial neural network (ANN) is trained to predict the vibration reduction ratios of peak responses and the corresponding vibration reduction cost. Finally, the NSGA-III algorithm is adopted to perform the multi-objective optimization of a transmission tower equipped with TMD. Results show that the vibration reduction ratios first increase and then decrease with the increase of frequency ratio, but first increase and then remain stable with the increase of mass ratio and damping ratio. In addition, ANN fitting can accurately predict the nonlinear relationship between TMD parameters and objective functions. Through multi-objective optimization with the NSGA-III algorithm, TMD can simultaneously and significantly reduce different peak responses of transmission towers under near-fault pulse-like ground motions in a cost-effective manner.

Zhe Zheng, Yu-Cheng Zhou, Ke-Yin Chen et al.

Interpreting regulatory documents or building codes into computer-processable formats is essential for the intelligent design and construction of buildings and infrastructures. Although automated rule interpretation (ARI) methods have been investigated for years, most of them highly depend on the early and manual filtering of interpretable clauses from a building code. While few of them considered machine interpretability, which represents the potential to be transformed into a computer-processable format, from both clause- and document-level. Therefore, this research aims to propose a novel approach to automatically evaluate and enhance the machine interpretability of single clause and building codes. First, a few categories are introduced to classify each clause in a building code considering the requirements for rule interpretation, and a dataset is developed for model training. Then, an efficient text classification model is developed based on a pretrained domain-specific language model and transfer learning techniques. Finally, a quantitative evaluation method is proposed to assess the overall interpretability of building codes. Experiments show that the proposed text classification algorithm outperforms the existing CNN- or RNN-based methods, improving the F1-score from 72.16% to 93.60%. It is also illustrated that the proposed classification method can enhance downstream ARI methods with an improvement of 4%. Furthermore, analyzing the results of more than 150 building codes in China showed that their average interpretability is 34.40%, which implies that it is still hard to fully transform the entire regulatory document into computer-processable formats. It is also argued that the interpretability of building codes should be further improved both from the human side and the machine side.

Paul C. Kainen

A construction sequence for a graph is a listing of the elements of the graph (the set of vertices and edges) such that each edge follows both its endpoints. The construction number of the graph is the number of such sequences. We determine this number for various graph families.

Nazila Roofigari-Esfahan, Elham Morshedzadeh, Poorvesh Dongre

Human/User interaction with buildings are mostly restricted to interacting with building automation systems through user-interfaces that mainly aim to improve energy efficiency of buildings and ensure comfort of occupants. This research builds on the existing theories of Human-Building Interaction (HBI) and proposes a novel conceptual framework for HBI that combines the concepts of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) and Ambient Intelligence (AmI). The proposed framework aims to study the needs of occupants in specific-purpose buildings, which is currently undermined. Specifically, we explore the application of the proposed HBI framework to improve the learning experience of students in academic buildings. Focus groups and semi-structured interviews were conducted among students who are considered primary occupants of Goodwin Hall, a flagship smart engineering building at Virginia Tech. Qualitative coding and concept mapping were used to analyze the qualitative data and determine the impact of occupant-specific needs on the learning experience of students in academic buildings. The occupant-specific problem that was found to have the highest direct impact on learning experience was finding study space and highest indirect impact was Indoor Environment Quality (IEQ). We discuss new ideas for designing Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI), e.g. Augmented Reality (AR), increase the perceivable affordances for building occupants and considering a context-aware ubiquitous analytics-based strategy to provide services that are tailored to address the identified needs.