20 Years in Life of a Smart Building: A retrospective

Operating an intelligent smart building automation system in 2025 is met with many challenges: hardware failures, vendor obsolescence, evolving security threats and more. None of these have been comprehensibly addressed by the industrial building nor home automation industries, limiting feasibility of operating large, truly smart automation deployments. This paper introduces KaOS, a distributed control platform for constructing robust and evolvable smart building automation systems using affordable, off-the-shelf IoT hardware. Supporting control applications and distributed system operations by leveraging containerisation and managed resource access, KaOS seeks to achieve flexibility, security, and fault tolerance without sacrificing cost-effectiveness. Initial evaluation confirms the practical feasibility of our approach, highlighting its potential to sustainably maintain and incrementally evolve building control functionalities over extended timeframes.