Hasil untuk "America"

J. Pocock

"The Machiavellian Moment" is a classic study of the consequences for modern historical and social consciousness of the ideal of the classical republic revived by Machiavelli and other thinkers of Renaissance Italy. J.G.A. Pocock suggests that Machiavelli's prime emphasis was on the moment in which the republic confronts the problem of its own instability in time, and which he calls the "Machiavellian moment."After examining this problem in the thought of Machiavelli, Guicciardini, and Giannotti, Pocock turns to the revival of republican thought in Puritan England and in Revolutionary and Federalist America. He argues that the American Revolution can be considered the last great act of civic humanism of the Renaissance. He relates the origins of modern historicism to the clash between civic, Christian, and commercial values in the thought of the eighteenth century.

S. Weaver, Marc Lecuit

William F. Maloney

N. Denton, T. Sugrue

J. Rogers, M. Santosh

A. Pinkney, Robert Blauner

Joseph T. Drake, A. Billingsley

Alessio Di Santo

A sophisticated malspam campaign was recently uncovered targeting Latin American countries, with a particular focus on Brazil. This operation utilizes a highly deceptive phishing email to trick users into executing a malicious MSI file, initiating a multi-stage infection. The core of the attack leverages DLL side-loading, where a legitimate executable from Valve Corporation is used to load a trojanized DLL, thereby bypassing standard security defenses. Once active, the malware, a variant of QuasarRAT known as BlotchyQuasar, is capable of a wide range of malicious activities. It is designed to steal sensitive browser-stored credentials and banking information, the latter through fake login windows mimicking well-known Brazilian banks. The threat establishes persistence by modifying the Windows registry , captures user keystrokes through keylogging , and exfiltrates stolen data to a Command-and-Control (C2) server using encrypted payloads. Despite its advanced capabilities, the malware code exhibits signs of rushed development, with inefficiencies and poor error handling that suggest the threat actors prioritized rapid deployment over meticulous design. Nonetheless, the campaign extensive reach and sophisticated mechanisms pose a serious and immediate threat to the targeted regions, underscoring the need for robust cybersecurity defenses.

David Hunter, Pablo Botin, Emily Snode-Brenneman et al.

We describe a multidisciplinary collaboration to iteratively design an interactive exhibit for a public science center on paleoclimate, the study of past climates. We created a data physicalisation of mountains and ice sheets that can be tangibly manipulated by visitors to interact with a wind simulation visualisation that demonstrates how the climate of North America differed dramatically between now and the peak of the last ice age. We detail the system for interaction and visualisation plus design choices to appeal to an audience that ranges from children to scientists and responds to site requirements.

Weixin Sun, Weixin Sun, Peijie Li et al.

BackgroundIschemic heart disease (IHD) remains a global public health challenge. This study explores global trends in IHD burden among youths and young adults aged 15–39 years from 1990 to 2021.MethodsData were obtained from the 2021 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. Estimated annual percentage change was used to assess trends in age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR), incidence rate (ASIR), mortality rate (ASMR), and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Risk factors were analyzed globally and by socio-demographic index (SDI) regions. Bayesian age-period-cohort models predicted trends over the next 30 years.ResultsFrom 1990 to 2021, IHD-related mortality and DALYs declined overall, while prevalence and incidence increased. The largest increases in ASPR, ASIR, ASMR, and DALY rates were observed in middle-SDI regions. Geographically, Asia bore the heaviest burden, whereas high-income North America showed the greatest decreases in prevalence and incidence. In 2021, Oceania had the highest IHD-related deaths and DALYs, with Lesotho exhibiting the greatest rise in ASMR and DALY rates. The IHD burden rose with age, peaking in the 35–39 years group, and was higher in males. Major risk factors included high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, smoking, and high systolic blood pressure. Projections suggest a global decline in IHD burden, with decreasing incidence and deaths across both sexes by 2050.ConclusionsWhile mortality and DALYs have decreased over the past 30 years, prevalence and incidence of IHD in youths and young adults have increased. The burden is projected to decline, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions, particularly in males aged 35–39 years, based on regional epidemiological patterns and risk factors.

Dong-Shu Kang, Yu-Hao Lin, Jian-Qing Tian

Abstract Background It has been proven that the active surveillance (AS) is safe and feasible for low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinomas (PTMC). There has been no bibliometric assessment of the scientific advancements in this field. We conducted this study to determine the characteristics and trends of published research on AS for PTMC. Methods In this study, articles on AS for PTMC published between 2014 and 2024 were identified using the Web of Science Core Collection database. Bibliometric analysis and visualization were conducted using VOSviewer and CiteSpace. Results 277 publications from 39 countries were identified, demonstrating a growth trend between 2014 and 2024. The United States of America dominated with the highest number of published papers, followed closely by South Korea and Japan. The most significant journal was *Thyroid*, and the leading author was Akira Miyauchi. Kuma Hospital and Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center emerged as leading institutions. Keyword analysis revealed that, alongside the title-related terms of this study, “management,” “quality of life,” “lymph node metastasis,” “progression,” and “association guidelines” formed the core keywords in this field. Conclusion Active surveillance for low-risk PTMC has been endorsed and recommended by researchers in numerous countries. This study identified the current most active frontiers in this field and focused on candidate population profiling, tumor progression evaluation, cost-effectiveness of the active surveillance (AS) approach, and quality of life assessment for patients. This paper summarizes the controversial issues and provides a reference direction for researchers seeking to explore novel approaches in this field.

Valeria Sarahi Ocaranza-Joya, Olimpia Chong-Carrillo, Martín Alonso Aréchiga-Palomera et al.

Purpose: To analyze the development of scientific information produced worldwide on the genus Ambystoma and identify existing trends and knowledge gaps. Methodological design: We analyzed publications registered in the Scopus database containing the word “Ambystoma” in the title. The results were systematized using the Excel ® program to exclude non-scientific records and categorized by subject area, species, authorship, and institutional affiliation. VOSviewer software was used to visualize collaboration networks between authors. Results: The analysis identified Ambystoma mexicanum (axolotl) as the most studied species, mainly due to its utility as a model organism. Most research originated from North America, particularly the United States, with limited international collaboration. Studies focused on areas such as genetics, ecology, and morphophysiology.  Research limitations: The study excluded publications that did not explicitly mention Ambystoma in the title, potentially overlooking broader research contributions related to the genus. Findings: The findings highlight the need for increased international collaboration and a more comprehensive research focus on lesser-known Ambystoma species. Diversifying research efforts can enhance conservation strategies and improve scientific understanding of this genus.

R. Folk

The late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries have long been considered as a formative period for modern Irish political traditions such as nationalism, republicanism and unionism. For Europe it was the time of a turnover in science moving from observation to experiment and from speculation to fact. Richard Kirwan was a well known natural philosopher in Europe and a respected man of science in his time. Throughout all the wars, he was connected with his colleagues in a network reaching across Europe and even to America. Using a few examples, this article is intended to provide an insight how the network worked in a time that was marked by political conflicts and revolutionary events in both science and social life.

Jiaxin Chen, Song Yang, Xianghui Fang et al.

The impact of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) transition on the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) during post-ENSO summer has been investigated widely, but how to quantify ENSO transition precisely is still a challenge. This study proposes a new index to quantify ENSO transition based on the intensity of the spring persistence barrier. After validation through the key processes that influence ENSO transition, the index could be further validated by investigating the relationship between transitive/persistent ENSO events and the EASM. For the transitive ENSO events, the cold sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly in the central Pacific during post-ENSO summer strengthens the anticyclone over the western Pacific and the EASM by reinforcing the Walker circulation and the local Hadley circulation. In contrast, during the persistent ENSO events, the prolonged warm SST anomaly in the central Pacific exerts a relatively weaker impact on the EASM due to a less robust atmospheric response over the western Pacific.

J. B. Mcconahay, B. B. Hardee, V. Batts

Toluwase Victor Asubiaro

Purpose: This study focuses on the changes in differences in the journal coverage, visibility and prestige of journals from top twenty countries in Web of Science and Scopus in the twenty-year timeframe-2001-2020. Methodology: Using Web of Science and Scopus journal data from Journal Citation Reports and Scimago Journal Rank, respectively, top twenty countries by number of journals indexed in the two databases were identified. Analysis of the changes that occurred in the number of journals from the top twenty countries, the citations they received and their prestige were analyzed. Findings: USA and UK continued their dominance of the journals indexed in Web of Science and Scopus, but their dominance waned gradually in the course of the twenty-year period. The rate of growth of journals indexed by the databases is steeper among the countries outside the top. In Web of Science, journals from the UK were the most prestigious until 2010 when China emerged as the most prestigious journals. USA continues to take the leading spot in terms of most prestigious journals in Scopus, followed by UK. Research Limitations: This investigation relied on third-party datasets sourced from the Scimago Journal Rank repository for the compilation of the Scopus journal list. Practical implications: This study suggests an inclination towards diversity by Web of Science and Scopus, though North America and Europe continue to dominate journal coverage. However, the gulf in the prestige and visibility of journals from North America, Europe and other parts of the world remains, suggesting the researchers from the peripheral may continue to gravitate towards the core. Originality/Value: While studies have provided singular-year analyses of journal coverages of Web of Science and Scopus, this study provides an analysis of 20 years.

Sky Button, Amaël Borzée

Undocumented species represent one of the largest hurdles for conservation efforts due to the uncertainty they introduce into conservation planning. Until the distribution of earth's biodiversity is better understood, substantial conjecture will continue to be required for protecting species from anthropogenic extinction. Therefore, we developed a novel approach for identifying regions with promising biodiscovery prospects, linked to integrative conservation priorities, which we illustrate using amphibians. Our approach builds on previous estimates of biodiscovery priorities by simultaneously (1) considering linkages between spatio-environmental variables and biodiversity, (2) accounting for the negative relationship between past sampling intensity and future biodiscovery potential, (3) incorporating a priori knowledge about global species distribution patterns, (4) addressing spatial autocorrelation in community composition, and (5) weighting theoretical undocumented species by their predicted levels of conservation need. Using boosted regression trees and 50km^2 map pixels spread across the global range of amphibians, we identified several regions likely to contain many undocumented amphibian species and conservation needs, including the Southeast Asian Archipelago, humid portions of sub-Saharan Africa, and undersampled portions of the Amazon, Andes Mountains, and Central America. We also ranked top-scoring ecoregions by their mean and maximum biodiscovery potential and found that the top-20 ranked ecoregions were most concentrated in the Southeast Asian Archipelago and tropical Africa for undocumented species richness, and in tropical Africa and tropical South America for integrative undocumented amphibian conservation needs. However, high-scoring pixels tended to be widely distributed across different ecoregions for both biodiscovery scoring approaches.

A. Escobar, Sonia E. Álvarez

Laura Alonso Alemany, Luciana Benotti, Hernán Maina et al.

Automated decision-making systems, especially those based on natural language processing, are pervasive in our lives. They are not only behind the internet search engines we use daily, but also take more critical roles: selecting candidates for a job, determining suspects of a crime, diagnosing autism and more. Such automated systems make errors, which may be harmful in many ways, be it because of the severity of the consequences (as in health issues) or because of the sheer number of people they affect. When errors made by an automated system affect a population more than others, we call the system \textit{biased}. Most modern natural language technologies are based on artifacts obtained from enormous volumes of text using machine learning, namely language models and word embeddings. Since they are created by applying subsymbolic machine learning, mostly artificial neural networks, they are opaque and practically uninterpretable by direct inspection, thus making it very difficult to audit them. In this paper, we present a methodology that spells out how social scientists, domain experts, and machine learning experts can collaboratively explore biases and harmful stereotypes in word embeddings and large language models. Our methodology is based on the following principles: * focus on the linguistic manifestations of discrimination on word embeddings and language models, not on the mathematical properties of the models * reduce the technical barrier for discrimination experts%, be it social scientists, domain experts or other * characterize through a qualitative exploratory process in addition to a metric-based approach * address mitigation as part of the training process, not as an afterthought

C. Y. Cheah, N. L. Bartlett, S. Assouline et al.