Hasil untuk "q-fin.PM"

Judith C. Brown

E. Waters, Kathleen E. Deane

D. B. Wheeler, A. Randall, R. Tsien

H. Servaes

P. Simon

The Cms, LHCb Collaborations V. Khachatryan, A. Sirunyan et al.

The standard model of particle physics describes the fundamental particles and their interactions via the strong, electromagnetic and weak forces. It provides precise predictions for measurable quantities that can be tested experimentally. The probabilities, or branching fractions, of the strange B meson () and the B0 meson decaying into two oppositely charged muons (μ+ and μ−) are especially interesting because of their sensitivity to theories that extend the standard model. The standard model predicts that the and decays are very rare, with about four of the former occurring for every billion mesons produced, and one of the latter occurring for every ten billion B0 mesons. A difference in the observed branching fractions with respect to the predictions of the standard model would provide a direction in which the standard model should be extended. Before the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN started operating, no evidence for either decay mode had been found. Upper limits on the branching fractions were an order of magnitude above the standard model predictions. The CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid) and LHCb (Large Hadron Collider beauty) collaborations have performed a joint analysis of the data from proton–proton collisions that they collected in 2011 at a centre-of-mass energy of seven teraelectronvolts and in 2012 at eight teraelectronvolts. Here we report the first observation of the µ+µ− decay, with a statistical significance exceeding six standard deviations, and the best measurement so far of its branching fraction. Furthermore, we obtained evidence for the µ+µ− decay with a statistical significance of three standard deviations. Both measurements are statistically compatible with standard model predictions and allow stringent constraints to be placed on theories beyond the standard model. The LHC experiments will resume taking data in 2015, recording proton–proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 teraelectronvolts, which will approximately double the production rates of and B0 mesons and lead to further improvements in the precision of these crucial tests of the standard model.

D. Raoult, T. Marrie, J. Mege

Jonathan Mond, P. Hay, B. Rodgers et al.

A. Anderson, H. Bijlmer, P. Fournier et al.

G. Aad, B. Abbott, J. Abdallah et al.

The distribution of particles inside hadronic jets produced in the decay of boosted W and Z bosons can be used to discriminate such jets from the continuum background. Given that a jet has been identified as likely resulting from the hadronic decay of a boosted W or Z boson, this paper presents a technique for further differentiating Z bosons from W bosons. The variables used are jet mass, jet charge, and a b-tagging discriminant. A likelihood tagger is constructed from these variables and tested in the simulation of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$W'\rightarrow WZ$$\end{document}W′→WZ for bosons in the transverse momentum range 200 GeV \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$<p_\text {T}<$$\end{document}<pT< 400 GeV in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\sqrt{s}=8$$\end{document}s=8 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. For Z-boson tagging efficiencies of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\epsilon _Z=90$$\end{document}ϵZ=90, 50, and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$10\,\%$$\end{document}10%, one can achieve \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$W^+$$\end{document}W+-boson tagging rejection factors (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$1/\epsilon _{W^+}$$\end{document}1/ϵW+) of 1.7, 8.3 and 1000, respectively. It is not possible to measure these efficiencies in the data due to the lack of a pure sample of high \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$p_\text {T}$$\end{document}pT, hadronically decaying Z bosons. However, the modelling of the tagger inputs for boosted W bosons is studied in data using a \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$t\bar{t}$$\end{document}tt¯-enriched sample of events in 20.3 fb\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${}^{-1}$$\end{document}-1 of data at \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\sqrt{s}=8$$\end{document}s=8 TeV. The inputs are well modelled within uncertainties, which builds confidence in the expected tagger performance.

Q. Liu, Q. Ma, Gaoqiang Chen et al.

Abstract Friction stir processing (FSP) is applied to modify the surface microstructure of cast AZ91 magnesium alloy. The electrochemical and hydrogen evolution measurements reveal that the corrosion rate of processed alloy in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution is significantly decreased. This is mainly attributed to the alteration of corrosion process induced by modification on the morphology and distribution of β-Mg17Al12 phase via FSP. It is originally reported that the formation of a compact and continuous β phase layer on the FSPed surface owing to the segregation of fine β phase effectively enhances the stability and passivity of corrosion product film.

R. Lazkoz, F. Lobo, Mar'ia Ortiz-Banos et al.

In this work, we consider an extension of symmetric teleparallel gravity, namely, f(Q) gravity, where the fundamental block to describe spacetime is the nonmetricity, Q. Within this formulation of gravitation, we perform an observational analysis of several modified f(Q) models using the redshift approach, where the f(Q) Lagrangian is reformulated as an explicit function of the redshift, f(z). Various different polynomial parametrizations of f(z) are proposed, including new terms which would allow for deviations from the Λ Cold Dark Matter model. Given a variety of observational probes, such as the expansion rate data from early type galaxies, type Ia supernovae, quasars, gamma ray bursts, baryon acoustic oscillations data, and cosmic microwave background distance priors, we have checked the validity of these models at the background level in order to verify if this new formalism provides us with plausible alternative models to explain the late time acceleration of the Universe. Indeed, this novel approach provides a different perspective on the formulation of observationally reliable alternative models of gravity.

Sanjay Mandal, Deng Wang, P. Sahoo

Cosmography is an ideal tool to investigate the cosmic expansion history of the Universe in a model-independent way. The equations of motion in modified theories of gravity are usually very complicated; cosmography may select practical models without imposing arbitrary choices a priori. We use the model-independent way to derive $f(z)$ and its derivatives up to fourth order in terms of measurable cosmographic parameters. We then fit those functions into the luminosity distance directly. We perform the MCMC analysis by considering three different sets of cosmographic functions. Using the largest supernovae Ia Pantheon sample, we derive the constraints on the Hubble constant $H_0$ and the cosmographic functions, and find that the former two terms in Taylor expansion of luminosity distance work dominantly in $f(Q)$ gravity.

V. Khachatryan, A. Sirunyan, A. Tumasyan et al.

A bstractThe spectra of charged particles produced within the pseudorapidity window |η| 20 GeV, RpA exhibits weak momentum dependence and shows a moderate enhancement above unity.

B. Joshi, Akhilesh Singh, P. Bhatt et al.

Yager [1] introduced the concept of q-rung orthopair fuzzy sets (q-ROFSs) in which the sum of the qth exponent of the support for membership and the qth exponent of the support against membership is bounded by one. Thus, the q-ROFSs are an important way to express uncertain information in broader space, and they are superior to the intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFSs) and the Pythagorean fuzzy sets (PFSs). However, in dealing with many real life situations, it is not appropriate for experts to precisely quantify their judgements with a crisp number due to insufficiency in available information. In such situation it is advisable for decision makers to provide their judgements by the subset of the closed interval [0, 1]. The notion of interval-valued q-rung orthopair fuzzy sets (IVq-ROFSs) is presented in this paper, which allows decision makers to provide their satisfying degrees and non-satisfying degrees to a given set of alternatives by an interval value. Some of its important operations such as: negation, union and intersection are also given. Based on these operations, the aggregation of IVq-ROFSs is also studied.

Richard Y. Chen, Szymon Sidor, P. Abbeel et al.

Shao-Ming Hung, S. Givigi

A. Sirunyan, A. Tumasyan, W. Adam et al.

A search for supersymmetry is presented based on multijet events with large missing transverse momentum produced in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of root s = 13 TeV. The data, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb(-1), were collected with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC in 2016. The analysis utilizes four-dimensional exclusive search regions defined in terms of the number of jets, the number of tagged bottom quark jets, the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta, and the magnitude of the vector sum of jet transverse momenta. No evidence for a significant excess of events is observed relative to the expectation from the standard model. Limits on the cross sections for the pair production of gluinos and squarks are derived in the context of simplified models. Assuming the lightest supersymmetric particle to be a weakly interacting neutralino, 95% confidence level lower limits on the gluino mass as large as 1800 to 1960 GeV are derived, and on the squark mass as large as 960 to 1390 GeV, depending on the production and decay scenario.

S. Ramlo

N. Bar, N. Barton