Hasil untuk "Public law"

Mehdi Cherti, R. Beaumont, Ross Wightman et al.

Scaling up neural networks has led to remarkable performance across a wide range of tasks. Moreover, performance often follows reliable scaling laws as a function of training set size, model size, and compute, which offers valuable guidance as large-scale experiments are becoming increasingly expensive. However, previous work on scaling laws has primarily used private data & models or focused on uni-modal language or vision learning. To address these limitations, we investigate scaling laws for contrastive language-image pre-training (CLIP) with the public LAION dataset and the open-source OpenCLIP repository. Our large-scale experiments involve models trained on up to two billion image-text pairs and identify power law scaling for multiple downstream tasks including zero-shot classification, retrieval, linear probing, and end-to-end fine-tuning. We find that the training distribution plays a key role in scaling laws as the OpenAI and OpenCLIP models exhibit different scaling behavior despite identical model architectures and similar training recipes. We open-source our evaluation workflow and all models, including the largest public CLIP models, to ensure reproducibility and make scaling laws research more accessible. Source code and instructions to reproduce this study is available at https://github.eom/LAION-AI/sealing-laws-openelip.

Michael J. Sandel

S. Chambers

حامد باشکوه اجیرلو, حمید مرتضی نیا, محمد سلگی et al.

رتبه‌بندی اعتباری برای مقایسه شرکت‌ها به‌لحاظ ریسک اعتباری با یکدیگر، تصمیم‌گیری مشارکت‌کنندگان بازار سرمایه را تسهیل می‌کند. این پژوهش با هدف شناسایی، وزن‌دهی و طراحی الگوی رتبه‌بندی اعتباری شرکت‌های پذیرفته شده در بازار سرمایه برای 19 صنعت انجام شد.برای شناسایی شاخص‌های تعیین‌کننده و طراحی الگوی رتبه‌بندی اعتباری از رویکرد (کیفی-کمی) بهره‌گرفته شد. در بخش کیفی شاخص‌های نهایی از مطالعه ادبیات نظری و سپس اعتبارسنجی با خبرگان به‌دست آمد. در بخش کمی نیز از معادلات ساختاری برای تعیین روابط بین شاخص‌ها و مولفه‌ها شد.با مطالعه ادبیات نظری و اعتبارسنجی با خبرگان 46 شاخص نهایی به عنوان عوامل تاثیرگذار روی رتبه اعتباری شرکت‌های پذیرفته شده در بازار سرمایه شناسایی شد. با تعیین روابط بین شاخص‌ها و مولفه‌ها با استفاده از معادلات ساختاری، 6 شاخص حذف و مشخض شد که مولفه‌های نقدینگی، سودآوری و رشد، مسئولیت اجتماعی و زیست‌محیطی، کیفیت حسابداری و کیفیت دارایی و اندازه شرکت به صورت مستقیم و مولفه‌های صنعت، نسبت‌های ارزش بازار، نسبت‌های اهرمی، نسبت‌های کارایی، کیفیت حسابرسی و کیفیت مدیریت به صورت غیرمستقیم و از طریق مولفه‌های دیگر روی رتبه اعتباری تاثیرگذار هستند. مولفه نسبت‌های نقدینگی و سودآوری و رشد به ترتیب با ضریب رگرسیونی 0.574 و 0.352 تاثیرگذارترین عوامل روی رتبه اعتباری شرکت‌ها بودند.تاثیرگذاری 12 مولفه روی رتبه اعتباری نشان می‌دهد که شرکت‌های پذیرفته شده در بازار سرمایه برای بهبود وضعیت اعتباری خود، می‌بایست به همه عوامل از جمله وضعیت نقدینگی ،ساختار سرمایه شرکت و سودآوری و رشر توجهات لازم را داشته باشند تا بتوانند به‌سهولت به منابع مالی مورد نیاز دسترسی داشته باشند.

Teddy Mekonnen

This paper analyzes the strategic interactions between a profit-maximizing monopolist and a free, capacity-constrained public option. By restricting its own supply, the monopolist intentionally congests the public option and induces rationing, which increases consumers' willingness to pay for guaranteed access. Counterintuitively, expanding the public option's capacity may raise the monopoly price and lower consumer welfare. However, I derive conditions under which all buyer types benefit from a capacity expansion, and extend these results to a setting where an oligopoly competes with a public option. These findings have implications for mixed public-private markets, such as housing, education, and healthcare.

Shlomi Hod, Lucas Rosenblatt, Julia Stoyanovich

Differentially private (DP) machine learning often relies on the availability of public data for tasks like privacy-utility trade-off estimation, hyperparameter tuning, and pretraining. While public data assumptions may be reasonable in text and image domains, they are less likely to hold for tabular data due to tabular data heterogeneity across domains. We propose leveraging powerful priors to address this limitation; specifically, we synthesize realistic tabular data directly from schema-level specifications - such as variable names, types, and permissible ranges - without ever accessing sensitive records. To that end, this work introduces the notion of "surrogate" public data - datasets generated independently of sensitive data, which consume no privacy loss budget and are constructed solely from publicly available schema or metadata. Surrogate public data are intended to encode plausible statistical assumptions (informed by publicly available information) into a dataset with many downstream uses in private mechanisms. We automate the process of generating surrogate public data with large language models (LLMs); in particular, we propose two methods: direct record generation as CSV files, and automated structural causal model (SCM) construction for sampling records. Through extensive experiments, we demonstrate that surrogate public tabular data can effectively replace traditional public data when pretraining differentially private tabular classifiers. To a lesser extent, surrogate public data are also useful for hyperparameter tuning of DP synthetic data generators, and for estimating the privacy-utility tradeoff.

Eddie L. Ungless, Zachary Horne, Björn Ross

There are countless examples of how AI can cause harm, and increasing evidence that the public are willing to ascribe blame to the AI itself, regardless of how "illogical" this might seem. This raises the question of whether and how the public might expect AI to be punished for this harm. However, public expectations of the punishment of AI have been vastly underexplored. Understanding these expectations is vital, as the public may feel the lingering effect of harm unless their desire for punishment is satisfied. We synthesise research from psychology, human-computer and -robot interaction, philosophy and AI ethics, and law to highlight how our understanding of this issue is still lacking. We call for an interdisciplinary programme of research to establish how we can best satisfy victims of AI harm, for fear of creating a "satisfaction gap" where legal punishment of AI (or not) fails to meet public expectations.

Josh Culver, Aubrey Ayres, Evan Halloran et al.

We consider a system consisting of one conservation law and one balance law with a time-dependent source term, and provide a comprehensive analysis of Riemann solutions, including the non-classical overcompressive delta shocks. The minimal yet representative structure of the system captures essential features of transport under density constraints and, despite its simplicity, serves as a versatile prototype for crowd-limited transport processes across diverse contexts, including biological aggregation, ecological dispersal, granular compaction, and traffic congestion. In addition to non-self-similar solutions mentioned above, the associated Riemann problem admits solution structures that traverse vacuum states ($ρ= 0$) and the critical density threshold ($ρ= \barρ$), where mobility vanishes and characteristic speed degenerates. Moreover, the explicit time dependence in the source term leads to the breakdown of self-similarity, resulting in distinct Riemann solutions over successive time intervals and highlighting the dynamic nature of the solution landscape. The theoretical findings are numerically confirmed using the Local Lax-Friedrichs scheme.

Atika Rani Dyah Safitri, Antiko Wati, Warah Atikah

Abstract: A land title certificate is legal and concrete evidence of ownership and control of land. Its permanent nature and high value make land a stable and safe collateral for banks to disburse credit. However, this is an obstacle for land owners who do not yet have a certificate for the land they own and control, have complete proof of ownership of the land or rights, or do not even have proof of ownership. In the Pagar Alam District Court Decision Numbers: 6/Pdt.G.S/2021/PN Pga Using collateral in the form of land and buildings with proof of ownership SPPFBT No. 593/06/MS.Dp.U/2018. This obstacle makes it an option for that land that does not have a land title certificate as stated in Article 4 UUHT, to make an Ownership Statement of Land Parcel (SPPFBT) as an option for the community to use as collateral for bank credit. However, SPPFBT is a statement letter made unilaterally by the applicant that contains juridical data related to land control based on good faith, the authority is not as perfect as an authentic deed. Bearing in mind that, if there is bad credit in the credit agreement, the funds can be auctioned to fulfill the rights and obligations of the credit agreement between the debtor and creditor. In an implementation, banks must be careful in assessing the character, capabilities, capital, collateral, and business prospect funds of debtors, as well as formulating regulations regarding the use of SPPFBT as bank collateral for uncertified land to protect the rights and obligations of the Bank and credit applicants. Clearly, to provide legal certainty and protection. Keywords: SPPFBT, Uncertificated, Collateral, Bad Credit, KPKNL.   Abstrak: Sertifikat hak atas tanah merupakan bukti yang sah, konkret atas kepemilikan dan penguasaan atas tanah. Namun, merupakan kendala bagi pemilik tanah yang belum memiliki sertifikat atas tanah yang dimiliki dan dikuasainya, kepemilikan bukti tanah atau alas hak secara lengkap bahkan sama sekali tidak memiliki bukti kepemilikan. Dalam Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Pagar Alam Nomor: 6/Pdt.G.S/2021/PN Pga menggunakan agunan berupa tanah dan/atau bangunan dengan bukti kepemilikan SPPFBT Nomor: 593/06/MS.Dp.U/2018. Hal tersebut menjadikan sebuah opsi bahwasanya tanah yang tidak memiliki sertifikat sebagaimana disebutkan dalam Pasal 4 UUHT, dapat menjadikan Surat Pernyataan Penguasaan Fisik Bidang (SPPFBT) sebagai opsi bagi masyarakat sebagai agunan kredit bank. Namun, SPPFBT merupakan surat pernyataan yang dibuat sepihak oleh pemohon berisikan data yuridis terkait penguasaan tanah berdasarkan itikad baik, sehingga kekuatannya tidak sesempurna akta autentik. Mengingat bahwa, apabila terdapat kredit macet dalam perjanjian kredit, agunan tersebut dapat dilakukan lelang guna memenuhi hak dan kewajiban atas perjanjian kredit antara debitur dan kreditur. Sehingga, dalam pelaksanaannya bank haruslah seksama menilai terhadap watak, kemampuan, modal, agunan, dana prospek usaha dari debitur, pula perumusan pengaturan mengenai penggunaan SPPFBT sebagai agunan bank atas tanah yang belum bersertifikat untuk melindungi hak dan kewajiban Bank dan Pemohon kredit haruslah jelas, guna upaya memberikan kepastian dan perlindungan hukum. Kata Kunci: SPPFBT, Agunan, Tanah Tidak Bersertifikat, Kredit Macet, KPKNL.

Jakub Kępiński, Katarzyna Klafkowska-Waśniowska, Agnieszka Pyrzyńska

Sprawozdanie z konferencji poświęconej pamięci Profesor Aurelii Nowickiej „Koncepcja prawa podmiotowego a potrzeby współczesnego obrotu prawnego”, Wydział Prawa i Administracji Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, 18 października 2024 r.

Muhammad Dzar Imran, Yovita Arie Mangesti

Law Number 17 of 2016 concerning Child Protection provides special protection to children. This law regulates children's rights, parental responsibilities, child care, as well as handling cases of violence and abuse against children. This research aims to find out and explain the legal considerations taken by the judge in making a decision in the criminal case of child rape in case no. 1/Pid.Sus-Anak/2023/PN Bbs and to find out and explain the legal protection mechanisms provided to children who are victims of rape. This type of research is Normative. In this research, there are three approaches applied, namely an approach through analysis of legal regulations (statute approach), a case study (case study), and a conceptual approach (conceptual approach). Systematic Accountability in this research focuses on examining the Judge's Decision in the Child Rape case with case number No. 1/Pid.Sus-Anak/2023/PN Bbs in detail for each chapter and sub-chapter discussed, and provides supporting descriptions in the process of reviewing the Judge's Decision. Legal considerations (Ratio Decidendi) Decision No.1/Pid.Sus/Anak/ 2023/PNBBS consists of 4 elements, namely: Person or Human Element, Element of Deliberate Commitment of Deception, Element of Sexual Intercourse or Sexual Relations, Element of the person who commits it, the element that orders it to be carried out. and participate in doing it. The legal protection mechanism provided for child victims of rape is preventive: this can be done by providing information, education and understanding to the public about the applicable laws and regulations. Preventive Legal Protection Efforts by providing legal counseling, providing administrative sanctions, as well as crime prevention measures such as security patrols and security supervision. In a repressive way; Restitution and providing medical assistance/psycho-social rehabilitation assistance can be carried out in the context of restoring the victim's condition from all aspects. The restitution mechanism is regulated in Article 5 of PERMA Number 1 of 2022 concerning Procedures for Settlement of Applications and Providing Restitution and Compensation to Victims of Crime.

Instituto Brasileiro de Ciências Criminais

A possibilidade de remição de pena por meio da leitura fomenta movimentações no campo jurídico há anos. Em 2013, a Recomendação do CNJ nº 44 estabeleceu os parâmetros para fins de remição de pena pelo estudo e previu sua equivalência para a leitura.

Christoph Hauert, Alex McAvoy

When individuals interact in groups, the evolution of cooperation is traditionally modeled using the framework of public goods games. These models often assume that the return of the public good depends linearly on the fraction of contributors. In contrast, in real life public goods interactions, the return can depend on the size of the investor pool as well. Here, we consider a model in which the multiplication factor (marginal per capita return) for the public good depends linearly on how many contribute, which results in a nonlinear model of public goods. This simple model breaks the curse of dominant defection found in linear public goods interactions and gives rise to richer dynamical outcomes in evolutionary settings. We provide an in-depth analysis of the more varied decisions by the classical rational player in nonlinear public goods interactions as well as a mechanistic, microscopic derivation of the evolutionary outcomes for the stochastic dynamics in finite populations and in the deterministic limit of infinite populations. This kind of nonlinearity provides a natural way to model public goods with diminishing returns as well as economies of scale.

Julian Chingoma, Umberto Grandi, Arianna Novaro

We study situations where a group of voters need to take a collective decision over a number of public issues, with the goal of getting a result that reflects the voters' opinions in a proportional manner. Our focus is on interconnected public decisions, where the outcome on one or more issues has repercussions on the acceptance or rejection of other issues in the agenda. We show that the adaptation of classical justified-representation axioms to this enriched setting are always satisfiable only for restricted classes of public agendas. We adapt well-known proportional decision rules to take the structure of the public agenda into account, and we show that they match justified-representation properties in approximation on a class of expressive constraints. We also identify another path to achieving proportionality on interconnected issues via an adaptation of the notion of priceability.

Lucy Jiang

Activism can take a multitude of forms, including protests, social media campaigns, and even public art. The uniqueness of public art lies in that both the act of creation and the artifacts created can serve as activism. Furthermore, public art is often site-specific and can be created with (e.g., commissioned murals) or without permission (e.g., graffiti art) of the site's owner. However, the majority of public art is inaccessible to blind and low vision people, excluding them from political and social action. In this position paper, we build on a prior crowdsourced mural description project and describe the design of one potential process artifact, ARtivism, for making public art more accessible via augmented reality. We then discuss tensions that may occur at the intersection of public art, activism, and technology.

Gábor Kurunczi

One measure of a democratic rule of law is how the state defines the framework for the exercise of representative democracy, and who it grants the right to participate in representative democracy (i.e. who it considers to belong to the people). However, this dual nature of the right to vote raises a number of questions. For example, before the 2018 Hungarian parliamentary elections and during the campaign period, critical voices were heard criticising the system used in Hungarian parliamentary elections (including the institution of winner compensation). By contrast, the fundamental nature of the right to vote, i.e. the subjective aspect, is less often the focus of attention. In this respect, the question rightly arises as to whether the importance of the right to vote as a fundamental right has not been lost. Has the role of different electoral techniques and electoral systems not become a more important issue than the definition and possible extension of the scope of the electorate? Starting from the dual nature of electoral law, the study examines the requirements that can be imposed on electoral systems and the characteristics and challenges of electoral law as a fundamental right.

Soumya Sankar, Ruizi Liu, Xue-Jian Gao et al.

Berry curvature multipoles appearing in topological quantum materials have recently attracted much attention. Their presence can manifest in novel phenomena, such as nonlinear anomalous Hall effects (NLAHE). The notion of Berry curvature multipoles extends our understanding of Berry curvature effects on the material properties. Hence, research on this subject is of fundamental importance and may also enable future applications in energy harvesting and high-frequency technology. It was shown that a Berry curvature dipole can give rise to a 2nd order NLAHE in materials of low crystalline symmetry. Here, we demonstrate a fundamentally new mechanism for Berry curvature multipoles in antiferromagnets that are supported by the underlying magnetic symmetries. Carrying out electric transport measurements on the kagome antiferromagnet FeSn, we observe a 3rd order NLAHE, which appears as a transverse voltage response at the 3rd harmonic frequency when a longitudinal a.c. current drive is applied. Interestingly, this NLAHE is strongest at and above room temperature. We combine these measurements with a scaling law analysis, a symmetry analysis, model calculations, first-principle calculations, and magnetic Monte-Carlo simulations to show that the observed NLAHE is induced by a Berry curvature quadrupole appearing in the spin-canted state of FeSn. At a practical level, our study establishes NLAHE as a sensitive probe of antiferromagnetic phase transitions in other materials, such as moiré superlattices, two-dimensional van der Waal magnets, and quantum spin liquid candidates, that remain poorly understood to date. More broadly, Berry curvature multipole effects are predicted to exist for 90 magnetic point groups. Hence, our work opens a new research area to study a variety of topological magnetic materials through nonlinear measurement protocols.

Zhong Zhang, Jian-liang Wu, Cun-quan Qu et al.

The dissemination of information and the development of public opinion are essential elements of most social media platforms and are often described as distinct, man-made occurrences. However, what is often disregarded is the interdependence between these two phenomena. Information dissemination serves as the foundation for the formation of public opinion, while public opinion, in turn, drives the spread of information. In our study, we model the co-evolutionary relationship between information and public opinion on heterogeneous multiplex networks. This model takes into account a minority of individuals with steadfast opinions and a majority of individuals with fluctuating views. Our findings reveal the equilibrium state of public opinion in this model and a linear relationship between mainstream public opinion and extreme individuals. Additionally, we propose a strategy for regulating public opinion by adjusting the positions of extreme groups, which could serve as a basis for implementing health policies influenced by public opinion.

Nicholas Vincent, David Bau, Sarah Schwettmann et al.

Can governments build AI? In this paper, we describe an ongoing effort to develop ``public AI'' -- publicly accessible AI models funded, provisioned, and governed by governments or other public bodies. Public AI presents both an alternative and a complement to standard regulatory approaches to AI, but it also suggests new technical and policy challenges. We present a roadmap for how the ML research community can help shape this initiative and support its implementation, and how public AI can complement other responsible AI initiatives.

Yu-Ru Lin, Beth Schwanke, Rosta Farzan et al.

This survey study focuses on public opinion regarding the use of algorithmic decision-making in government sectors, specifically in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. Algorithms are becoming increasingly prevalent in various public domains, including both routine and high-stakes government functions. Despite their growing use, public sentiment remains divided, with concerns about privacy and accuracy juxtaposed against perceptions of fairness when compared to human decision-making. In April 2021, a survey was conducted among nearly 1,500 county residents to explore their awareness, experiences, and attitudes towards these algorithms. The study highlights diverse viewpoints influenced by factors such as race, age, education, gender, income, and urban or suburban living. The results demonstrate the complexity of public sentiment towards algorithmic governance and emphasize the need for a nuanced understanding and approach in policy and implementation.