The article examines the challenges faced by the prosecutor’s office, with a focus on the Specialized Environmental Prosecutor’s Office, within the framework of using criminal law to ensure environmental protection. Against the backdrop of russia’s ongoing armed aggression against Ukraine, the author highlights the escalating threats to environmental safety, underscoring the need for a coordinated response from prosecution authorities to guarantee just and inevitable punishment, as well as full compensation for environmental damage. The author examines the activities of the Specialized Environmental Prosecutor’s Office as a key institution in combating environmental crimes. Particular attention is given to the significance of specialization within the prosecutor’s office, which enhances the quality and effectiveness of prosecutors in fulfilling their tasks and responsibilities. The author advocates for the inclusion of the principle of specialization in Article 3 of the Law of Ukraine “On the Public Prosecutor’s Office,” which outlines the fundamental principles governing the Public Prosecutor’s Office. The article presents a comprehensive overview of criminal offenses overseen by the Specialized Environmental Prosecutor’s Office, including pre-trial investigations and public prosecution. To this end, the author analyzes statistical data from the period of martial law, the current Criminal Code of Ukraine, and the relevant provisions of the Draft New Criminal Code of Ukraine, which introduces fundamentally different approaches to addressing environmental criminal offenses. The author explores the primary areas of activity of the Specialized Environmental Prosecutor’s Office in criminal proceedings related to war-induced environmental crimes. Particular attention is given to aspects of the procedural implementation of Article 441 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, “Ecocide.” The author concludes that the development of criteria for procedural proof of guilt in ecocide cases remains an ongoing process at both the national and international levels. Based on the research, the author concludes that strategic reforms in environmental safety during martial law are essential. These reforms should include enhancing the specialization of prosecutors, advancing investigative methods, and adopting an integrated approach to combating environmental crime.
Abstract Functionalism has been increasingly challenged by legal comparatists questioning its nature and suitability. These epistemologically-focused critiques have effectively dichotomised modern comparative law methods, leaving two undertheorised possibilities, namely, the functionalist model—understood in conventional positivist (and substance-ontic) lexes—and emergent postmodern approaches as typified by Pierre Legrand’s system of ‘negative comparative law’ protocols. This article explores an often-neglected alternative grounded in process-relational philosophy. As shown by re-examining Ernst Rabel’s original model, its central claim is that a synthesis of early functionalist theory and process-relational principles exposes postmodern critiques as imprecise and overstated—arguably misconceiving key notions of ‘difference’ and ‘similarity’, and consequently failing to appreciate how greater awareness of the correct order and relationships between levels of abstraction can enhance the nature and possibilities of comparative legal knowledge.
Bu çalışmada diplomasi, diplomatik temsilci ve diplomatik temsilcilerin sahip oldukları dokunulmazlık ve ayrıcalıkların tanımı yapılmış ve bu kavramların İslam-Osmanlı hukuku açısından nasıl değerlendirildiğine yer verilmiştir. İslam hukukunda diplomatik dokunulmazlık kavramı bulunmadığı için, şer’i ve örfi olmak üzere ikili bir yapıdan oluşan Osmanlı hukukunda bu kavramın nasıl uygulandığı incelenmiştir. Yabancı diplomatik temsilcilerin Osmanlı Devleti’ndeki ayrıcalıkları ve dokunulmazlıkları özellikle yargı bağışıklığı yönünden incelenmiştir. Çalışmada diplomatik temsilci olarak elçilerin yanı sıra konsolos ve konsolosluk çalışanları da (tercüman ve kavas) ele alınmıştır. Nitekim daimî diplomatik temsilin ilk dönemlerinde elçi ve konsolos birbiriyle iç içe geçmiş kavramlardır. Konsoloslara tanınan hak ve ayrıcalıklar yabancı devletlerle yapılan ikili anlaşmalarda açıkça belirtilmiştir. Bu bağlamda kapitülasyonlar Osmanlı diplomasi ilişkilerini şekillendirmiştir. Ancak zamanla yabancı devletlere tanınan imtiyazlar kötüye kullanılmıştır. 9 Ağustos 1863 tarihli Memalik-i Mahruse-i Şahanede Bulunan Düvel-i Ecnebiyye Konsoloslukları Hakkında Tanzim Kılınan Nizamname ile Osmanlı Devleti konsolosluklarla ilgili sorunlara dair kapsamlı bir düzenleme yapmıştır. Çalışmada, bu nizamname de diplomatik yargı dokunulmazlığı çerçevesinde değerlendirilmiştir.
The article examines the functions of the norms of administrative law, which are presented in the modern theory of administrative law. It has been established that one of the key components of the goal-setting mechanism are the functions of the norms of administrative law. It has been found that over the past ten years, the functions of administrative law and the functions of administrative law norms have become the subject of research in many complex works, however, in the doctrine of administrative law, unified approaches regarding the definition of the content and classification of the functions of administrative law norms have not been formed. It is emphasized that the study of legal norms is limited to several blocks of questions: a) comparative characteristics of legal norms with other social rules of behavior; b) analysis of the structural elements of the legal norm with an indication of the peculiarities of the interaction between hypotheses, dispositions and sanctions; c) determination of the features of the rule of law, which allows for the formulation of an appropriate definition; d) classification of legal norms. Meanwhile, the content and classification of the functions of the norms of administrative law remain little-researched issues in the science of administrative law, which require special attention from lawyers, especially from the standpoint of the mutual influence and interrelationship of the functions of all elements of the national law system and the goal-setting of the norms of administrative law. It has been established that law is a systemic phenomenon, and therefore every element of this system affects its functionality. Therefore, it is possible to enrich and deepen the scientific understanding of the functions of law only through a systematic analysis of manifestations of law at the primary level (norm of law), at the level of legal institutions, at the level of branches of law, etc. Each level may have its own functional features, which are not always taken into account during the general characterization of law as one of the types of social rules of behavior. It was concluded that the functions of the norms of administrative law are the purposeful influence of the norms of administrative law on social relations, which is ensured by the appropriate set of legal means, and its effectiveness by comparing the obtained result with the goals set before the norm of administrative law. It was found that the following functions are basic for the norms of administrative law: 1) orientation function; 2) evaluation function; 3) target function; 4) motivational function.
The article examines the theoretical and legal aspects of the operation of law during martial law in Ukraine, which arose in connection with Russian aggression in 2022. The author analyzes the constitutional foundations and peculiarities of the operation of law under martial law, and examines the peculiarities of legislation and its application in Ukraine. Particular attention is paid to restrictions on constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens under martial law, such as freedom of movement, the right to peaceful assembly, and others. The article contains proposals for improving the legal regulation of martial law in Ukraine in order to ensure national security and protect the rights and interests of citizens. In continuation of the analysis of the theoretical and legal aspects of the operation of law during martial law in Ukraine, the article examines the mechanisms of institutions responsible for implementing legislation in times of crisis. Particular attention is paid to the role of the authorities in ensuring compliance with the rights and obligations of citizens during martial law, as well as the importance of defining procedures and control over the restriction of constitutional rights and freedoms during this period. Additionally, the article analyzes international experience and standards in this area in order to offer recommendations for improving Ukraine's domestic legislation in the context of protecting the rights and freedoms of citizens during martial law. Such an approach is aimed at ensuring national security and ensuring law and order in a crisis situation arising from aggression. The main task of law during martial law is to ensure national security and protect the rights and freedoms of citizens. However, this must be done in compliance with the basic principles of the rule of law, including transparency, legality, proportionality of measures and guarantees of judicial protection of citizens' rights. Only such an approach will ensure the effectiveness of management measures in a crisis situation, while preserving the basic values of the legal system.
The article reveals the interrelationship of such modern megatrends as globalization and democracy, which are declared a blessing in creating special opportunities for each country, social community, and individual. Globalization was initially understood as an exclusively economic phenomenon, today it covers almost all spheres of human activity, today it can be considered as multiple processes and trends in the formation of a single planetary space, which involves the integration of states and their populations in all spheres of social life (economy, public administration, politics, culture, law, morality). It is shown that globalization as "Westernization" in its modern version contributes to the spread of democratic values and institutions, prompts changes in the value-normative systems of societies and worldviews, and significantly impacts the norms of social morality and law. The features of modern globalization processes are determined by the rapid development and availability of IT technologies for the population, the mobility of modern people, and the formation of new values in postmodern society, which are associated with societal changes. The article proves that globalization and all the processes accompanying it can take place only in those societies that strive for it themselves. The artificial planting of democratic values, and moral and legal standards is possible under constant external support, their actual perception and implementation in life takes place with the support of the population and the authorities of each state. The bipolarity of the modern world is represented by states that accept globalization-democratic values and states that defend their own identity and traditionality. Therefore, it is important to take into account the peculiarities of modern worldview orientations of each actor (state, society) and the voluntariness of participants in globalization processes regarding the creation of supra-state structures, as well as the voluntary adoption of norms and standards in the regulation of social life.
У статті у порівняльно-правовому режимі розглянуто юридичні підстави відповідальності за вчинення злочинів терористичної спрямованості на прикладі України, США, Великобританії, Франції та Німеччини. Викладено порівняльно-правовий аналіз національних підходів до визначення та протидії злочинам терористичного характеру. Обґрунтовано важливість використання міжнародних норм та конвенцій у кримінальному законодавстві для протидії тероризму. Проаналізовано специфіку регулювання механізмів відповідальності за терористичні злочини у різних правових системах, акцентовано увагу на превентивних заходах та особливостях криміналізації цих діянь у відповідних юрисдикціях.
Сформульовано позицію про те, що американськийдосвід є важливим для наукового осмислення, оскільки федеральний КК США детально регламентує відповідальність за терористичні злочини, зокрема, розмежовуючи міжнароднийі внутрішній тероризм, а також містить конкретні статті щодо фінансування тероризму, використання зброї масового ураження та актів тероризму в публічних місцях.
Аргументовано, що французький законодавець також демонструє серйозне ставлення до боротьби з тероризмом шляхом включення декількох заборон у своє кримінальне законодавство, що свідчить про інтеграцію міжнародних правових рекомендацій. Порівняно з цим, у Німеччині заборон проти терористичних злочинів значно менше, а британський законодавець взагалі використовує спеціальний закон - Акт про тероризм, а не Кримінальний кодекс.
Як висновок, наголошено на тому, що вивчення прогресивного міжнародного досвіду у сфері протидії тероризму є важливим для українських науковців, оскільки дозволяє оцінити ефективність підходів інших країн та вдосконалити національну стратегію боротьби з тероризмом. Аналіз результатів діяльності правоохоронних органів і спеціальних служб зарубіжних країн спонукає до висновку про необхідність удосконалення положень програмних документів та кримінального законодавства України, а також розроблення нових методів боротьби з цим суспільно небезпечним явищем.
Окремо, ураховуючи євроінтеграційні прагнення України, наголошено на важливості адаптації національного антитерористичного законодавства, зокрема його кримінально-правової складової, до кращих європейських стандартів із метою забезпечення ефективної боротьбу з тероризмом у контексті міжнародної співпраці.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
A partir da historicidade concernente à temática dos conceitos jurídicos e sob modelo teórico da metodologia civil constitucional, o artigo dedica-se à importância dos conceitos jurídicos na análise dos institutos do direito. A partir de uma perspectiva conceitual e diante de elementos da teoria geral do direito civil e do direito das sucessões, analisa-se a herança digital na busca de inserir o tema na categoria jurídica adequada. Constatando-se que o ambiente onde devem ser tutelados direitos e solucionados problemas relacionados à herança digital é o patrimonial e o dos direitos da personalidade, propõe-se, ao final, reflexão sobre a possibilidade de tutelar as duas naturezas – patrimonial e existencial –para além da classificação atualmente utilizada.
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
The scientific article examines such an aspect of the multidimensionality of the philosophy of law as the metaphysical law of connected vessels, which operates in the natural-supernatural legal space. It is proven that the filling of metaphysical vessels is carried out by the spirit (reflection, inertia) of the places of power contained in earthly supernatural benevolent phenomena. Therefore, ordinary excursions to these places are called pilgrimage trips. At the same time, the pilgrimage has a meta- anthropological character and is realized meta- anthropologically, that is, physically, mentally and spiritually. As a result, a person acquires moral (elementary and higher) qualities, necessary existential and transcendental qualities. The meta- anthropological law of connected vessels supports the legal harmony of the universe. The definition of pilgrimage theology is presented for the first time. Pilgrimage is beneficial for bodily calmness, gives rise to the feeling of acquired bodily dirt, impurity, because dirty actions cling to everyone, they are actions of evil. After all, carnal fornication is a kind of unclean power, which is directed so that a person does not fulfill the ontological bodily principles, leads a promiscuous lifestyle, does not control himself, and therefore creates such elementary moral standards that would approve dirty actions. The philosophy of law resorts to such profound, as if too elementary, banal norms in order to prevent significantly visible violations. Pilgrimage is one of the methods of prevention of physical offenses, which can prevent the destruction and effect of the spiritual law of connected vessels in the universe. The philosophy of the metaphysical law of connected vessels has a visible side - the influence of the fruits of bodily pilgrimage on the permanent formation of the factory of elementary morality, the springboard for the development of elementary virtues. This factory should be improved every time thanks to the pilgrimage and contribute to the development of new rules of righteous earthly life, understanding of the essence of existential and transcendental things. Even such fruits of the ordological pilgrimage as strengthening a careful attitude of a person to nature and the world, forming a physical code of health for oneself, removing oneself from a consumerist material state, limiting oneself in material needs, etc. do not allow violation of the law of connected vessels. From this we can draw a conclusion about the deep essence of the philosophy of law, the fundamental principles of law, the law in general, and human morality. After all, the physical behavior of a person is often inadequate to the actions of the law of connected vessels. In order to combat this inadequacy, humanity, society, and the state resort to creating a complex system of law enforcement activities, but tangible results are still insufficient. Pilgrimage to places of strength will give much more.
У статті було проаналізовано нормативне закріплення податкових повноважень органів місцевого самоврядування, а також практики реалізації цих повноважень. В роботі наводиться ціла низка рішень із правозастосовної практики, які свідчать про складність і невирішеність питання щодо порядку реалізації органом місцевого самоврядування своїх повноважень в частині прийняття рішень про затвердження ставок місцевих податків та/або зборів або змін і опублікування цих відомостей. Зокрема, аналіз відповідних рішень Верховного Суду і нормативного матеріалу дозволив виокремити три способи оприлюднення органом місцевого самоврядування свого рішення: розміщення на дошці оголошень, на офіційному сайті сільради, в засобах масової інформації. Водночас постає питання – якщо в засобах масової інформації, то яких саме? Загальнодержавної чи місцевої сфери розповсюдження? Аналіз правозастосовної практики не надав відповіді на ці питання. Також в якості підтвердження відсутності єдиної усталеної практики застосування щодо цього питання, варто зазначити про наявність окремої думки суддів Верховного Суду у складі 4 суддів. На наше переконання, саме рішення Об`єднаної палати Касаційного адміністративного суду, мало б вирішити спір, який точився навколо порядку оприлюднення рішень органів місцевого самоврядування, що стосувалися податкових правовідносин. Водночас, в цьому рішенні не прописано оприлюднення рішень органів місцевого самоврядування, що реалізуються відповідно підпункту 12.3.4 пункту 12.3 статті 12, пункті 12.5 статті 12, пункті 271.2 статті 271 Податкового кодексу України. Так, до прикладу, це такі ситуації як строк, протягом якого має бути оприлюднено на офіційному сайті міської ради відповідне рішення з моменту його прийняття, взаємозв’язок або взаємовиключність між такими способами оприлюднення як розміщення на дошці оголошень, на офіційному сайті сільради, в засобах масової інформації (різних сфер розповсюдження) та інші випадки.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
This article is devoted to the characteristics of the content of the principles of administrative procedural law, taking into account the provisions of the draft Law of Ukraine "On Administrative Procedure". It is substantiated that in administrative-legal science the generally accepted concept of principles of administrative-procedural law is not formed, which generates discussions about their list, essence and purpose in administrative law. Therefore, it is important to study the concept of principles of administrative procedure. The features inherent in the principles of administrative-procedural law are singled out: 1) the presence of a specific area of regulatory influence - administrative-procedural activities, 2) universality, 3) regulatory regulation, 4) fundamentality, 5) on the consideration and resolution of administrative cases, 6) the need and stability in resolving individual administrative cases in the field of public administration. It is emphasized that the principles of administrative-procedural law reflect the worldview ideas on the settlement of relations between the subjects of public administration and persons on the consideration and resolution of administrative cases; they establish the essence of the rules of conduct of such entities; act systematically as a set of basic and general rules of conduct; their effect extends to all types of administrative procedures; they improve the sub-branch of administrative law, and their violation leads to the application of certain means of responsibility. The author proposes to supplement the already listed in the draft Law of Ukraine "On Administrative Procedure", the list of principles of administrative procedure, the principles of administrative procedures in the state language; availability and customer focus.
El artículo aborda las dificultades que encuentra el ejercicio del derecho a la negociación colectiva por parte de los empleados públicos, en modelos de función pública sustentados en la teoría estatutaria del empleo público, como el adoptado por Colombia. Del mismo modo, muestra los alcances del concepto de condiciones de trabajo en el escenario de la función pública y las grandes posibilidades que se abren para la negociación cuando se operan las disposiciones jurídicas de ese sector del Estado con el instrumental previsto por el sistema normativo internacional que regula el trabajo humano.
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Alexandre Antônio Bruno da Silva, Whenry Hawlysson Araújo Silveira
Globalization is a process that has promoted significant changes in the inner workings of global production chains. Moreover, capital, which is embodied in various forms of labor relations, can and in some current cases exploits, even now, its labor force. Furthermore, this research is structured in two segments. The first analyzes how large companies use labor exploitation in order to reduce production costs and maximize profits, dissociating themselves from the responsibilities that they have in relation to their laborers that are an important part of their internal structure. The second investigates whether these companies can be held responsible for the exploitation of their employees – whom are part of their production network. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the context in which public policies fight contemporary slave labor in Brazil, highlighting the complexities of implementing these policies.
Neste artigo, abordam-se e se relacionam o acúmulo intergeracional de riqueza no Brasil à sua tributação de heranças e doações. Primeiramente, apresentam-se alguns estudos sobre a desigualdade no Brasil. Em seguida, adentra-se mais detalhadamente no estudo de Thomas Piketty sobre o acúmulo intergeracional de riqueza. Após, volta-se à realidade tributária de heranças e doações no Brasil, a fim de traçar o seu perfil jurídico. Passa-se, então, a propor modificações da tributação de heranças e doações no Brasil, de modo a contribuir para a redução de desigualdades. Por derradeiro, expõem-se conclusões sobre o significativo papel da baixa tributação de heranças e doações no Brasil na geração de desigualdades através da promoção do acúmulo intergeracional de riqueza.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Introducción. Uruguay en América. El territorio nacional.- Conformación. - Principales islas. Islas del Océano Atlántico. Islas del Río de la Plata. Islas del Río Uruguay. Islas de la Laguna Merín. Islas interiores. Marco normativo. Marco conceptual. - Caracterización. - Naturaleza jurídica. - Tipología. Marco organizativo. Encuadramiento en la organización nacional. - Encuadramiento en la organización departamental. Conclusiones.
La República Oriental del Uruguay es uno de los países más pequeños de América del Sur, que está situado entre los paralelos 30º y 35º de latitud Sur y los meridianos 53º y 58º de longitud Oeste, limitando al Norte y Noreste con la República Federativa del Brasil, al Oeste con la República Argentina, al Sur con el Río de la Plata y al Este con el Océano Atlántico, siendo su capital, Montevideo, la ciudad capital más austral del mundo.
El espacio geográfico nacional abarca actualmente un área terrestre de 176.215 kilómetros cuadrados, al que corresponde agregar el espacio acuático de sus ríos y lagunas limítrofes y de su mar territorial sobre el Océano Atlántico, con sus respectivas islas, totalizando 313.782 kilómetros cuadrados.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Social sciences (General)
O presente trabalho objetivou discutir a teoria que envolve o dano estético, temática da Responsabilidade Civil fruto de grande divergência. Para tanto, buscou elucidar, através dos elementos ensejadores de responsabilidade, o conceito do instituto e os requisitos necessários para sua configuração, enfrentando a confusão doutrinária que cerca este campo de estudo. Porém, teve como principal meta a discussão da autonomia do dano estético frente ao dano moral, intencionando demonstrar a distinção que se consolidou entre estas duas modalidades de dano e comprovar o acerto da súmula 387 editada pelo Superior Tribunal de Justiça, que reconheceu o dano estético como nova espécie de dano. Ao confrontar a teoria com a prática, percebeu-se que ainda há julgados no país que desconhecem e simplificam o instituto, insistindo em conceder indenização por dano estético apenas a título de dano moral e negando sua característica autônoma.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
A keynote speech delivered at the 2013 conference of the British & Irish Law, Education & Technology Association, on 11 April 2013, at the University of Liverpool
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence