Hasil untuk "Industrial electrochemistry"

Shabanov Nabi, Ahmed Amirov, Sagim Suleymanov et al.

This article presents studies on the production of carbon inks by modification of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) using acid treatment in an autoclave and selection of solvents to form stable colloidal solutions. The aim of the study was to develop optimal inks for inkjet printing that meet the basic requirements at all the stages of forming functional elements for electronics. The obtained carbon materials were analyzed using Raman spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy to identify structural and morphological changes. Defunctionalization processes were studied by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis. Stability of MWCNT suspensions in dimethyl sulfoxide was evaluated for a fortnight. The mechanism of low-temperature recovery of MWCNTs by dimethyl sulfoxide was confirmed using quantum chemical calculations. The effect of solvents on rheological properties of inks, precipitation formation, control of their morphology, as well as electrical characteristics of the printed layers were studied.

Ecem Erman, Nayereh Soltani, Raghunandan Ummethala et al.

Supercapacitor is a promising solution for alternating current (AC) filtering to result in miniaturized electronic devices by virtue of its much higher specific capacitance than conventional mainstream electrolytic capacitors. Here, this work reports a novel electrode design for satisfying the high frequency response requirement of AC filtering based on the growth of carbon nanotube (CNT) electrode materials onto the pre-etched porous aluminum substrate, via an atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) method. The developed supercapacitors with such CNT electrodes displayed a high areal specific capacitance of 586 μFcm−2, a phase angle of −80°, and a resistor-capacitor (RC) time constant of 0.232 milliseconds (ms) at 120 Hz, demonstrating both improved areal capacitance and the high frequency handling capability. More importantly, a wide voltage window (2.7 V) is promised by the utilization of a commercial organic electrolyte, which is benefiting to boost the energy density and facilitate the design of high voltage filtering device in comparison with the most reported aqueous filtering supercapacitors.

Bo Wu

In order to explore whether environmental liability insurance has an important impact on industrial emission reduction, this paper selects provincial (city) level panel data from 2010 to 2020 and constructs a two-way fixed effect model to analyze the impact of environmental liability insurance on carbon emissions from both direct and indirect levels. The empirical analysis results show that: at the direct level, the development of environmental liability insurance has the effect of reducing industrial carbon emissions, and its effect is heterogeneous. At the indirect level, the role of environmental liability insurance is weaker in areas with developed financial industry and underdeveloped financial industry. Further heterogeneity analysis shows that in the industrial developed areas, the effect of environmental liability insurance on carbon emissions is more obvious. Based on this, countermeasures and suggestions are put forward from the aspects of expanding the coverage of environmental liability insurance, innovating the development of environmental liability insurance and improving the level of industrialization.

Yifan Li, Yuhang Chen, Anh Dao et al.

Existing Embodied Question Answering (EQA) benchmarks primarily focus on household environments, often overlooking safety-critical aspects and reasoning processes pertinent to industrial settings. This drawback limits the evaluation of agent readiness for real-world industrial applications. To bridge this, we introduce IndustryEQA, the first benchmark dedicated to evaluating embodied agent capabilities within safety-critical warehouse scenarios. Built upon the NVIDIA Isaac Sim platform, IndustryEQA provides high-fidelity episodic memory videos featuring diverse industrial assets, dynamic human agents, and carefully designed hazardous situations inspired by real-world safety guidelines. The benchmark includes rich annotations covering six categories: equipment safety, human safety, object recognition, attribute recognition, temporal understanding, and spatial understanding. Besides, it also provides extra reasoning evaluation based on these categories. Specifically, it comprises 971 question-answer pairs generated from small warehouse and 373 pairs from large ones, incorporating scenarios with and without human. We further propose a comprehensive evaluation framework, including various baseline models, to assess their general perception and reasoning abilities in industrial environments. IndustryEQA aims to steer EQA research towards developing more robust, safety-aware, and practically applicable embodied agents for complex industrial environments. Benchmark and codes are available.

Miguel Granados‐Moreno, Maria Arnaiz, Emanuele Gucciardi et al.

Abstract The low capacity of activated carbon (AC) electrodes remains as one of the major limiting factors for the development of high energy density lithium‐ion capacitors (LICs). Hybridization of capacitive AC electrodes by incorporating faradaic materials into the electrode formulation could be performed to enhance the capacity of the overall device. However, this strategy requires an accurate electrode design to maximize the performance. In this work, Li3V1.95Ni0.05(PO4)3 (LVNP) was selected as faradaic material due to its compatibility with AC, showing high capacity, fast ionic diffusion, and relatively high conductivity. Various formulations and mass loadings have been studied to analyze the impact of incorporating LVNP into the positive electrode on the performance of the hybrid electrode. Moreover, for practical LIC applications, a sacrificial salt ‐dilithium squarate, Li2C4O4‐ was included in the hybrid electrode as a pre‐lithiation additive, developing a ternary electrode. The sacrificial salt oxidized releasing lithium ions, while the electrochemical performance of the hybrid positive electrode remained almost unaltered. Finally, a cycle life test combined with a post‐mortem analysis allows understanding the failure mechanisms of the electrode, suggesting the need of further improvements of the electrolyte and electrode‐electrolyte interface to develop long lifetime hybrid faradaic‐capacitive electrodes based on LVNP‐AC active materials.

Vicentiu-Iulian Savu, Chris Brace, Georg Engel et al.

Equivalent circuit models represent one of the most efficient virtual representations of battery systems, with numerous applications supporting the design of electric vehicles, such as powertrain evaluation, power electronics development, and model-based state estimation. Due to their popularity, their parameter extraction and model parametrization procedures present high interest within the research community, with novel approaches at an elementary level still being identified. This article introduces and compares in detail two novel parameter extraction methods based on the distinct application of least squares linear regression in relation to the autoregressive exogenous as well as the state-space equations of the double polarization equivalent circuit model in an iterative optimization-type manner. Following their application using experimental data obtained from an NCA Sony VTC6 cell, the results are benchmarked against a method employing differential evolution. The results indicate the least squares linear regression applied to the state-space format of the model as the best overall solution, providing excellent accuracy similar to the results of differential evolution, but averaging only 1.32% of the computational cost. In contrast, the same linear solver applied to the autoregressive exogenous format proves complementary characteristics by being the fastest process but presenting a penalty over the accuracy of the results.

Lennon Ó Náraigh

We introduce two models of industrial drying - a simplified one-equation model, and a detailed three-equation model. The purpose of the simplified model is rigorous validation of numerical methods for PDE-constrained optimal control. The purpose of the detailed model is to be able to predict and control the behaviour of an industrial disk drier. For both models, we introduce a fully validated numerical method to compute the optimal source term to maintain the outlet temperature as close as possible to the set-point temperature. By performing simulations using realistic parameters for industrial driers, we illustrate potential applications of the method.

Roman Bögli, Leandro Lerena, Christos Tsigkanos et al.

TLA+ is a formal specification language used for designing, modeling, documenting, and verifying systems through model checking. Despite significant interest from the research community, knowledge about usage of the TLA+ ecosystem in practice remains scarce. Industry reports suggest that software engineers could benefit from insights, innovations, and solutions to the practical challenges of TLA+. This paper explores this development by conducting a systematic literature review of TLA+'s industrial usage over the past decade. We analyze the trend in industrial application, characterize its use, examine whether its promised benefits resonate with practitioners, and identify challenges that may hinder further adoption.

Konrad Wolsing, Eric Wagner, Frederik Basels et al.

With the escalating threats posed by cyberattacks on Industrial Control Systems (ICSs), the development of customized Industrial Intrusion Detection Systems (IIDSs) received significant attention in research. While existing literature proposes effective IIDS solutions evaluated in controlled environments, their deployment in real-world industrial settings poses several challenges. This paper highlights two critical yet often overlooked aspects that significantly impact their practical deployment, i.e., the need for sufficient amounts of data to train the IIDS models and the challenges associated with finding suitable hyperparameters, especially for IIDSs training only on genuine ICS data. Through empirical experiments conducted on multiple state-of-the-art IIDSs and diverse datasets, we establish the criticality of these issues in deploying IIDSs. Our findings show the necessity of extensive malicious training data for supervised IIDSs, which can be impractical considering the complexity of recording and labeling attacks in actual industrial environments. Furthermore, while other IIDSs circumvent the previous issue by requiring only benign training data, these can suffer from the difficulty of setting appropriate hyperparameters, which likewise can diminish their performance. By shedding light on these challenges, we aim to enhance the understanding of the limitations and considerations necessary for deploying effective cybersecurity solutions in ICSs, which might be one reason why IIDSs see few deployments.

Leonhard Faubel, Klaus Schmid

As Machine Learning (ML) becomes more prevalent in Industry 4.0, there is a growing need to understand how systematic approaches to bringing ML into production can be practically implemented in industrial environments. Here, MLOps comes into play. MLOps refers to the processes, tools, and organizational structures used to develop, test, deploy, and manage ML models reliably and efficiently. However, there is currently a lack of information on the practical implementation of MLOps in industrial enterprises. To address this issue, we conducted a multiple case study on MLOps in three large companies with dedicated MLOps teams, using established tools and well-defined model deployment processes in the Industry 4.0 environment. This study describes four of the companies' Industry 4.0 scenarios and provides relevant insights into their implementation and the challenges they faced in numerous projects. Further, we discuss MLOps processes, procedures, technologies, as well as contextual variations among companies.

J. Sun, R. Zhou, A. Jalili

Ammonia is primarily used as a fertilizer, and its potential as a hydrogen carrier is critical for the emerging global hydrogen economy.1 Current industrial ammonia synthesis process (Haber-Bosch) has adverse environmental effects due to its reliance on fossil fuels. To achieve sustainable ammonia production, electricity-driven processes have stimulated intensive research such as plasma and electrochemical technologies. However, they have been significantly limited either by the low activation of stable nitrogen or by the high energy consumption respectively, and both result in the low production rates and selectivity towards ammonia. We recently demonstrated integrating non-thermal plasma with electrochemistry is the most practical approach to addressing above issues.2 The non-thermal plasma provides reactivity and solubility for N2 gas in water, while the electrocatalytic conversion of plasma-produced species synthesize ammonia selectively. However, this hybrid process is far too young to compete with Haber-Bosch's productivity, especially due to the relatively high energy consumption and unclear underlying mechanism for the plasma ignition. In this study, a nanosecond pulse-driven plasma bubble reactor with multiple discharge schemes is developed to couple with electrochemistry for sustainable ammonia production. DBD and Spark discharge modes and their evolution processes are studied by comparing discharge images and electrical characterizations via an intensified charge-coupled device and a digital oscilloscope. Optical emission spectra and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy are employed to determine the composition of the gaseous plasma. Moreover, the effects of discharge modes on plasma-liquid interactions are discussed in terms of the physio-chemical properties of the treated aqueous solution, which can provide fundamental insights into the physics and chemistry of plasma bubbles as well as their potential a ppl ications.

Vincenzo Scarano, L. Mattiello, D. Rocco

Oligomeric compounds can be considered from two points of view: polymer chemistry often sees them as undesired by-products of polymerization processes or, more fruitfully, synthesizes them as structural models for polymers, while organic chemistry synthesizes oligomers, with a typical bottom-up approach, starting from the respective monomers. Conjugated oligomers play a fundamental role in the field of organic semiconductors and therefore in the field of industrial and high-tech applications. Electrochemistry can make a significant contribution to the field of oligomers by rendering the syntheses more expeditious in comparison with the classical organic ones. The electrochemical approach may offer several advantages over the traditional organic synthesis. For example, cleaner and more sustainable syntheses and simpler and shorter synthetic pathways. This review outlines the application of electrochemistry techniques in the synthesis of oligomers.

Samidh Pal

This paper investigates the inter-regional intra-industry disparity within selected Indian manufacturing industries and industrial states. The study uses three measures - the Output-Capital Ratio, the Capital-Labor Ratio, and the Output-Labor Ratio - to critically evaluate the level of disparity in average efficiency of labor and capital, as well as capital intensity. Additionally, the paper compares the rate of disparity of per capita income between six major industrial states. The study finds that underutilization of capacity is driven by an unequal distribution of high-skilled labor supply and upgraded technologies. To address these disparities, the paper suggests that policymakers campaign for labor training and technology promotion schemes throughout all regions of India. By doing so, the study argues, the country can reduce regional inequality and improve economic outcomes for all.

Nekane Nieto, Olatz Noya, Amaia Iturrondobeitia et al.

Hard carbon is one of the most promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries. In this work, new types of biomass-derived hard carbons were obtained through pyrolysis of different kinds of agro-industrial biowaste (corncob, apple pomace, olive mill solid waste, defatted grape seed and dried grape skin). Furthermore, the influence of pretreating the biowaste samples by hydrothermal carbonization and acid hydrolysis was also studied. Except for the olive mill solid waste, discharge capacities typical of biowaste-derived hard carbons were obtained in every case (≈300 mAh·g⁻¹ at C/15). Furthermore, it seems that hydrothermal carbonization could improve the discharge capacity of biowaste samples derived from different nature at high cycling rates, which are the closest conditions to real applications.

Laura Ferrer Pascual, Ishan Pande, Ayesha Kousar et al.

Here we use an electrode consisting of carbon nanofibers (CNFs), the lengths and surface population density of which can be effectively controlled. It is shown that (i) a thin liquid layer forms when the thickness of the diffusion layer has a specific ratio to the dimensions of the nanostructured carbon surface. (ii) This leads to a decrease in the peak potential difference and a subsequent increase in the apparent heterogeneous electron transfer (HET) constant, both of which could be interpreted as a result of increased catalytic activity. (iii) However, we show that this explanation is not likely, as our materials are chemically identical, and we use an outer sphere redox (OSR) probe to minimize any specific chemical interactions. On the contrary, (iv) the results clearly show that the observed behavior is caused by a combination of the formation of a thin liquid layer and the increased apparent surface area of the electrodes.

Tan Chen, Zhe Huang, James Motes et al.

Significant progress in robotics reveals new opportunities to advance manufacturing. Next-generation industrial automation will require both integration of distinct robotic technologies and their application to challenging industrial environments. This paper presents lessons from a collaborative assembly project between three academic research groups and an industry partner. The goal of the project is to develop a flexible, safe, and productive manufacturing cell for sub-centimeter precision assembly. Solving this problem in a high-mix, low-volume production line motivates multiple research thrusts in robotics. This work identifies new directions in collaborative robotics for industrial applications and offers insight toward strengthening collaborations between institutions in academia and industry on the development of new technologies.

Man Zhang, Andrea Arcuri, Yonggang Li et al.

Remote Procedure Call (RPC) is a communication protocol to support client-server interactions among services over a network. RPC is widely applied in industry for building large-scale distributed systems, such as Microservices. Modern RPC frameworks include for example Thrift, gRPC, SOFARPC and Dubbo. Testing such systems is very challenging, due to the complexity of distributed systems and various RPC frameworks the system could employ. To the best of our knowledge, there does not exist any tool or solution that could enable automated testing of modern RPC-based services. To fill this gap, in this paper we propose the first approach in the literature, together with an open-source tool, for white-box fuzzing modern RPC-based APIs with search. To assess our novel approach, we conducted an empirical study with two artificial and four industrial APIs selected by our industrial partner. The tool has been integrated into a real industrial pipeline, and could be applied to real industrial development process for fuzzing RPC-based APIs. To further demonstrate its effectiveness and application in industrial settings, we also report results of employing our tool for fuzzing another 50 industrial APIs autonomously conducted by our industrial partner in their testing processes. Results show that our novel approach is capable of enabling automated test case generation for industrial RPC-based APIs (i.e., two artificial and 54 industrial). We also compared with a simple grey-box technique and existing manually written tests. Our white-box solution achieves significant improvements on code coverage. Regarding fault detection, by conducting a careful review with our industrial partner of the tests generated by our novel approach in the selected four industrial APIs, a total of 41 real faults were identified, which have now been fixed. Another 8,377 detected faults are currently under investigation.

Martina Costa Reis

Pa Corrigan, Jonathan L Tirsch, Alexey Silakov

[FeFe] hydrogenases are enzymes capable of producing and oxidizing H2 at staggering sub-millisecond time scales. A major limitation in applying these enzymes for industrial hydrogen production is their irreversible inactivation by oxygen. Recently, an [FeFe] hydrogenase from Clostridium beijerinckii (CbHydA1) was reported to regain its catalytic activity after exposure to oxygen. In this report, we have determined that artificially matured CbHydA1 is indeed oxygen tolerant in the absence of reducing agents and sulfides by means of reaching an O2-protected state (Hinact). We were also able to generate the Hinact state anaerobically via both chemical and electrochemical oxidation. We use a combination of spectroscopy, electrochemistry, and density functional theory (DFT) to uncover intrinsic properties of the active center of CbHydA1, leading to its unprecedented oxygen tolerance. We have observed that reversible, low-potential oxidation of the active center leads to the protection against O2-induced degradation. The transition between the active oxidized state (Hox) and the Hinact state appears to proceed without any detectable intermediates. We found that the Hinact state is stable for more than 40 hours in air, highlighting the remarkable resilience of CbHydA1 to oxygen. Using a combination of DFT and FTIR, we also provide a hypothesis for the chemical identity of the Hinact state. These results demonstrate that CbHydA1 has remarkable stability in the presence of oxygen, which will drive future efforts to engineer more robust catalysts for biofuel production.

A. El-Shamy

Microbial corrosion has developed a foremost problematic in the oil and gas industrial field. This problem is by reason of the continual usage of water swamping in promoting oil recovery. This water moistens the walls of oil pipelines. Microbial corrosion is also present in other industries such as nuclear power reactors and in most hydro-power applications. Increased corporate infrastructure also leads to increased microbial corrosion. Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (SRB) is considered as the main kind of bacterial which cause of pipeline corrosion. Because of microbial deterioration is not understood, until recently, there is no clear mechanism to explain why and how microbial corrosion occurs because of the complexity of this area. The new theory of bio-catalytic cathodic sulfate reduction is bio-electrochemistry based. In this theory, the bio-energetics can explain why microbial corrosion occurs, while the extracellular electron transference theory is capable of explain how microbial corrosion happens. The microbial corrosion can be caused by nitrate reducing bacteria, which led to an analogous bio-catalytic cathodic nitrate reduction theory. The electron mediator assessment intended to validate the extracellular electron transference progression which anticipated in bio-catalytic cathodic sulfate reduction. The electron mediators like riboflavin and flavin adenine di-nucleotide were accomplished of hastening the microbial corrosion by endorsing electron transport flanked by an iron surface and a biofilm. In case of deficient in organic carbon, the elemental iron substituted the organic carbons as an energy source/electron donor for SRB to get their conservation energy. Under unblemished undernourishment of organic carbon, the largest pit depth was accomplished, which was consistent with the estimate of bio-catalytic cathodic sulfate reduction. The developing request and crucial necessity in oil and gas industry is to find an effectual method to avoid and/or mitigate microbial corrosion at a rational cost.