Hasil untuk "Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology"

محمد علی تاجیک, فاطمه عزیزآبادی فراهانی, امیدعلی مسعودی et al.

با پیشرفت فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات و همه‌‌گیرشدن خدمات ارائه بر پایۀ اینترنت اشیاء، واقعیت افزوده و غیره، اشکال مختلف ارتباطی تجمیع شد و ارتباط انسان با انسان، انسان با ماشین و ماشین با ماشین، عصر تراپیوستگی را شکل داد. در کشورهای توسعه‌یافته تمام نهادهای بر پایۀ ارتباط دوسویه همچون موزه، آن را پذیرفتند و ابزار ارتباطی خود مانند رسانه‌‌های اجتماعی را تراپیوسته کردند. حال برای استفادۀ بهینه از این شکل رسانه، طراحی الگویی برای مدیریت رسانه‌‌های اجتماعی در موزه‌‌های مذکور لازم بود. با عنایت به بدیع‌بودن موضوع، یافتن منابعی که ارتباط مستقیم با موضوع پژوهش داشتند بسیار دشوار شد لذا منابع علمی پژوهشی با موضوعات نزدیک شناسایی شد. برای جمع‌آوری منابع علمی پژوهشی از روش کتابخانه‌‌ای بهره برده‌‌ شده و با روش انتخاب سیلوا منابع غربال و از 137 منبع مقدماتی منتشرشده بین سال‌‌های 2013 تا 2023 میلادی، با مطالعۀ مقدمه و نتایج منابع به 24 منبع علمی پژوهشی حاصل شد. برای توسعۀ مفاهیم و یافتن مؤلفه‌های مؤثر از روش مرور سیستماتیک به سراغ فراترکیب رفته و بدین منظور از تحلیل مضمون استفاده شده است. با توسعۀ مفاهیم و توسعۀ الگوی مفهومی؛ الگوی مدیریت رسانه‌‌های اجتماعی در موزه‌‌های تراپیوسته در پانزده گام ترسیم و در نهایت الگو با روش تجربه معتبرسازی شد. بدین منظور الگو در مؤسسۀ موزه‌های بنیاد در سه دوره از سال 1398 تا 1403 پیاده‌سازی و با توجه به افزایش چشمگیر و پیوسته جایگاه سایت اینترنتی و دنبال‌کنندگان صفحۀ اینستاگرام مؤسسه، اثربخشی قطعی و مستمر الگو و در نتیجه اعتبار آن به اثبات رسید.

KAYONGO Lynet

The Green Revolution in Africa has been mainly driven by international agencies such as the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the Yara Foundation, and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). Despite the billions of dollars invested the success of the movement in Africa has been limited. This paper critically examines why the Green Revolution model promoted by the Alliance for the Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA) has had limited impact in Africa, arguing that the movement’s reliance on increased crop yields as a solution for poverty and hunger is overly simplistic and overlooks local conditions in Africa that make difficult for the Green Revolution to duplicate the successes of the Green Revolution in Asia and Latin America. It advocates for a paradigm shift toward ecologically sustainable and locally driven agricultural reforms that prioritize smallholder farmers and protects Africa’s food sovereignty. The paper uses historical analysis to critique the adverse ecological, social, and economic consequences of borrowed, externally driven agricultural models that overlook the unique challenges of African farming systems, such as low irrigation potential, dependence on mono-cultures, and inadequate attention to local diets and practices. It highlights the disproportionate benefits that the green revolution in Africa is accruing to medium-scale male farmers, while increasing gendered inequalities in food production and distribution.

Paulina Aguayo Yáñez, Anita Ferreira Cabrera

En los documentos curriculares chilenos, se reconoce un potencial epistémico en la escritura; sin embargo, su enseñanza suele delegarse a la asignatura de Lenguaje. La escritura epistémica se constituye en una herramienta que posibilita la transformación del pensamiento para aprender y generar conocimiento. El objetivo principal de este estudio exploratorio mixto es comparar la percepción docente acerca del abordaje de la escritura epistémica en Lengua y Literatura e Historia, Geografía y Ciencias Sociales en segundo medio, pues ambas asignaturas fomentan habilidades de pensamiento crítico y argumentación, esenciales para el desarrollo de la escritura epistémica. Para ello, se encuestó a diez profesores de establecimientos educacionales municipales y particulares subvencionados de las asignaturas mencionadas. Los resultados evidencian una aprobación general a lo consignado sobre escritura en las Bases curriculares, mas no en los Programas de Estudio. Respecto al Texto del estudiante hay divergencia; mientras los profesores de Lenguaje muestran cierto escepticismo, los de Historia lo valoran positivamente. La frecuencia de actividades de escritura es similar, pero los enfoques difieren: en Lenguaje se consideran elementos contextuales clave que en Historia no. Aun así, hay consenso sobre la importancia del desarrollo de la escritura epistémica para el aprendizaje en su asignatura.

A. I. Tetuev

This work analyzes for the first time, based on new archival documents and other sources, the problems of material and domestic arrangement of military personnel families; World War II disabled veterans, demobilized military personnel and orphans on the materials of Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. The activities of state and party bodies in organizing employment, social security and help to families of front-line soldiers, disabled, demobilized military personnel. This article established the number of beneficiaries who received benefits and pensions, as well as employed families of military personnel disabled during the war years. It also revealed the omissions and shortcomings in the organization of material and household arrangements, the normalized provision of food and industrial goods to the families of military personnel and war invalids. This paper considered activities of state bodies and the public in organizing the help of orphans and children who have become homeless. The experience of labor collectives of factories, factories, collective farms, state farms, public organizations, and citizens in providing patronage help, families of front-line soldiers, disabled people and orphans is summarized.We concluded that the main areas of state and public support for the families of military personnel, war invalids, orphans and demobilized children in Kabardino-Balkarian Republic were state benefits, pensions, targeted material help, tax exemptions, provision of food and industrial goods, solving housing problems, employment and restoration of orphanages.

Mahmoud Fawzi, Björn Ross, Walid Magdy

Misinformation is a growing concern in a decade involving critical global events. While social media regulation is mainly dedicated towards the detection and prevention of fake news and political misinformation, there is limited research about religious misinformation which has only been addressed through qualitative approaches. In this work, we study the spread of fabricated quotes (Hadith) that are claimed to belong to Prophet Muhammad (the prophet of Islam) as a case study demonstrating one of the most common religious misinformation forms on Arabic social media. We attempt through quantitative methods to understand the characteristics of social media users who interact with fabricated Hadith. We spotted users who frequently circulate fabricated Hadith and others who frequently debunk it to understand the main differences between the two groups. We used Logistic Regression to automatically predict their behaviors and analyzed its weights to gain insights about the characteristics and interests of each group. We find that both fabricated Hadith circulators and debunkers have generally a lot of ties to religious accounts. However, circulators are identified by many accounts that follow the Shia branch of Islam, Sunni Islamic public figures from the gulf countries, and many Sunni non-professional pages posting Islamic content. On the other hand, debunkers are identified by following academic Islamic scholars from multiple countries and by having more intellectual non-religious interests like charity, politics, and activism.

Tianliang Xu, Ariel Hasell, Sabina Tomkins

Distrust of public serving institutions and anti-establishment views are on the rise (especially in the U.S.). As people turn to social media for information, it is imperative to understand whether and how social media environments may be contributing to distrust of institutions. In social media, content creators, influencers, and other opinion leaders often position themselves as having expertise and authority on a range of topics from health to politics, and in many cases devalue and dismiss institutional expertise to build a following and increase their own visibility. However, the extent to which this content appears and whether such content increases engagement is unclear. This study analyzes the prevalence of anti-establishment sentiment (AES) on the social media platform TikTok. Despite its popularity as a source of information, TikTok remains relatively understudied and may provide important insights into how people form attitudes towards institutions. We employ a computational approach to label TikTok posts as containing AES or not across topical domains where content creators tend to frame themselves as experts: finance and wellness. As a comparison, we also consider the topic of conspiracy theories, where AES is expected to be common. We find that AES is most prevalent in conspiracy theory content, and relatively rare in content related to the other two topics. However, we find that engagement patterns with such content varies by area, and that there may be platform incentives for users to post content that expresses anti-establishment sentiment.

Melayna Lamb, Tia Trafford

Recent calls to “defund the police” have seen a plethora of movements decry state funds allocated to the police and ask that those funds be placed elsewhere. In this article, we return to Michel Foucault to analyze how calls for rebalancing budgets away from the police force and towards social projects both rely on political categories established in Foucault's work and encapsulates an aporia that emerges through them. Locating shifts towards the carceral in the context of European modernity, Foucault suggests that policing moves away from the spectacular torture and punishment of sovereign and state and towards technologies of power that proliferate across the social body. Here, we suggest that in this movement between sovereignty and power emerges a central tension that Foucault is incapable of resolving—between an exteriorized sovereignty (death) that necessarily appears at the extreme limits of power (life)—which threatens to destabilize the domain of power altogether. Race—as it appears in the European frame and reaching a zenith in Nazi Germany—encapsulates Foucault’s attempted mitigation. If anything, this exacerbates the problem by rendering the terms of inclusion in the domain of power (of making life live) incoherent. To see why, we go on to show how freedom from racial slavery—as space of incapacity—is the conduit through which entry is possible into the differentiated power that supposedly limits the social. But as such, the slave precisely indexes the aporia for Foucault that cannot be sutured. The implications of this can be seen in the calls to defund the police insofar as it implicitly repeats Foucault’s shift from police to social power.

Alik Mazukatow

The article provides an empirical insight into urban initiatives that advocate for better urban mobility infrastructures and outlines a theoretical perspective of commoning infrastructures as a terrain for political struggles. Rather than constructing commons as the interplay of methodologically presumed elements (resources, a community of commoners, and their institutions of commoning) it takes a relational perspective on commoning that asks how activists mobilize and relate heterogeneous elements to make urban mobility infrastructures a common political concern. Based on ethnographic fieldwork on mobility activism in Berlin, the second part of the article illustrates such a relational perspective and presents three modes of commoning. To achieve what is called “mobility transition” (i. e. more sustainable and equitable urban mobility infrastructures), activists rely on mobilizations of knowledge, space, and affect.

Haiko Lietz

Social Network Analysis is a way of studying agents embedded in contexts. In about 1998, physicists discovered social networks as representations of complex systems. Small-world and scale-free networks are the paradigmatic models of this Network Science. Relying on various models and mechanisms of socio-cultural processes, an identity model is developed and calibrated in a case study of Social Network Science. This research domain results from the union of Social Network Analysis and Network Science. A unique dataset of 25,760 scholarly articles from one century of research (1916-2012) is created. Clustering this set of publications, five subdomains are detected and analyzed in terms of authorship, citation, and word usage structures and dynamics. The scaling hypothesis of percolation theory is formulated for socio-cultural systems, namely that power-law size distributions like Lotka's, Bradford's, and Zipf's Law mean that the described identity resides at the phase transition between the stability and change of meaning. In this case, it can be diagnosed using bivariate scaling laws and Abbott's heuristic of fractal distinctions. Identities are not dichotomies but dualities of social network and cultural domain, micro and macro phenomena, as well as stability and change. Story sets that give direction to research fluctuate less, are less distinctive, and more inert than the individuals doing the research. Identities are scale-free. Six senses are diagnostic of different aspects of identity, and when they come together as process, a complex socio-cultural system comes into existence. A mutual benefit that results from mating Relational Sociology and Network Science is identified. The latter can learn from the former that social systems are dualities of transactions and meaning. For the social sciences, the importance of Paretian thinking (scale invariance) is pointed out.

Ali Khodabandeh Yalabadi, Mehdi Yazdani-Jahromi, Sina Abdidizaji et al.

The rapid and widespread dissemination of misinformation through social networks is a growing concern in today's digital age. This study focused on modeling fake news diffusion, discovering the spreading dynamics, and designing control strategies. A common approach for modeling the misinformation dynamics is SIR-based models. Our approach is an extension of a model called 'SBFC' which is a SIR-based model. This model has three states, Susceptible, Believer, and Fact-Checker. The dynamics and transition between states are based on neighbors' beliefs, hoax credibility, spreading rate, probability of verifying the news, and probability of forgetting the current state. Our contribution is to push this model to real social networks by considering different classes of agents with their characteristics. We proposed two main strategies for confronting misinformation diffusion. First, we can educate a minor class, like scholars or influencers, to improve their ability to verify the news or remember their state longer. The second strategy is adding fact-checker bots to the network to spread the facts and influence their neighbors' states. Our result shows that both of these approaches can effectively control the misinformation spread.

Haoyi Qiu, Alexander R. Fabbri, Divyansh Agarwal et al.

As large language models (LLMs) expand into performing as agents for real-world applications beyond traditional NLP tasks, evaluating their robustness becomes increasingly important. However, existing benchmarks often overlook critical dimensions like cultural and social awareness. To address these, we introduce CASA, a benchmark designed to assess LLM agents' sensitivity to cultural and social norms across two web-based tasks: online shopping and social discussion forums. Our approach evaluates LLM agents' ability to detect and appropriately respond to norm-violating user queries and observations. Furthermore, we propose a comprehensive evaluation framework that measures awareness coverage, helpfulness in managing user queries, and the violation rate when facing misleading web content. Experiments show that current LLMs perform significantly better in non-agent than in web-based agent environments, with agents achieving less than 10% awareness coverage and over 40% violation rates. To improve performance, we explore two methods: prompting and fine-tuning, and find that combining both methods can offer complementary advantages -- fine-tuning on culture-specific datasets significantly enhances the agents' ability to generalize across different regions, while prompting boosts the agents' ability to navigate complex tasks. These findings highlight the importance of constantly benchmarking LLM agents' cultural and social awareness during the development cycle.

Hossein B. Jond

A social network population engages in collective actions as a direct result of forming a particular opinion. The strategic interactions among the individuals acting independently and selfishly naturally portray a noncooperative game. Nash equilibrium allows for self-enforcing strategic interactions between selfish and self-interested individuals. This paper presents a differential game approach to the opinion formation problem in social networks to investigate the evolution of opinions as a result of a Nash equilibrium. The opinion of each individual is described by a differential equation, which is the continuous-time Hegselmann-Krause model for opinion dynamics with a time delay in input. The objective of each individual is to seek optimal strategies for her own opinion evolution by minimizing an individual cost function. Two differential game problems emerge, one for a population that is not stubborn and another for a population that is stubborn. The open-loop Nash equilibrium actions and their associated opinion trajectories are derived for both differential games using Pontryagin's principle. Additionally, the receding horizon control scheme is used to practice feedback strategies where the information flow is restricted by fixed and complete social graphs as well as the second neighborhood concept. The game strategies were executed on the well-known Zachary's Karate Club social network. The resulting opinion trajectories associated with the game strategies showed consensus, polarization, and disagreement in final opinions.

Mattia Giovanni Campana, Franca Delmastro

Recommender Systems (RS) currently represent a fundamental tool in online services, especially with the advent of Online Social Networks (OSN). In this case, users generate huge amounts of contents and they can be quickly overloaded by useless information. At the same time, social media represent an important source of information to characterize contents and users' interests. RS can exploit this information to further personalize suggestions and improve the recommendation process. In this paper we present a survey of Recommender Systems designed and implemented for Online and Mobile Social Networks, highlighting how the use of social context information improves the recommendation task, and how standard algorithms must be enhanced and optimized to run in a fully distributed environment, as opportunistic networks. We describe advantages and drawbacks of these systems in terms of algorithms, target domains, evaluation metrics and performance evaluations. Eventually, we present some open research challenges in this area.

Nabeel Gillani, Rebecca Eynon

Over the past decade, an explosion in the availability of education-related datasets has enabled new computational research in education. Much of this work has investigated digital traces of online learners in order to better understand and optimize their cognitive learning processes. Yet cognitive learning on digital platforms does not equal education. Instead, education is an inherently social, cultural, economic, and political process manifesting in physical spaces, and educational outcomes are influenced by many factors that precede and shape the cognitive learning process. Many of these are social factors like children's connections to schools (including teachers, counselors, and role models), parents and families, and the broader neighborhoods in which they live. In this article, we briefly discuss recent studies of learning through large-scale digital platforms, but largely focus on those exploring sociological aspects of education. We believe computational social scientists can creatively advance this emerging research frontier-and in doing so, help facilitate more equitable educational and life outcomes.

Rachith Aiyappa, Matthew R. DeVerna, Manita Pote et al.

Social media are utilized by millions of citizens to discuss important political issues. Politicians use these platforms to connect with the public and broadcast policy positions. Therefore, data from social media has enabled many studies of political discussion. While most analyses are limited to data from individual platforms, people are embedded in a larger information ecosystem spanning multiple social networks. Here we describe and provide access to the Indiana University 2022 U.S. Midterms Multi-Platform Social Media Dataset (MEIU22), a collection of social media posts from Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, Reddit, and 4chan. MEIU22 links to posts about the midterm elections based on a comprehensive list of keywords and tracks the social media accounts of 1,011 candidates from October 1 to December 25, 2022. We also publish the source code of our pipeline to enable similar multi-platform research projects.

Troy E. Spier

Linguistic treatments of Bantu languages have traditionally focused on broadly historical/ comparative studies or on prototypical characteristics of the family, such as the nominal class system, the complexity of the verbal TAM system, or the tonal system. Consequently, far less attention has been placed upon the nominal phrase as a syntactic unit. To this end, Rugemalira (2007) proposes greater emphasis on Bantu morphosyntax generally. As such, the present study – situated within a broader discussion of the Bantu NP (cf. Chitebeta 2007, Godson & Godson 2015, Lusekelo 2009, Makanjila 2019, Möller 2011, Ondondo 2015, Rugemalira 2007) – builds upon Spier (2016, 2020, 2021) and introduces the first descriptive account of the nominal phrase in Ikyaushi, an underdocumented linguistic variety spoken in the Republic of Zambia and the Democratic Republic of Congo. The data for this study, which arrive from fourteen narratives shared orally by male and female native speakers of the grandparental generation, indicate that seven distinct elements may co-occur with the nominal, but utterances with between one and three co-occurring adnominals are far more frequently attested and more straightforwardly comprehensible to speakers.

Dyah Paramita Saraswati

The women, who survived the 1965 tragedy and had been political prisoners because they were thought to have ties to the Indonesian Communist Party, had been silenced for a long time. Those female survivors then spoke through songs in the Dialita Choir. What they do is a form of women’s writing which is an attempt to include women in historical narratives. This study aims to analyze their act as a form of feminine writing that can be seen through the lyrics of a song sung by the Dialita Choir. The lyrics from the Dialita Choir are treated as text. The analysis in this study uses a feminist perspective with a critical discourse analysis approach. This study found that written songs became a coping mechanism for them while being arrested.

Gabriel Villalón Gálvez, Eduardo Cavieres Fernández, Gabriela Vásquez Leyton

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar, a través de una aproximación exploratoria cualitativa, y desde la perspectiva de una profesora de Historia de la ciudad de Arica, la vinculación que establece entre la enseñanza de la Historia, los contenidos de enseñanza sobre la Independencia Nacional y las temáticas relevantes para la formación ciudadana de sus estudiantes. A partir de los hallazgos, discutimos la pertinencia de determinados modos de enseñar la Historia en vistas a establecer vinculaciones con la realidad de los estudiantes, y cómo ello ayuda a vincular contenidos históricos más distantes en el tiempo con temáticas socialmente relevantes que aportan a su formación ciudadana.

Khalil Mohammad Usman Gbodofu

تتناول هذه الدراسة الجهود التي قام بها آدم عبد الله الإلوري نحو الموازنات الأدبية التي تعتبر عن مهمة في النقد الأدبي العربي. وأستهلها بلمحة تعريفية عن نشأة عبد الله الإلوري وأعماله الفنية وغير الفنية، ثم أسلط الضوء على المنهج انتهجه في عملية الموازنة، وتم تقسيم موازناته من ناحية التطبيق إلى ثلاثة أقسام. الأول: الموازنة فيما انفرد به كل واحد أو طرف عن غيره، الثاني: الموازنة فيما كان طرف يفوق طرفا آخر، ويرجحه في المستوى العلمي والأدبي، الثالث: الموازنة فيما يتساوى فيه الطرفان أو الاثنان، بحيث لا يستطيع أحدهما أن يدّعي المفاضلة أو الترجيح. وفي هذا العمل نستشهد بالأمثلة الملائمة مع ربط هذا الاستشهاد بالمراجع والمصادر الخارجية والداخلية. والله يوفقنا إلى الصواب. This paper aims to study the ideas employed by Adam Abdullah Al-Iloriy in carrying out the literary criticism themes in Arabic. Detailed biography of the author with his literary and scientific works was documented while light was shed into his works which are sub-divided into three; a) wreath self-balancing; b) literary works competition whereby the scientific and literary proofs were cited; and c) literary balancing between two or more literature. This study established appropriate examples to prove the works capability for international recognition as the art of literary balancing is concerned.

Chrysoula Terizi, Despoina Chatzakou, Evaggelia Pitoura et al.

Cyberaggression has been studied in various contexts and online social platforms, and modeled on different data using state-of-the-art machine and deep learning algorithms to enable automatic detection and blocking of this behavior. Users can be influenced to act aggressively or even bully others because of elevated toxicity and aggression in their own (online) social circle. In effect, this behavior can propagate from one user and neighborhood to another, and therefore, spread in the network. Interestingly, to our knowledge, no work has modeled the network dynamics of aggressive behavior. In this paper, we take a first step towards this direction by studying propagation of aggression on social media using opinion dynamics. We propose ways to model how aggression may propagate from one user to another, depending on how each user is connected to other aggressive or regular users. Through extensive simulations on Twitter data, we study how aggressive behavior could propagate in the network. We validate our models with crawled and annotated ground truth data, reaching up to 80% AUC, and discuss the results and implications of our work.