Hasil untuk "America"

A. Arneth, Jianguo Liu, J. Razzaque et al.

Diana C. Mutz

Significance Support for Donald J. Trump in the 2016 election was widely attributed to citizens who were “left behind” economically. These claims were based on the strong cross-sectional relationship between Trump support and lacking a college education. Using a representative panel from 2012 to 2016, I find that change in financial wellbeing had little impact on candidate preference. Instead, changing preferences were related to changes in the party’s positions on issues related to American global dominance and the rise of a majority–minority America: issues that threaten white Americans’ sense of dominant group status. Results highlight the importance of looking beyond theories emphasizing changes in issue salience to better understand the meaning of election outcomes when public preferences and candidates’ positions are changing. This study evaluates evidence pertaining to popular narratives explaining the American public’s support for Donald J. Trump in the 2016 presidential election. First, using unique representative probability samples of the American public, tracking the same individuals from 2012 to 2016, I examine the “left behind” thesis (that is, the theory that those who lost jobs or experienced stagnant wages due to the loss of manufacturing jobs punished the incumbent party for their economic misfortunes). Second, I consider the possibility that status threat felt by the dwindling proportion of traditionally high-status Americans (i.e., whites, Christians, and men) as well as by those who perceive America’s global dominance as threatened combined to increase support for the candidate who emphasized reestablishing status hierarchies of the past. Results do not support an interpretation of the election based on pocketbook economic concerns. Instead, the shorter relative distance of people’s own views from the Republican candidate on trade and China corresponded to greater mass support for Trump in 2016 relative to Mitt Romney in 2012. Candidate preferences in 2016 reflected increasing anxiety among high-status groups rather than complaints about past treatment among low-status groups. Both growing domestic racial diversity and globalization contributed to a sense that white Americans are under siege by these engines of change.

M. M. Deverick J. Anderson, Dnp MS RN Kelly Podgorny, MD Sandra I. Berrios-Torres et al.

Walter D. Mignolo

G. D. Rooij

C. Cooper, G. Campion, Dr L. J. Melton

E. Delong

S. Amidon

This article analyzes the World Bank’s guidelines for the reproduction of human capital in Latin America and the Caribbean, with regard to the educational dimensions of learning and assessment, in the context of the health crisis of the COVID-19 pandemic, answering the following question: How are the World Bank’s guidelines for Latin America and the Caribbean configured in terms of its human capital project, with regard

T. Cerling, John M. Harris, B. MacFadden et al.

A. Campbell

Barry Bluestone, B. Harrison

Katsavrias C., Di Matteo S., Chhiber R. et al.

Context. Quasi-periodic density structures (PDSs) are quasiperiodic variations in the solar wind density that range from a few minutes to a few hours. They are trains of advected density structures with radial length scales LR ≈ 100 − 10 000 Mm, and they thus belong to the class of so-called mesoscale structures in the solar wind. Although the precise mechanisms that form PDSs are still debated, cumulative evidence from multiple studies using in situ and remote data supports the view that most PDSs have a solar origin and do not form through dynamics during their propagation in interplanetary space. Low-frequency (< 1 mHz) PDSs have been associated with small-scale flux ropes, which further indicates a solar origin. Aims. We further investigated the origin and properties of PDSs by searching for coherent small-scale helical structures and flux ropes within PDS intervals. Methods. We used an extensive list of PDSs, compiled from Solar Orbiter measurements, and we applied a wavelet analysis technique to obtain the reduced magnetic helicity, cross helicity, and residual energy. Results. Our results indicate that small flux ropes are a constituent of PDS events, while the occurrence probability of helical Alfvénic structures is similar within and outside the PDSs. Conclusions. These results are consistent with the scenario in which PDSs are formed by processes involving magnetic reconnection.

Adriana Celeste Alvarado Leon, Osmar Denilson Herrera Cueva, Rosario Mercedes Morales Orvezo et al.

The accelerating global development of quantum technologies strengthens the case for introducing quantum computing concepts before university. Yet in Latin America, there is no consolidated, region wide integration of quantum computing into secondary education, and the feasibility conditions for doing so remain largely unexamined. This paper proposes a qualitative, comparative framework to assess academic readiness for quantum education across six countries - Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina, Brazil, and Colombia - grounded in the relationship between curriculum compatibility and enabling conditions spanning institutional capacity, teacher preparation, infrastructure, and equity. Using official curricula, policy documents, national statistics, and educational reports, we apply structured qualitative coding and a 1-5 ordinal scoring system to generate a cross country diagnosis. The findings reveal substantial regional asymmetries: among the six countries studied, Chile emerges as the most institutionally prepared for progressive quantum education integration, while the remaining countries exhibit varying combinations of curricular gaps and fragmented but promising enabling conditions. Building on this diagnosis, we propose a country sensitive, regionally coordinated roadmap for staged implementation, beginning with teacher development and pilot centers, leveraging open source platforms and local language resources, and scaling toward gradual curricular integration. This work establishes a baseline for future quantitative and mixed method studies evaluating learning outcomes, motivation, and scalable models for quantum education in Latin America.

Herve Goeau, Pierre Bonnet, Alexis Joly

Automated plant identification has improved considerably thanks to recent advances in deep learning and the availability of training data with more and more field photos. However, this profusion of data concerns only a few tens of thousands of species, mainly located in North America and Western Europe, much less in the richest regions in terms of biodiversity such as tropical countries. On the other hand, for several centuries, botanists have systematically collected, catalogued and stored plant specimens in herbaria, especially in tropical regions, and recent efforts by the biodiversity informatics community have made it possible to put millions of digitised records online. The LifeCLEF 2021 plant identification challenge (or "PlantCLEF 2021") was designed to assess the extent to which automated identification of flora in data-poor regions can be improved by using herbarium collections. It is based on a dataset of about 1,000 species mainly focused on the Guiana Shield of South America, a region known to have one of the highest plant diversities in the world. The challenge was evaluated as a cross-domain classification task where the training set consisted of several hundred thousand herbarium sheets and a few thousand photos to allow learning a correspondence between the two domains. In addition to the usual metadata (location, date, author, taxonomy), the training data also includes the values of 5 morphological and functional traits for each species. The test set consisted exclusively of photos taken in the field. This article presents the resources and evaluations of the assessment carried out, summarises the approaches and systems used by the participating research groups and provides an analysis of the main results.

Matthew A. Reyna, Zuzana Koscova, Jan Pavlus et al.

Objective: Chagas disease is a parasitic infection that is endemic to South America, Central America, and, more recently, the U.S., primarily transmitted by insects. Chronic Chagas disease can cause cardiovascular diseases and digestive problems. Serological testing capacities for Chagas disease are limited, but Chagas cardiomyopathy often manifests in ECGs, providing an opportunity to prioritize patients for testing and treatment. Approach: The George B. Moody PhysioNet Challenge 2025 invites teams to develop algorithmic approaches for identifying Chagas disease from electrocardiograms (ECGs). Main results: This Challenge provides multiple innovations. First, we leveraged several datasets with labels from patient reports and serological testing, provided a large dataset with weak labels and smaller datasets with strong labels. Second, we augmented the data to support model robustness and generalizability to unseen data sources. Third, we applied an evaluation metric that captured the local serological testing capacity for Chagas disease to frame the machine learning problem as a triage task. Significance: Over 630 participants from 111 teams submitted over 1300 entries during the Challenge, representing diverse approaches from academia and industry worldwide.

Joseph Ariel Tello Carvache, Jorge Alejandro Moncayo Correa, Carlos Sempertegui Seminario

Given the hyperinflation that most of the Latin American countries suffered in the 90 and their decision towards adopting dollarization and in most cases keeping their own currency, this paper analyzes the effectiveness of dollarization as a protective mechanism against economic disruptions in Latin American countries. It assesses the context that led Latin American dollarized countries to dollarize and analyzes CPI, GDP, and the poverty rates pre, during, and postpandemic in Latin American countries, considering those that are dollarized and those that are not, and evaluating its relation to the US. Interviews were carried out with experts in the field. It assesses the advantages and disadvantages of dollarization regarding global crises. The data was compared and analyzed to check if there were patterns that support the paper objective which is that dollarization might serve as a protective mechanism against economic disruption. It was found that dollarization protects the economy against inflation, however, it does not fully protect the economy when considering economic performance and poverty. In conclusion, this research concludes that dollarization does not completely serve as a protective mechanism against economic disruptions nonetheless, it found that a bigger role is played by domestic policies and government action.

Matheus de Morais Leça, Ronnie de Souza Santos

Background. As artificial intelligence and AI-powered systems continue to grow, the role of data scientists has become essential in software development environments. Data scientists face challenges related to managing large volumes of data and addressing the societal impacts of AI algorithms, which require a broad range of soft skills. Goal. This study aims to identify the key soft skills that data scientists need when working on AI-powered projects, with a particular focus on addressing biases that affect society. Method. We conducted a thematic analysis of 87 job postings on LinkedIn and 11 interviews with industry practitioners. The job postings came from companies in 12 countries and covered various experience levels. The interviews featured professionals from diverse backgrounds, including different genders, ethnicities, and sexual orientations, who worked with clients from South America, North America, and Europe. Results. While data scientists share many skills with other software practitioners -- such as those related to coordination, engineering, and management -- there is a growing emphasis on innovation and social responsibility. These include soft skills like curiosity, critical thinking, empathy, and ethical awareness, which are essential for addressing the ethical and societal implications of AI. Conclusion. Our findings indicate that data scientists working on AI-powered projects require not only technical expertise but also a solid foundation in soft skills that enable them to build AI systems responsibly, with fairness and inclusivity. These insights have important implications for recruitment and training within software companies and for ensuring the long-term success of AI-powered systems and their broader societal impact.

Tomás Cornejo

Este artículo ofrece una reflexión metodológica sobre el uso de la fotografía en la construcción del conocimiento histórico. Subraya la necesidad de realizar una crítica documental rigurosa para evaluar el potencial heurístico de la fotografía, al igual que con otros tipos de fuentes o vestigios en el trabajo historiográfico. A partir de un retrato fotográfico conservado en un archivo chileno, el análisis profundiza en tres dimensiones esenciales —las prácticas sociales, los espacios discursivos y los archivos— que deben considerarse para integrar eficazmente este tipo de documento en la investigación histórica.

Yeimy Andrea Rivera Cerquera, Milany Andrea Gómez Betancur

El presente artículo busca identificar las deficiencias en la implementación de los estudios afrodescendientes en la educación secundaria en Colombia a partir de una revisión sistemática centrada en América Latina y el Caribe. Para lograrlo se revisaron 2653 contenidos publicados entre 2015 y 2024 en bases de datos y motores de búsqueda especializados (Dialnet, Redalyc, Unesdoc, Jstor, Scopus, Scielo y Google Scholar), de los cuales un total de 29 cumplió los criterios PRISMA y los de inclusión-exclusión definidos por las investigadoras. Los hallazgos revelan una falta de implementación de estos estudios en la región a pesar de los avances legislativos. Aunque se muestran esfuerzos por cumplir la normativa, se evidencia la falta de voluntad de las directivas, el poco seguimiento de las entidades territoriales, la apatía de algunos docentes, la escasez de recursos y materiales didácticos, y la poca preparación docente en esta área.  

B. Kurtén, E. Anderson