Evidence from pain research shows that the effectiveness of active pharmacological treatments can be enhanced by placebo effects. The “open drug administration” is superior to "hidden drug administration." In a randomized controlled trial, we aimed to show that the targeted use of placebo effects increases the efficacy of an antihistamine (dimetindene) infusion in participants with atopic dermatitis. We openly infused dimetindene (drug) in full sight with information (intervention group 1: OPEN‐DRUG+INST), openly infused drug with an additional classical conditioning learning experience (intervention group 2: OPEN‐DRUG+INST+COND) or infused drug without any information or sight (i.e., hidden administration (control group 1: HIDDEN‐DRUG)). Control group 2 received a placebo infusion (saline) declared as dimetindene and also experienced the conditioning experience (PLAC+INST+COND). Itch was experimentally induced with histamine via a skin prick test. Outcome was assessed at the subjective (primary end point: experimental itch intensity, numeric rating scale), and objective level (secondary end point: wheal size, mm2). Experimental‐induced itch intensity decreased in all groups but at different rates (P < 0.001). The groups with the open administration, whether it was dimetindene or placebo, had significantly stronger reductions in itch compared to the HIDDEN‐DRUG group (OPEN‐DRUG+INST+COND: P < 0.001; OPEN‐DRUG+INST: P = 0.009; and PLAC+INST+COND: P < 0.001). Additional drug conditioning mediated via expectation led to a stronger reduction of itching (P = 0.001). Results on wheal size were similar (P = 0.048), however, no significant difference between the HIDDEN‐DRUG group and the PLAC+INST+COND group (P = 0.967) was found. We conclude that specifically generated targeted placebo effects can significantly increase the action of a drug (dimetindene) and should be used in clinical practice.
Cobalt phosphate (Co3(PO4)2) has been recognized as a biomimetic superoxide anion (O2•–) sensing material, but there is a great challenge to achieve high sensitivity due to its relatively poor cond...
Lucas Brandão, Vitor de Salles Painelli, T. Lasevicius
et al.
Brandão, L, de Salles Painelli, V, Lasevicius, T, Silva-Batista, C, Brendon, H, Schoenfeld, BJ, Aihara, AY, Cardoso, FN, de Almeida Peres, B, and Teixeira, EL. Varying the order of combinations of single- and multi-joint exercises differentially affects resistance training adaptations. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-Our study aimed to compare the effects of multi-joint (MJ) and single-joint (SJ) exercises, either isolated or in combination, and in different orders, on cross-sectional area (CSA) of the pectoralis major (PM) and different heads of the triceps brachii (TB), as well as on the one-repetition maximum (1-RM) in the bench press and lying barbell triceps press. Forty-three young men were randomly assigned to one of 4 possible RT protocols: barbell bench press plus lying barbell triceps press (MJ + SJ, n = 12); lying barbell triceps press plus barbell bench press (SJ + MJ, n = 10); barbell bench press (MJ, n = 10); or lying barbell triceps press (SJ, n = 11). Results showed significant within-group increases in 1-RM bench press for MJ, MJ + SJ, and SJ + MJ but not for SJ. Conversely, significantly greater within-group increases in elbow extension 1-RM were noted for SJ, MJ + SJ, and SJ + MJ but not for MJ. Significantly greater increases in PM CSA were observed for MJ, MJ + SJ, and SJ + MJ compared with SJ. Significant increases in TB CSA were noted for SJ, MJ + SJ, and SJ + MJ, but not for MJ, without observed between-group differences. Individual analysis of TB heads showed significantly greater CSA increases in the lateral head for MJ, MJ + SJ, and SJ + MJ compared with SJ. Alternatively, significantly greater increases in the long head were observed for SJ, MJ + SJ, and SJ + MJ compared with MJ. CSA increases for the medial head were statistically similar between conditions. Our findings indicate that muscular adaptations are differentially affected by performance of MJ and SJ exercises.
A poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS) catalytic membrane (PPSCM) was prepared through a heterogeneous sulfonation of PPS nonwoven fabrics with sulfur trioxide (SO3) as a sulfonation agent under mild cond...
In this paper, we have found out the major reason for school drop outs and the stage at which there are maximum number of drop outs. For finding these things we have used, repeated average method and relativity function.
Abstract The thermal performances of a radially rotating pulsating heat pipe (RPHP) formulated by the interconnected 1 × 4 mm2 channels in the thin pad were investigated. With the 50% filling ratio of water and the specific geometric configurations, the selected parameters controlling the thermal-fluid phenomena by the present study were boiling number (Bn), dimensionless centrifugal acceleration (Ω) and thermal resistance of condenser (Rth,cond). The vapor-liquid flow images, heat transfer rates and thermal resistances of the pad-type RPHP were detected at the rotor speeds of 0, 100, 300 and 500 rev/min. The matrix of test conditions was formulated by four Bn, four Rth,cond and four Ω for both sets of flow visualization and heat transfer tests. As Ω increased from 0 to 27.8, the intermittent vapor slugs gradually deformed toward the tiny bubbles to incur the respective Nusselt number reductions and elevations over the evaporator and condenser of the RPHP. As the dominance of condenser heat transfer rate in constructing the overall thermal resistance (Rth) took precedence to its evaporator counterpart, the increases of Ω led to the Rth reductions for the present RPHP. The empirical correlations using Bn, Ω and Rth,con as the controlling parameters were devised to evaluate Rth and the regionally averaged Nusselt numbers over the evaporator and condenser of the present RPHP for relevant applications.
Abstract Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is characterized by the growth of renal cysts that ultimately destroy kidney function. Mutations in the PKD1 and PKD2 genes cause ADPKD. Their protein products, polycystin-1 (PC1) and polycystin-2 (PC2) have been proposed to form a calcium-permeable receptor-channel complex; however the mechanisms by which they function are almost completely unknown. Most mutations in PKD1 are truncating loss-of-function mutations or affect protein biogenesis, trafficking or stability and reveal very little about the intrinsic biochemical properties or cellular functions of PC1. An ADPKD patient mutation (L4132Δ or ΔL), resulting in a single amino acid deletion in a putative G-protein binding region of the PC1 C-terminal cytosolic tail, was found to significantly decrease PC1-stimulated, G-protein-dependent signaling in transient transfection assays. Pkd1ΔL/ΔL mice were embryo-lethal suggesting that ΔL is a functionally null mutation. Kidney-specific Pkd1ΔL/cond mice were born but developed severe, postnatal cystic disease. PC1ΔL protein expression levels and maturation were comparable to those of wild type PC1, and PC1ΔL protein showed cell surface localization. Expression of PC1ΔL and PC2 complexes in transfected CHO cells failed to support PC2 channel activity, suggesting that the role of PC1 is to activate G-protein signaling to regulate the PC1/PC2 calcium channel.
Inspired by spring-block models, we elaborate a "minimal" physical model of earthquakes which reproduces two main empirical seismological laws, the Gutenberg-Richter law and the Omori aftershock law. Our new point is to demonstrate that the simultaneous incorporation of ageing of contacts in the sliding interface and of elasticity of the sliding plates constitute the minimal ingredients to account for both laws within the same frictional model.