Hasil untuk "Production capacity. Manufacturing capacity"

B. Kelley

Manufacturing processes for therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have evolved tremendously since the first licensed mAb product (OKT3) in 1986. The rapid growth in product demand for mAbs triggered parallel efforts to increase production capacity through construction of large bulk manufacturing plants as well as improvements in cell culture processes to raise product titers. This combination has led to an excess of manufacturing capacity, and together with improvements in conventional purification technologies, promises nearly unlimited production capacity in the foreseeable future. The increase in titers has also led to a marked reduction in production costs, which could then become a relatively small fraction of sales price for future products which are sold at prices at or near current levels. The reduction of capacity and cost pressures for current state-of-the-art bulk production processes may shift the focus of process development efforts and have important implications for both plant design and product development strategies for both biopharmaceutical and contract manufacturing companies.

Eckart Uhlmann, Marie-Noëlle Fielers, Thomas Pache et al.

While collaborative robots are designed to enable flexible and safe human–robot interactions, their comparatively low structural stiffness poses a challenge for high-precision machining and heavy-assembly tasks. Addressing this limitation is essential for enhancing their performance and improving their overall efficiency in manufacturing processes. This paper proposes an approach for enhancing the stiffness by means of situational coupling of two collaborative robots. Therefore, an analysis is conducted to determine the kinematic limitations of coupled collaborative robots. The stiffness of coupled collaborative robots is then modeled using the finite element method. Furthermore, experimental stiffness measurements of a single collaborative robot are conducted to establish a quantitative reference, which is both to validate the model and to quantify the stiffness enhancement achieved through coupling. On the basis of the combined experimental and numerical results, it is demonstrated that the approach of coupling has the potential to enhance stiffness by up to 37.19 times in comparison with a solitary collaborative robot.

Abyan Shiddiiq, Elly Septia Yulianti, Misri Gozan et al.

This study evaluates the potential of utilizing tuna bone byproducts for acid-soluble collagen (ASC) extraction in Indonesia, targeting the biomedical industry’s growing collagen demand. Through the SuperPro Designer Simulator, the research assesses the economic feasibility of four varying input capacities (50, 100, 500, and 1000 kg). The simulation reveals that the most economical production process occurs with 1000 kg of raw materials, yielding a net present value (NPV) of $3,848,000, an internal rate of return (IRR) of 35.55%, and a payback period (PBP) of 2.16 years. The 1000-kg scenario emerged as the most economical input capacity due to its ability to adequately cover the substantial initial investment required. This outcome highlights the importance of scale efficiencies and operational optimizations in enhancing profitability, suggesting that large-scale operations are essential for justifying the significant capital expenditures involved. This project faces significant challenges in the limited availability of raw materials and the current extraction method’s efficiency, which could hinder the feasibility of scaling up production. This study identifies strategic solutions to these challenges by reducing investment through contract and shared manufacturing systems to lower upfront costs and improve the extraction process for higher efficiency and yield. These measures aim to address material scarcity and enhance production method efficacy, making the project more sustainable and economically viable. This study advocates further research and development to optimize the tuna bone byproduct extraction process as a solution to establish a competitive approach for collagen production within Indonesia’s biodiversity-rich maritime sector.

Rudolf Weber, Jonas Wagner, Alexander Peter et al.

Lasers with average powers of several kilowatts have become an important tool for industrial applications. Temporal and spatial beam shaping was demonstrated to improve existing and enable novel applications. A very promising technology for both highly dynamic beam shaping and power scaling is the coherent combining of the beams of an array of high-power fundamental mode fibers. However, the limited number of fibers allows only limited spatial resolution of the common phase front. It is therefore favorable to work with plane or spherical common phase fronts, which generate a “point”, i.e., a diffraction pattern with a strong main lobe in the focal plane. By applying a tilt to the common phase front, points can be positioned in the focal plane with high spatial resolution. The Civan DBL 6–14 kW investigated in this work allows switching between positions of the points with 80 MHz. Sequences of points can be used to create arbitrary shapes. The time constants of points and shapes are very critical for this type of shape generation. The current paper analyzes the relevant time constants for setting points and creating shapes and relates them to time constants in laser processes. This is mandatory to deterministically influence laser processes.

Destiara Nabila Widyarsa, Rr. Rochmoeljati

One footwear manufacturing company located in Surabaya has experienced an increase in production demand for both women's and men's sandals in recent years. The main issue faced by the company is the presence of bottlenecks at specific workstations due to unbalanced capacity, which disrupts the smooth flow of the production process. To address this issue, the study applies the Theory of Constraints (TOC) method based on the Drum-Buffer-Rope (DBR) concept, in combination with Linear Programming (LP). The research stages include identifying the constraints, exploiting the constraints, subordinating non-constraints, and elevating the constraints. The analysis results indicate that the coating and bonding workstations are the main constraints affecting the system's throughput. To overcome this, overtime was added at these workstations to increase production capacity. The implementation results showed an improvement in throughput from IDR 39,849,260 with 1,594 units to IDR 46,490,330 with 1,860 units, reflecting a 14.3% increase. These findings demonstrate that the application of TOC and DBR can effectively balance the production flow, optimize bottleneck workstations, and enhance overall production throughput.

Nuoteng Xu, Guanghui Chen, Qi Zhang et al.

In order to reduce the density and alloy cost of austenitic stainless steel, this study designed Fe-0.35C-12Cr-5Ni-(0,2,4)Al-(6,10)Mn (wt.%) stainless steels with different Al and Mn contents. The effects of Al and Mn contents on the microstructure, deformation behavior, and mechanical properties were investigated using microstructural analyses, quasi-static tensile tests, and Charpy impact tests. The results showed that an increase in Al content led to the formation of austeniteferrite duplex microstructure, while an increase in Mn content reduced the ferrite fraction. In the Al-free steel, the deformation mechanism was deformation-induced α′-martensitic transformation. When the Al content increased to 2 wt.%, the deformation mechanism was primarily mechanical twinning due to the increased stacking fault energy caused by Al. This resulted in a lower tensile strength but better toughness. When the Al content was further increased to 4 wt.%, the proportion of mechanical twinning decreased. The presence of ferrite led to cleavage at the fracture surface. The cleavage fracture explained the low elongation and toughness of duplex stainless steels. However, the elongation and toughness were enhanced with the increase in Mn content.

Suyash Niraula, Brendon S. Dodge, Justin D. Gillham et al.

Creating complex structures using multiple materials in additive manufacturing comes with a unique set of challenges, particularly when it comes to how the materials transition and bond together. This research looks at a new powder binning method for combining metal powders to create multi-material components in a single build, all produced on a standard Laser Powder Bed Fusion EOS M 290 machine. The study focuses on the size and quality of the resulting multi-material interfaces and how different scan strategies used affect the interface strength. The strength of the interface between different material pairings is evaluated for combinations of 316 stainless steel bonded to Inconel 718, Inconel 718 bonded to Inconel 625, and Inconel 625 bonded to 316 stainless steel. The Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) and interface region lengths were calculated to be 675 MPa and 1250 µm for 316L–IN718, 1004 MPa and 2500 µm for IN718–IN625, and 687 MPa and 2000 µm for IN625–316L, respectively. The findings show that the laser powder bed fusion material binning method is comparable to traditional methods, such as welding or directed energy deposition. This suggests that the new material binning method offers clear advantages when it comes to enabling complex geometry multi-material components while maintaining the strength and durability of the bonds between different metal materials found in traditional means. Further, optimization of scan strategies in the interface zones could play a significant role in improving the overall performance of these multi-material components, which is particularly important for industries such as aerospace, automotive, and energy production.

Poetri Sonya Tarabunga, Tobias Haug

Stabilizer Rényi entropies (SREs) probe the non-stabilizerness (or magic) of many-body systems and quantum computers. Here, we introduce the mutual von-Neumann SRE and magic capacity, which can be efficiently computed in time $O(Nχ^3)$ for matrix product states (MPSs) of bond dimension $χ$. We find that mutual SRE characterizes the critical point of ground states of the transverse-field Ising model, independently of the chosen local basis. Then, we relate the magic capacity to the anti-flatness of the Pauli spectrum, which quantifies the complexity of computing SREs. The magic capacity characterizes transitions in the ground state of the Heisenberg and Ising model, randomness of Clifford+T circuits, and distinguishes typical and atypical states. Finally, we make progress on numerical techniques: we design two improved Monte-Carlo algorithms to compute the mutual $2$-SRE, overcoming limitations of previous approaches based on local update. We also give improved statevector simulation methods for Bell sampling and SREs with $O(8^{N/2})$ time and $O(2^N)$ memory, which we demonstrate for $24$ qubits. Our work uncovers improved approaches to study the complexity of quantum many-body systems.

Peixue Wu, Yunkai Wang

We investigate superadditivity of quantum capacity through private channels whose Choi-Jamiolkowski operators are private states. This perspective links the security structure of private states to quantum capacity and clarifies the role of the shield system: information encoded in the shield system that would otherwise leak to the environment can be recycled when paired with an assisting channel, thereby boosting capacity. Our main contributions are threefold: Firstly, we develop a general framework that provides a sufficient condition for capacity amplification, which is formulated in terms of the assisting channel's Holevo information. As examples, we give explicit, dimension and parameter dependent amplification thresholds for erasure and depolarizing channels. Secondly, assuming the Spin alignment conjecture, we derive a single-letter expression for the quantum capacity of a family of private channels that are neither degradable, anti-degradable, nor PPT; as an application, we construct channels with vanishing quantum capacity yet unbounded private capacity. Thirdly, we further analyze approximate private channels: we give an alternative proof of superactivation that extends its validity to a broader parameter regime, and, by combining amplification bounds with continuity estimates, we establish a metric separation showing that channels exhibiting capacity amplification have nonzero diamond distance from the set of anti-degradable channels, indicating that existing approximate (anti-)degradability bounds are not tight. We also revisit the computability of the regularized quantum capacity and modestly suggest that this fundamental question still remains open.

David Pokras, Yanika Schneider, Sohail Zaidi et al.

This paper evaluates the design and fabrication of a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) shape memory polymer (SMP) using fused deposition modeling (FDM). The commercially available SMP filament was used to create parts capable of changing their shape following the application of an external heat stimulus. The characterization of thermal and viscoelastic properties of the SMP TPU revealed a proportional change in shape fixity and recovery with respect to heating and cooling rates, as well as a decreasing softening temperature with increasing shape memory history due to changes in the polymer microstructure. Inspired by the advancements in 3D and 4D printing, we investigated the feasibility of creating multi-material lattice structures using SMP and another thermoplastic with poor adhesion to TPU. A variety of interlocking lattice structures were evaluated by combining SMP with another thermoplastic that have poor adhesion with TPU. The tensile strength and failure modes of the fabricated multi-material parts were compared against homogenous SMP TPU specimens. It was found that the lattice interface failed first at approximately 41% of the ultimate strength of the homogenous part on average. The maximum recorded ultimate strength of the multi-material specimens reached 62% of SMP TPU’s ultimate strength. These characterizations can make 4D printing technology more accessible to common users and make it available for new markets.

Francesco Modica, Vito Basile, Irene Fassi

In this paper, we present an experimental procedure to enhance the dimensional accuracy of fabrication via stereolithography (SLA) of features at the sub-mm scale. Deviations in sub-mm hemispherical cavity diameters were detected and measured on customized samples by confocal microscopy. The characterization and experimental observations of samples allowed the identification of inaccuracy sources, mainly due to the laser beam scanning strategy and the incomplete removal of uncured liquid resin in post-processing (i.e., IPA washing). As a technology baseline, the measured dimensional errors on cavity diameters were up to −46%. A compensation method was defined and implemented, resulting in relevant improvements in dimensional accuracy. However, measurements on sub-mm cavities having different sizes revealed that a constant compensation parameter (i.e., C = 85, 96, 120 μm) is not fully effective at the sub-mm scale, where average errors remain at −24%, −18.8%, and −16% for compensations equal to 85, 96 and 120 μm, respectively. A further experimental campaign allowed the identification of an effective nonlinear compensation law where the compensation parameter depends on the sub-mm feature size C = <i>f</i>(<i>D</i>). Results show a sharp improvement in dimensional accuracy on sub-mm cavity fabrication, with errors consistently below +8.2%. The proposed method can be extended for the fabrication of any sub-mm features without restrictions on the specific technology implementation.

Lukas Schumski, Teresa Tonn, Jens Sölter et al.

Minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) technologies possess great potential for improving the sustainability of manufacturing processes, which can reduce the absolute quantity of metalworking fluid (MWF) and also enable near-dry chips that are easier to recycle. During drilling in particular, the MWF is transported to the contact zone through internal cooling channels of the drilling tool. The MWF supply and its associated flow behaviour in the transfer from the outlet of the cooling channels to the contact zone have not been sufficiently investigated yet. Great potential is seen in the proper delivery of the MQL into the contact zone. This work aims to visualize and quantify the cooling lubricant supply into the cutting zone using the MQL technique. The visualization of the MQL application is made possible by high-speed shadowgraphic imaging. Detailed image processing is used to evaluate the resulting images. The developed evaluation routine allows for the assessment of the impact of the main process parameters such as the varying pressure of the aerosol generator and the cooling channel diameter. It is found that the oil leaves the cooling channels at the tip of the drill bit in the form of ligaments. An increase in pressure and cooling channel diameter leads to an increase in the frequency of oil ligament separation. Three main flow regimes are identified with different separation frequencies. Low inlet pressures result in intermittently dispersed droplets. The most upper pressure levels lead to an almost continuous dispersion of the oil. At the same time, the air and oil mass flow rates also increase.

Arun Achuthankutty, Rohith Saravanan, Hariesh Nagarajan et al.

Industries operating in extreme conditions demand materials with exceptional strength, fatigue resistance, corrosion resistance, and formability. While AA5052 alloy is widely used in such industries due to its high fatigue strength and corrosion resistance, its strength frequently falls short of stringent standards. For AA5052 alloy, this study explores the combined use of solutionizing and cryo-rolling, followed by annealing, to improve strength. Although several alloys have been reported to undergo solution treatment before cryo-rolling, this study focuses on how post-processing via annealing can lessen the formability constraints usually connected to conventional cryo-rolling. The study sheds light on the ways that solutionizing, cryo-rolling, and annealing interact to affect the alloy’s mechanical characteristics. Microstructure analysis shows that solutionizing improves the grain structure by reducing dynamic recovery, promoting dislocation density, and facilitating precipitate formation. Sheets subjected to solutionizing + cryo-rolling and partially annealed at 250 °C produce optimal results. Interestingly, formability is decreased when cryo-rolling alone is used instead of cold rolling, whereas formability is successfully increased when solutionizing is used. Comparing solutionized + cryo-rolled sheets that are partially annealed at 250 °C to cold-rolled sheets that are annealed at the same temperature, the former show notable quantitative improvements: a notable 17% increase in ultimate strength, a 10% boost in yield strength, and a noteworthy 13% enhancement in microhardness. Formability has improved with the solutionized + cryo-rolled specimens by annealing. This proposed approach led to noticeable gains in formability, hardness, and strength, which would significantly improve material performance for industrial applications.

Maarten Markering

We study the capacity of loop-erased random walk (LERW) on $\mathbb{Z}^d$. For $d\geq4$, we prove a strong law of large numbers and give explicit expressions for the limit in terms of the non-intersection probabilities of a simple random walk and a two-sided LERW. Along the way, we show that four-dimensional LERW is ergodic. For $d=3$, we show that the scaling limit of the capacity of LERW is random. We show that the capacity of the first $n$ steps of LERW is of order $n^{1/β}$, with $β$ the growth exponent of three-dimensional LERW. We express the scaling limit of the capacity of LERW in terms of the capacity of Kozma's scaling limit of LERW.

Karla Leipold, Frank Vallentin

The Ekeland-Hofer-Zehnder capacity (EHZ capacity) is a fundamental symplectic invariant of convex bodies. We show that computing the EHZ capacity of polytopes is NP-hard. For this we reduce the feedback arc set problem in bipartite tournaments to computing the EHZ capacity of simplices.

Vishnu Naresh Boddeti, Gautam Sreekumar, Arun Ross

There has been tremendous progress in generating realistic faces with high fidelity over the past few years. Despite this progress, a crucial question remains unanswered: "Given a generative face model, how many unique identities can it generate?" In other words, what is the biometric capacity of the generative face model? A scientific basis for answering this question will benefit evaluating and comparing different generative face models and establish an upper bound on their scalability. This paper proposes a statistical approach to estimate the biometric capacity of generated face images in a hyperspherical feature space. We employ our approach on multiple generative models, including unconditional generators like StyleGAN, Latent Diffusion Model, and "Generated Photos," as well as DCFace, a class-conditional generator. We also estimate capacity w.r.t. demographic attributes such as gender and age. Our capacity estimates indicate that (a) under ArcFace representation at a false acceptance rate (FAR) of 0.1%, StyleGAN3 and DCFace have a capacity upper bound of $1.43\times10^6$ and $1.190\times10^4$, respectively; (b) the capacity reduces drastically as we lower the desired FAR with an estimate of $1.796\times10^4$ and $562$ at FAR of 1% and 10%, respectively, for StyleGAN3; (c) there is no discernible disparity in the capacity w.r.t gender; and (d) for some generative models, there is an appreciable disparity in the capacity w.r.t age. Code is available at https://github.com/human-analysis/capacity-generative-face-models.

Á. P. Horváth

We define and examine nonlinear potential by Bessel convolution with Bessel kernel. We investigate removable sets with respect to Laplace-Bessel inequality. By studying the maximal and fractional maximal measure, a Wolff type inequality is proved. Finally the relation of B-$p$ capacity and B-Lipschitz mapping, and the B-$p$ capacity and weighted Hausdorff measure and the B-$p$ capacity of Cantor sets are examined.

Yunhao Zhao, Jason Ratay, Kun Li et al.

Surface finishing is challenging in the context of additively manufactured components with complex geometries. Magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) is a promising surface finishing technology that can refine the surface quality of components with complex shapes produced by additive manufacturing. However, there is insufficient study regarding the impact of MAF on microstructure–property relationships for additively manufactured builds, which is critical for evaluating mechanical performance. In this work, we studied the effects of different combinations of MAF and heat treatment steps on the microstructure–property relationships of Inconel 718 superalloys made by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). The application of MAF was found to significantly reduce the surface roughness and refine the grain size of aged alloys. Moreover, MAF was able to increase the alloy elongation, which could be further influenced by the sequence of MAF and different heat treatment steps. The highest elongation could be achieved when MAF was performed between homogenization and aging processes. This work indicates that an effective combination of surface finishing and heat treatment is critical for the improvement of alloy performance. Furthermore, it demonstrates a promising solution for improving the performance of LPBF Inconel 718 by integrating MAF and heat treatment, which provides new perspectives on the post-processing optimization of additively manufactured alloys.

Darmawan Dani, Kurniady Dedy Achmad, Komariah Aan et al.

Nowadays, some manufacturing organizations may well face production restrictions. For example, in case the number of products goes up, the company might not be capable of producing all products. As a consequence, the company may face backlogging. In the meanwhile, in case the demand for products rises, the given company may experience a restricted capacity to react to that kind of demand properly; thus, it will suffer backlogging. Over the course of this study, that kind of company facing the mentioned circumstances is considered. To meet those exceeded demands, companies would be forced to purchase some products from outside. Thus, the study’s primary aim is to define and calculate the optimum make and buy a number of products so that overall inventory cost is reduced and optimized. To do so, a model is proposed referred to as the make-with-buy model. This model is designed and solved by exact solution software in the based branch and bound method. The results of the study confirm the feasibility and efficiency of this method and demonstrate that this model can be applied to lessen the overall inventory costs, including maintenance, order, setup, and purchasing costs, and also the total costs of products.

Pierce J. Mayville, Aliaksei L. Petsiuk, Joshua M. Pearce

Access to vacuum systems is limited because of economic costs. A rapidly growing approach to reduce the costs of scientific equipment is to combine open-source hardware methods with digital distributed manufacturing with 3D printers. Although high-end 3D printers can manufacture vacuum components, again, the cost of access to tooling is economically prohibitive. Low-cost material extrusion 3D printing with plastic overcomes the cost issue, but two problems arise when attempting to use plastic in or as part of vacuum systems: the outgassing of polymers and their sealing. To overcome these challenges, this study explores the potential of using post-processing heat treatments to seal 3D printed polypropylene for use in vacuum environments. The effect of infill overlap and heat treatment with a readily available heat gun on 3D printed PP parts was investigated in detail on ISO-standardized KF vacuum fitting parts and with the use of computer vision-based monitoring of vacuum pump down velocities. The results showed that infill overlap and heat treatment both had a large impact on the vacuum pressures obtainable with 3D printed parts. Heat treatment combined with 98% infill reliably sealed parts for use in vacuum systems, which makes the use of low-cost desktop 3D printers viable for manufacturing vacuum components for open scientific hardware.