Hasil untuk "Packaging"

Carolina Villarroya-Beltri, Cristina Gutiérrez-Vázquez, F. Sánchez-Cabo et al.

Exosomes are released by most cells to the extracellular environment and are involved in cell-to-cell communication. Exosomes contain specific repertoires of mRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs) and other non-coding RNAs that can be functionally transferred to recipient cells. However, the mechanisms that control the specific loading of RNA species into exosomes remain unknown. Here we describe sequence motifs present in miRNAs that control their localization into exosomes. The protein heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2B1 (hnRNPA2B1) specifically binds exosomal miRNAs through the recognition of these motifs and controls their loading into exosomes. Moreover, hnRNPA2B1 in exosomes is sumoylated, and sumoylation controls the binding of hnRNPA2B1 to miRNAs. The loading of miRNAs into exosomes can be modulated by mutagenesis of the identified motifs or changes in hnRNPA2B1 expression levels. These findings identify hnRNPA2B1 as a key player in miRNA sorting into exosomes and provide potential tools for the packaging of selected regulatory RNAs into exosomes and their use in biomedical applications. Cells secrete micro-RNAs by packaging them into exosomes; however, the mechanisms by which this packaging occurs are unclear. Here, the authors identify a sequence motif that confers exosomal targeting to micro-RNAs and identify a ribonucleoprotein complex that plays a role in this process.

Cedric R. Clapier, B. Cairns

R. H. Perry, D. Green, J. O. Maloney

M. Madou

Road Map .- Lithography .- Pattern Transfer: Dry Etching, Deposition, and Doping .- Wet Bulk Micromachining .- Dry Bulk Micromachining .- Surface Micromachining .- LIGA .- Alternative Micromachining Technologies .- Electronics Used with Micromachined Devices .- Bonding and Packaging .- Quantum Structures and Molecular Engineering .- Appendices.-

D. Markowitz, S. Goff, A. Bank

Vannet Roschhuk, Phanwipa Wongphan, Yeyen Laorenza et al.

This study investigates the effects of organic salts, including sodium citrate (SC), calcium citrate (CC), and calcium lactate (CL), on the structure–property–function relationships of thermoplastic starch/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (TPS/PBAT) films for active packaging applications. TPS incorporated with organic salts was prepared via twin-screw extrusion, blended with PBAT, and further processed into blown films. The films were systematically characterized using ¹H NMR, FTIR, and SEM, together with optical, mechanical, water vapor permeability, and antimicrobial evaluations against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>. The results revealed that SC primarily modulated hydrogen-bonding interactions within the starch matrix, resulting in improved structural homogeneity, balanced mechanical properties, and the highest antimicrobial activity among all formulations. In contrast, CL and CC promoted ionic crosslinking through Ca²⁺–starch interactions, leading to increased stiffness and Young’s modulus but reduced polymer chain mobility and limited release of active species, particularly in CC-containing systems. These differences in molecular interactions were consistent with variations in film microstructure, where SC-containing films exhibited more uniform morphologies, while calcium-based systems showed denser but less permeable structures. Furthermore, films containing SC and CL at appropriate concentrations achieved a favorable balance between transparency, water vapor barrier properties, and antimicrobial performance. Overall, this study provides new mechanistic insights into how monovalent and divalent organic salts govern intermolecular interactions, microstructure, and functional performance in TPS/PBAT systems. The findings highlight the critical role of additive type and concentration in designing biodegradable active packaging materials with tunable mechanical, barrier, and antimicrobial properties.

Atanu Kumar Das, Rupak Kumar Ghosh, Austin J. Conte et al.

Rising costs and performance limits of modern biomedical materials motivate the search for advanced, biocompatible alternatives. Cellulose-based metal-organic frameworks (cellulose-MOFs) emerge as distinctive hybrids combining renewable polymer chemistry with tunable porous architectures, enabling uncommon structure–function relationships. Their large surface area, controllable pore size, adaptable functional groups, and efficient host–guest interactions underpin diverse biomedical functions. Till now, no comprehensive, application-focused review has systematically summarized cellulose-MOFs synthesis for biomedical applications. This review critically analyzes cellulose-MOFs, emphasizing mechanistic links between chemistry, synthesis routes, interfacial interactions, and biomedical performance, rather than cataloging applications alone. Antibacterial action, targeted drug delivery, and sensing/biosensing are discussed through comparative insights. The article identifies unresolved challenges and proposes future research pathways to rationally design next-generation cellulose-MOFs systems, guiding researchers and clinicians alike.

Yijun Deng, Binrong Huang, Shouliang Lai

Abstract This study addresses the optimization of production planning and scheduling for human–robot interaction in a fuzzy environment, a critical challenge in modern manufacturing, especially under fluctuating market demand. The proposed model simultaneously determines production quantities, inventory/shortage levels, human–robot task allocation, and job sequencing. All decisions are optimized in a multi-period, multi-product setting. Three objective functions are considered: maximizing net present value, minimizing maximum completion time, and minimizing total early and tardy times. To handle uncertainties in demand and processing times, a pessimistic (credibility-constrained) fuzzy programming approach is employed. The model is solved using the epsilon-constraint method for small-scale problems and metaheuristic algorithms (NSGA-II, MOPSO, and MOWOA) for larger instances. Sensitivity analyses reveal that reducing completion times increases costs, lowering net present value, while higher uncertainty rates increase production times and shortages, reducing net present value. A 4% increase in bank interest rate reduces net present value by 15.68%, with no impact on completion or early/tardy times. The MOWOA algorithm demonstrates superior performance in generating efficient solutions for large-scale problems, offering practical insights for optimizing human–robot collaboration in manufacturing.

A. Dusty, Miller, J. V. Garcia et al.

Arjun Krishna, Erick Galinkin, Leon Derczynski et al.

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become an essential tool in the programmer's toolkit, but their tendency to hallucinate code can be used by malicious actors to introduce vulnerabilities to broad swathes of the software supply chain. In this work, we analyze package hallucination behaviour in LLMs across popular programming languages examining both existing package references and fictional dependencies. By analyzing this package hallucination behaviour we find potential attacks and suggest defensive strategies to defend against these attacks. We discover that package hallucination rate is predicated not only on model choice, but also programming language, model size, and specificity of the coding task request. The Pareto optimality boundary between code generation performance and package hallucination is sparsely populated, suggesting that coding models are not being optimized for secure code. Additionally, we find an inverse correlation between package hallucination rate and the HumanEval coding benchmark, offering a heuristic for evaluating the propensity of a model to hallucinate packages. Our metrics, findings and analyses provide a base for future models, securing AI-assisted software development workflows against package supply chain attacks.

Samuel Seligardi, Pietro Musoni, Eleonora Iotti et al.

The design and analysis of pallet setups are essential for ensuring safety of packages transportation. With rising demands in the logistics sector, the development of automated systems utilizing advanced technologies has become increasingly crucial. Moreover, the widespread use of plastic wrapping has motivated researchers to investigate eco-friendly alternatives that still adhere to safety standards. We present a fully controllable and accurate physical simulation system capable of replicating the behavior of moving pallets. It features a 3D graphics-based virtual environment that supports a wide range of configurations, including variable package layouts, different wrapping materials, and diverse dynamic conditions. This innovative approach reduces the need for physical testing, cutting costs and environmental impact while improving measurement accuracy for analyzing pallet dynamics. Additionally, we train a deep neural network to evaluate the rendered videos generated by our simulator, as a crash-test predictor for pallet configurations, further enhancing the system's utility in safety analysis.

Hira Niaz, Mikael Skurnik, Fazal Adnan

Abstract Background Escherichia coli-associated urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most prevalent bacterial infections in humans. Typically, antibiotic medication is used to treat UTIs, but over the time, growth of multidrug resistance among these bacteria has created a global public health issue that necessitates other treatment modalities, such as phage therapy. Methods The UPEC strain PSU-5266 (UE-17) was isolated from human urine samples, while phages were obtained from wastewater. These phages were characterized through host range analysis, stability studies, adsorption assays, and electron microscopy. Additionally, genomic, phylogenetic, and proteomic analyses were conducted to provide further insights. Results The current study describes the isolation and characterization of four Escherichia coli phages designated as UE-S5a, UE-S5b, UE-M3 and UE-M6. Bactericidal assays depicted that all bacteriophages exhibited a strong lytic ability against uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) strain PSU-5266 (UE-17). The phages displayed a broad host range (31–41%) among 104 tested isolates and adsorption rate of 15–20 min. They were stable within pH range of 5–11 and temperature range of 4 to 55 °C. Electron microscopy showed that all phages have icosahedral heads (70–74 nm) and short non-contractile tails, thus exhibiting a podovirus morphology. Sequencing results showed that they have linear double stranded DNA, genome of 73 to 76 kb in length, with GC content of 42% and short direct terminal repeats. Their genomes contain 84–88 predicted genes with putative functions predicted to 42–48% of gene products. The phylogenetic and comparative genomic analysis results depicted that these phages, sharing > 98% sequence similarity, are new members of genus Gamaleyavirus of subfamily Enquatrovirinae, in the Schitoviridae family. Mass spectrometric analysis of purified phage particles identified 44–56 phage particle-associated proteins (PPAPs) belonging to various functional groups such as lysis proteins, structural proteins, DNA packaging related proteins, and proteins involved in replication, metabolism and regulation. In addition, no genes encoding virulence factors, antibiotic resistance or lysogeny factors were identified. Conclusion The overall findings suggest that these bacteriophages are potential candidates for phage therapy in treating UTIs caused by UPEC strains.

Wenjia Yu, Yujie Wang, Siwei Li et al.

Base editors (BEs) are a promising tool for precise base conversion in human cells and animals, while the adeno-associated virus (AAV) is the major vector for human gene therapy. However, the size of the DNA cassette required for BE expression exceeds the 4.7 kb packing capacity of the AAV vector, making dual-AAV approaches based on trans-splicing intein necessary. Even with this approach, current split DNA cassettes are still larger than the AAV packing limit, posing a challenge for cellular production of AAV. Moreover, some split strategies yield variable editing results and target coverage. To address these limitations, 25 different split sets for BE4max and A3A-BE4max were tested at two target sites respectively, with splitting sites ranging from 493rd to 517th amino acids on the Cas9 peptide. Fortunately, the best Cas9 split site was identified between His511 and Ser512 and the arrangement of the AAV expression cassette was further manipulated to create evenly distributed CBE and ABE intein systems within 4.7 kb. These novel dual-AAV systems, designated 4.6AAV-CBE and 4.7AAV-ABE, were found to have base editing efficiencies similar to wild-type BEs, with a narrower editing window than the current 573 split system. Notably, 4.6AAV-CBE yield a higher AAV production titer, up to 2.1-fold in AAV-N and 1.5-fold in AAV-C, compared to the split-573BE system, likely due to the reduction of DNA cassette size within the AAV packaging capacity. Moreover, after packaging and infecting cells with AAV-N and AAV-C at the same volume and number of cells, the multiplicities of infection (MOI) and editing efficiency of 4.6 AAV-CBE were both higher than those of the split-573BE system. This study present advanced dual-AAV systems for ABE and CBE delivery, establishing a basis for safe and efficient BE therapies.

Anis Fatus Sakdiyah, Cahyaning Rini Utami

Ginger hard candy is a functional food combining the health benefits of ginger with sweetness. This study examined the substitution of granulated sugar and glucose with date extract (Phoenix dactylifera L.) and honey (Apis mellifera) on the physical, chemical, and sensory characteristics of ginger hard candy. A Completely Randomized Design with five substitution levels (0–100%) and three replications was used. Data were statistically analyzed, and the best treatment was selected using the Effectiveness Index method. Substitution significantly influenced most parameters except color. P1 (100% sugar) showed the highest physical and sensory quality (moisture 0.57%, aw 0.49, reducing sugar 0.13%, antioxidant activity 29.69%), whereas P3 (50% date extract and honey) provided balanced sensory acceptance with markedly higher antioxidant activity (62.26%) and acceptable moisture (1.45%), water activity (0.51), and reducing sugar (0.37%), all complying with SNI and FDA standards. Further study on cooking conditions, packaging, and stability is recommended.

Jing Wang, Yanru Wang, Dan Yuan et al.

The TransT object tracking algorithm, built on Transformer architecture, effectively integrates deep feature extraction with attention mechanisms, thereby enhancing the stability and accuracy of the algorithm. However, this algorithm exhibits insufficient tracking accuracy and boundary box drift when dealing with similar background clutter, which directly affects the subsequent tracking process. To overcome this problem, this paper constructs a semantic enhancement model, which utilizes multi-layer feature representations extracted from deep networks, and correlates and fuses shallow features with deep features by using cross-attention. At the same time, in order to adapt to the changes in the surrounding environment of the object and establish good discrimination with similar objects, this paper proposes a dynamic mask strategy to optimize the attention allocation mechanism and finally employs an object template update mechanism to improve the adaptability of the model by comparing the spatio-temporal information of successive frames to update the object template in time, further enhancing its tracking performance in complex scenes. Experimental comparison results demonstrate that the algorithm proposed in this paper can effectively handle similar background clutter, leading to a significant improvement in the overall performance of the tracking model.

Omar Hassan Hameed, Mahmood Mohammed Hamzah, Mursal Luaibi Saad et al.

This study investigates the thermal and mechanical behavior of friction stir spot welding (FSSW) for joining dissimilar thermoplastics, Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) and Polyethylene (PE). Given the inherent differences in polarity, crystallinity, melting temperatures, and surface energies, bonding between PVC and PE presents significant challenges. The experimental work involved applying FSSW under varying process parameters (rotational speed and dwell time), followed by tensile shear testing and infrared-based thermal analysis. The results revealed that the rotational speed had a dominant effect on peak interfacial temperature, reaching up to 137°C, which exceeds the crystalline melting range of both materials (PVC: 75–105°C; PE: 130–135°C), facilitating localized melting, which promotes effective molecular inter diffusion at the weld interface. Taguchi-based DOE analysis confirmed that optimal parameters (1700 RPM and 2 min dwell) produced the highest joint strength and temperature. Tensile shear strength results also indicated that appropriate heat input and tool interaction facilitated robust bonding without external adhesives or surface treatments. This research offers valuable insights into optimizing polymer-to-polymer welding conditions, paving the way for scalable, environmentally friendly joining methods suitable for packaging, automotive, and biomedical applications.

Xiaoyan Zhou, Ying Zhang, Wenjia Niu et al.

The open-source software (OSS) ecosystem suffers from security threats caused by malware.However, OSS malware research has three limitations: a lack of high-quality datasets, a lack of malware diversity, and a lack of attack campaign contexts. In this paper, we first build the largest dataset of 24,356 malicious packages from online sources, then propose a knowledge graph to represent the OSS malware corpus and conduct malware analysis in the wild.Our main findings include (1) it is essential to collect malicious packages from various online sources because their data overlapping degrees are small;(2) despite the sheer volume of malicious packages, many reuse similar code, leading to a low diversity of malware;(3) only 28 malicious packages were repeatedly hidden via dependency libraries of 1,354 malicious packages, and dependency-hidden malware has a shorter active time;(4) security reports are the only reliable source for disclosing the malware-based context. Index Terms: Malicious Packages, Software Analysis

Julian Runge, Igor Skokan, Gufeng Zhou et al.

As privacy-centric changes reshape the digital advertising landscape, deterministic attribution and measurement of advertising-related user behavior is increasingly constrained. In response, there has been a resurgence in the use of traditional probabilistic measurement techniques, such as media and marketing mix modeling (m/MMM), particularly among digital-first advertisers. However, small and midsize businesses often lack the resources to implement advanced proprietary modeling systems, which require specialized expertise and significant team investments. To address this gap, marketing data scientists at Meta have developed the open-source computational package Robyn, designed to facilitate the adoption of m/MMM for digital advertising measurement. This article explores the computational components and design choices that underpin Robyn, emphasizing how it "packages up" m/MMM to promote organizational acceptance and mitigate common biases. As a widely adopted and actively maintained open-source tool, Robyn is continually evolving. Consequently, the solutions described here should not be seen as definitive or conclusive but as an outline of the pathways that the Robyn community has embarked on. This article aims to provide a structured introduction to these evolving practices, encouraging feedback and dialogue to ensure that Robyn's development aligns with the needs of the broader data science community.

Mochammad Chaerul, Desmonda Fitri Milenia

ABSTRAK Energi, terutama dalam bentuk listrik merupakan salah satu kebutuhan esensial bagi manusia. Untuk memproduksi listrik dibutuhkan berbagai macam proses, termasuk melalui kombinasi pembangkitan tenaga gas dan uap. Dalam proses produksi, suatu Pembangkit Listik Tenaga Gas dan Uap (PLTGU) menghasilkan berbagai macam jenis limbah, diantaranya yang terkategori sebagai limbah Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun (B3). Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi sumber timbulan dan mengevaluasi pengelolaan limbah B3 di suatu PLTGU di Kota Palembang, Sumatera Selatan. Metode yang digunakan berupa observasi detail dan analisis kepatuhan pengelolaan limbah B3 berdasarkan peraturan perundangan yang berlaku. Selama masa observasi, limbah B3 yang dihasilkan berupa minyak pelumas bekas atau oli bekas, sludge oil, kain majun bekas, kemasan bekas B3, filter bekas dari fasilitas pengendalian pencemaran udara, limbah terkontaminasi, sludge IPAL, dan limbah kimia hasil analisis laboratorium. Secara umum, PLTGU tersebut telah melakukan pengelolaan limbah B3 dengan memadai, terutama di tahapan pelabelan, pengemasan, dan penyimpanan. Pengangkutan dan pengolahan limbah B3 dikerjasamakan dengan pihak ketiga yang telah memiliki izin terkait. Pengelolaan limbah B3 di suatu industri menjadi penting agar tidak menimbulkan dampak negatif ke lingkungan dan kesehatan manusia. Kata kunci: evaluasi, limbah B3, pengelolaan, PLTGU ABSTRACT Energy especially in form of electricity is one of essential needs for human. To produce electricity, various processes are needed, including a combination of gas and steam power generation. In the production process, a Combined Cycle Gas-Fired Power Plant (CCGP) generates various type of wastes, including those categorized as Hazardous and Toxic Waste. The study aims to identify sources and to evaluate the hazardous waste management at a gas and steam power plant located in Palembang City, South Sumatra. The method used was detailed observation and analysis of hazardous and toxic waste management compliance based on applicable laws and regulations. During observation period, hazardous and toxic waste generated including used lubricating oil or used oil, sludge oil, used cloth, used hazardous and toxic packaging, used filters from air pollution control facilities, contaminated waste, sludge WWTP, and chemical waste resulting from laboratory analysis. In general, the gas and steam power plant has managed hazardous and toxic waste adequately, especially in the labeling, packaging and storage stages. Transporting and processing of hazardous and toxic waste was carried out in collaboration with third parties who have the relevant permits. Hazardous and toxic waste management in an industry is important so that it does not cause negative impacts to the environment and human health. Keywords: evaluation, CCGP, hazardous waste, management

Md. Nur Uddin, Md. Tanvir Hossain, Nadim Mahmud et al.

Abstract Nanoclays, a specific type of nanomaterial, have emerged as versatile and dynamic materials, with tremendous potential for advanced functional applications. Despite publishing a large number of research articles, there are relatively few review articles on this topic. This comprehensive review delves into the most widely used nanoclays and explores the diverse range of applications in different fields, such as aerospace, automobile, construction, biomedical, food packaging, and polymer composites. With their ability to enhance the performance of materials and products, nanoclays have become a highly desired material in various industries. The challenges associated with nanoclays like complex properties, difficulty in developing new synthesis methods, and challenges in investigating long‐term durability and stability have been summarized. The future research directions with the exciting possibilities to develop future innovative materials have been highlighted at the end of the article. Highlights This review provides an extensive examination of the most widely used nanoclays, detailing their properties, types, and limitations. A summary of publication trends over the last 15 years, based on Scopus data up to 2024, indicates growing interest and research output in nanoclays. Applications of nanoclays span across aerospace, automobile, construction, biomedical, food packaging, and polymer composites, showcasing their versatility. Key challenges discussed include complex properties, difficulties in new synthesis methods, and issues in long‐term durability and stability. Future research directions highlight the potential for developing innovative materials using nanoclays.