Hasil untuk "Oils, fats, and waxes"

Evgenii Kozhevnikov, Fedor Belkov, Mikhail Turbakov et al.

The exploitation of low-flow oil wells following hydraulic fracturing is often hindered by residual proppant and proppant production during early production phases, which can infiltrate pumps and drastically shorten their service life. Managing proppant reliably and cost-effectively in these wells remains challenging due to the limited understanding of proppant transport mechanisms from the well bottom to the pump intake. This manuscript addresses this critical knowledge gap by presenting novel experimental insights into proppant transport in low-flow oil wells, marking the first elucidation of the underlying mechanism. Through innovative laboratory experiments simulating post-fracturing well conditions, we demonstrate that proppant invariably ascends to the pump intake, driven by a previously unrecognized process: droplets of immiscible hydrocarbon fluids capture and transport proppant particles upward. Comparative analyses using fluids of varying viscosities reveal, for the first time, that the viscosity of the immiscible phase has negligible impact on droplet transport capacity. Additionally, our studies establish that proppant concentration during transport is independent of well flow rate, challenging conventional assumptions. A key novel finding is the pivotal role of free gas bubbles in enhancing proppant transport probability, as they facilitate capture by oil and kerosene droplets; higher gas content correlates directly with elevated proppant concentrations in the flow. These experimental discoveries are validated by field trial data from wells with high free gas content under bottomhole conditions, where reduced pump operational times were observed, confirming the mechanism's real-world relevance. By unveiling this transport mechanism, the manuscript provides a foundational basis for developing targeted proppant management strategies, offering new pathways to enhance pump longevity and operational efficiency in low-flow oil wells.

Zifeng ZHAO, Feng WANG, Zhiguo HU et al.

ObjectivePipeline steel, a high-strength low-alloy steel, is ideal for large-scale, long-distance liquid ammonia transport. However, the pipeline girth weld—a structurally vulnerable zone—is prone to stress corrosion cracking from impurities and stress in a liquid ammonia environment, posing serious risks to pipeline safety. Therefore, investigating the stress corrosion laws of girth welds under complex transport conditions is essential to ensure the long service life of liquid ammonia pipelines. MethodsTo investigate the stress corrosion behavior of girth welds in L360 grade longitudinal submerged arc welded pipes exposed to liquid ammonia, C-ring stress corrosion tests were conducted at 50％, 75％, and 100％ of yield strength (Re) in both pure liquid ammonia and liquid ammonia containing impurities (H2O mass fraction of 0.10, O2 mass fraction of 0.20, CO2 mass fraction of 0.15, N2 mass fraction of 0.40). A systematic study was conducted on corrosion rate, micromorphology, and corrosion products based on micromorphology characterization and corrosion product analysis. ResultsThe C-ring specimen of the girth weld in L360 grade longitudinal submerged arc welded pipes exhibited almost no corrosion in pure liquid ammonia. However, in liquid ammonia containing impurities, impurities and stress synergistically accelerated corrosion. Impurities such as H2O and O2 promoted the formation of Fe(OH)3 and Fe2O3 on the weld surface. Under stress, the corrosion product layer cracked, with surface cracks increasing significantly as stress levels rose. Although applied stress did not cause significant longitudinal extending cracks, it heightened pitting corrosion susceptibility on the specimen’s backside. In addition, corrosion micromorphology analysis indicated that welds were more susceptible to stress corrosion than the base metal: the corrosion product layer cracked in the base metal zone at 100％Re, whereas cracking in the weld corrosion zone occurred at 50％Re. ConclusionWhen L360 longitudinal submerged arc welded pipes are used to transport liquid ammonia, strict control of impurity content in liquid ammonia, stress on the pipe material, and girth weld quality is essential to minimize stress corrosion cracking risk and ensure pipeline safety.

Qingzhong ZHU, Wei XIONG, Dingwei WENG et al.

Currently, unconventional reservoirs are characterized by low single well-controlled reserves, high initial production but fast production decline. This paper sorts out the problems of energy dispersion and limited length and height of main hydraulic fractures induced in staged multi-cluster fracturing, and proposes an innovative concept of “energy-focused fracturing development”. The technical connotation, theoretical model, and core techniques of energy-focused fracturing development are systematically examined, and the implementation path of this technology is determined. The energy-focused fracturing development technology incorporates the techniques such as geology-engineering integrated design, perforation optimization design, fracturing process design, and drainage engineering control. It transforms the numerous, short and dense hydraulic fractures to limited, long and sparse fractures. It focuses on fracturing energy, and aims to improve the fracture length, height and lateral width, and the proppant long-distance transportation capacity, thus enhancing the single well-controlled reserves and development effect. The energy-focused fracturing development technology has been successfully applied in the carbonate reservoirs in buried hill, shallow coalbed methane reservoirs, and coal-rock gas reservoirs in China, demonstrating the technology’s promising application. It is concluded that the energy-focused fracturing development technology can significantly increase the single well production and estimated ultimate recovery (EUR), and will be helpful for efficiently developing low-permeability, unconventional and low-grade resources in China.

吕义忠1， 张玉金2， 柴秀航2， 符之勇1， 王安石3， 李志成1， 刘元法2 LYU Yizhong1, ZHANG Yujin2, CHAI Xiuhang2, FU Zhiyong1, WANG Anshi3, LI Zhicheng1, LIU Yuanfa2

为促进乳化猪油在烘焙食品中的应用，分析了甘草提取物及其组分（甘草酸、光甘草定）对乳化猪油氧化稳定性的影响，同时将乳化猪油应用于蛋糕中，研究了乳化猪油的含油量对蛋糕品质的影响。结果表明：甘草提取物及其组分均能大幅延缓乳化猪油的氧化酸败，其中甘草提取物的延缓效果最显著；含有0.02%甘草提取物的乳化猪油（含油量80%）在40 ℃下储藏28 d，其酸值、过氧化值、硫代巴比妥酸值与空白组相比分别下降了72.53%、47.45%、62.98%；含油量80%的乳化猪油制备的蛋糕的膨胀体积与含油量50%的乳化猪油制备的蛋糕相比增加了99.75%，硬度、弹性和咀嚼性分别降低了21.37%、14.58%、31.74%，但各指标均比猪油制备的蛋糕的差。综上，乳化猪油具有替代猪油应用于蛋糕制备的潜力，但仍需进一步深入探究乳化猪油组分与蛋糕中其他组分间的相互作用，进而提高蛋糕品质。To promote the application of emulsified lard in baked goods, the effects of liquorice extract and its components (glycyrrhizic acid and glabridin) on the oxidative stability of emulsified lard were analyzed. The emulsified lard was used in cake, and the effect of fat contents in emulsified lard on the quality of cake was investigated. The results showed that liquorice extract and its components markedly inhibited the oxidation rate of emulsified lard, and liquorice extract had the most significant inhibition effect. After storage at 40 ℃ for 28 d, the acid value, peroxide value and thiobarbital acid value of emulsified lard (fat content 80%) containing 0.02% liquorice extract decreased by 72.53%, 47.45% and 62.98% respectively, compared to emulsified lard without antioxidant. In addition, the expansion volume of the cake prepared with emulsified lard with 80% fat content increased by 99.75% compared to the cake prepared with emulsified lard with 50% fat content, and the hardness, elasticity and chewiness decreased by 21.37%, 14.58% and 31.74% respectively, but all indexes were worse than those prepared with lard. In conclusion, emulsified lard has the potential to replace lard in cake preparation, but further investigation of the interaction between emulsified lard components and other components in cake is needed to improve the quality of cake products.

Ailin JIA, Fangxuan CHEN, Naichao FENG et al.

Taking the Ordos Basin as an example, this paper proposed that the construction of an energy super basin should follow the principle of “more energy, less carbon, and better energy structure”. The modeling workflow of energy super basin was built. Based on the resources/reserves, development status and infrastructures of the Ordos Basin, the development potential of the basin was evaluated, the uncertainties in the construction of energy super basin were analyzed, and the future vision and realization path of the Ordos Energy Super Basin were recommended. This study demonstrates that the Ordos Basin has the advantages of abundant energy sources, perfect infrastructures, well-matched carbon source and sink, small population density, and proximity to the energy consumption areas. These characteristics ensure that the Ordos Basin is a good candidate of the energy super basin. It is expected that the energy supply of the Ordos Basin in 2050 will reach 23×108 t of standard coal, and the proportion of fossil fuels in energy supply will decrease to 41%. The carbon emissions will decrease by 20×108 t compared to the emissions in 2023. The future construction of the basin should focus on the generation and storage of renewable energy, and technological breakthroughs for the carbon capture, utilization and storage.

GUO Shuai, WEI Rongjiang, ZHANG Qiang et al.

China has a huge potential for ultra-deep oil and gas resources. To promote ultra-deep oil and gas exploration and achieve breakthroughs in new layers is the key direction for exploring new fields of oil and gas. In order to address potential cable jamming issues in the 10km deep ground well, a finite element mechanical model is developed for the underground cables, including those at the top pulley, bottom pulley, and drum, using the cross-sectional method. The study investigated the impact of factors such as the tensile rod, drum diameter, and lifting speed on the strength of the 10km well cable. The calculation results show that: in order to ensure that the weak point is broken first in the case of continuous cable and to reserve a certain safety factor for the cable, the 5 000lbf pull rod can be selected; the large diameter roller is selected to reduce the cable tension, and the roller with a diameter of 700mm is preferred; the normal lifting speed of the logging cable is 6 000m/h, and the cable tension can reach 61.4kN, meeting the strength requirements. The research results provide basic data for the selection of logging cables, rollers and pull rods for deep 10km wells.

WANG Xuejun, ZHANG Xuejun, LUO Huan et al.

Deep source rocks undergo high degrees of evolution， leading to a significant decrease in biomarker content in crude oil as maturity increases. The decrease affects the reliability of the oil source correlation with conventional biomarker parameters. To better use the δ13CPDB value for identifying deep crude oil sources， authors analyzed the δ13CPDB values of four group components in the soluble organic matter from naturally evolved source rock profiles in Dongying Sag， Jiyang Depression， Bohaiwan Basin and the products of physical experiments on hydrocarbon generation and expulsion. Considering the relative content of alkane， authors discussed the carbon isotope fractionation effects in the crude oil from deep source rock. Additionally， authors proposed the working thought and procedure for identifying the source of deep oil with the δ13CPDB values. The carbon isotope fractionation effects resulting from high thermal maturity are obvious in deep source rocks. The δ13CPDB values of the four group components of soluble organic matter from source rocks （alkane， aromatics， non-hydrocarbon， and asphaltene） exhibit a significant elevation with increasing burial depth. Specifically， the δ13CPDB values of alkane exhibit the most pronounced change， exceeding 5‰， while aromatics show a change of around 4‰. The changes in the δ13CPDB value of non-hydrocarbon and asphaltene are relatively small， ranging from 2‰ to 3‰. As burial depth increases， the alkane contents in soluble organic matter increase from around 40% to over 80%. Correspondingly， the δ13CPDB values of alkane increase from around -30‰ to over -24‰， and the alkane contents show a great correlation with the variations of its δ13CPDB values. Similar results can also be observed from the δ13CPDB values of group components from physical experiments on hydrocarbon generation with the same type of source rock samples. In these experiments， the variations in the δ13CPDB values of alkane can reach 4‰， while those in aromatics， non-hydrocarbon， and asphaltene are relatively low， ranging from 1‰ to 3‰. When utilizing carbon isotopes to identify the source of deep oil， it is essential to first check the correlation between alkane contents and their δ13CPDB values to identify if the carbon isotope fractionation effects derived from thermal maturation exists. Subsequently， the δ13CPDB values of alkane should be properly recovered before utilizing it to identify the source of the oil. According to the abovementioned methods， authors identified the source of light oil from Chepaizi Uplift in the Western region of Junggar Basin. It confirmed the presence of carbon isotope fractionation effects in the light oil derived from thermal evolution. It shows a great possibility that the light oil is sourced from the underlying high-maturity source rock of the Permian， which is of important practical significance in the evaluation and deployment of the petroleum exploration target in this area.

周莉，赵路苹，刘莹，马彩红，尹彦霖，王丹，韩杰，丁秀臻 ZHOU Li，ZHAO Luping，LIU Ying，MA Caihong，YIN Yanlin， WANG Dan，HAN Jie，DING Xiuzhen

为了探究葵花籽油体富集物在冰淇淋中应用的可行性，以葵花籽油体富集物作为脂肪来源制备低脂冰淇淋，在无均质条件下研究葵花籽油体富集物添加量对低脂冰淇淋浆料和产品品质的影响。结果表明：冰淇淋浆料的黏度、储能模量和损耗模量都随葵花籽油体富集物添加量的增加而增大，当葵花籽油体富集物添加量为3.5%～4.0%时黏度与对照组相当；浆料中不易流动水和结合水的比例随着葵花籽油体富集物添加量的增加逐渐增大,在4.0%时达到最大；冰淇淋的膨胀率和抗融率随着葵花籽油体富集物添加量的增加先增大后减小；添加葵花籽油体富集物的冰淇淋色泽较差；冰淇淋的硬度和咀嚼性变化规律一致，都是随着葵花籽油体富集物添加量的增大呈现先减小后增大的趋势，弹性变化则相反;冰淇淋黏附性随着葵花籽油体富集物添加量的增加而升高；葵花籽油体富集物添加量为2.5%时冰淇淋感官评分最高。合适的葵花籽油体富集物添加量可以起到与棕榈油相似的效果，因此葵花籽油体富集物可以应用在冰淇淋中。In order to investigate the feasibility of using sunflower seed oil body enrichment in ice cream,low fat ice cream was prepared with sunflower seed oil body enrichment as the fat under the condition of non-homogenization. The effect of the dosage of the oil body enrichment on the quality of low fat ice cream slurry and product was explored. The results showed that the viscosity, storage modulus and loss modulus of ice cream slurry increased with the increase of the oil body enrichment dosage. When the dosage of oil body enrichment was 3.5%- 4.0%, the viscosity was equivalent to that of the control group. The proportion of non-flowing water and bound water in the slurry increased gradually with the increase of the dosage of oil body enrichment, reaching the maximum at 4.0%. The expansion rate and anti-melting rate of ice cream products first increased and then decreased as the increase of the oil body enrichment dosage. The color of ice cream with sunflower seed oil body enrichment was poor. The hardness and chewability of ice cream showed the same change law, which first decreased and then increased with the increase of the oil body enrichment dosage,while the elasticity changed in the opposite direction. The adhesion of ice cream increased with the increase of the oil body enrichment dosage. The sensory score of ice cream was the highest when the dosage of oil body enrichment was 2.5%. The appropriate dosage of sunflower seed oil body enrichment can produce a similar effect as palm oil, and sunflower seed oil body enrichment can be applied in ice cream.

许晓栋1，吴鹏飞1，周茂鑫2，王一路3，刘贤1 XU Xiaodong1，WU Pengfei1，ZHOU Maoxin2，WANG Yilu3，LIU Xian1

为了把控花生油过氧化值的阶段变化规律，以高油酸花生油为研究对象，在不同存储时间（10~60 min、1~7 h、1~9 d）内对不同存储方式（瓶装密封、瓶装敞口）和不同环境温度（25、50、75、100 ℃）的花生油过氧化值进行测定，通过差异显著性对比分析存储条件对花生油过氧化值的影响，结合变化趋势的线性拟合方程研究过氧化值的变化规律。结果表明：花生油的过氧化值随着存储时间的延长而不断增加，但瓶装密封花生油的过氧化值始终低于瓶装敞口的；在常温状态下（25 ℃），存储时间1~9 d的过氧化值显著高于10~60 min和1~7 h的（p<0.05）；环境温度越高，花生油氧化越剧烈，过氧化值升高越快，100 ℃时的过氧化值与其他温度条件存在显著性差异（p<0.05）；不同存储条件（存储方式、环境温度）下，过氧化值线性拟合方程的相关系数（R2）均达到了0.977及以上。不同存储方式下，花生油过氧化值与存储时间存在良好的线性关系，可以精准把控花生油过氧化值的变化情况。In order to understand and control the change rule of peroxide value of peanut oil in different storage stage, high oleic acid peanut oil was selected as the research object, and the peroxide values of peanut oil were measured at different storage time (10-60 min, 1-7 h, 1-9 d) in different storage methods (bottle seals, bottle exposures) and different ambient temperatures (25, 50, 75, 100 ℃). The effects of different storage conditions on the peroxide value of peanut oil were analyzed by comparing the significance of the differences, and the changes in the peroxide value were investigated by combining the linear fitting equation of the changing trend. The results showed that the peroxide value of peanut oil increased with the prolonging of storage time, but the peroxide value of bottle sealed peanut oil was always lower than that of bottle exposures peanut oil. At room temperature (25 ℃), the peroxide values of 1-9 d were significantly higher than that of 10-60 min and 1-7 h (p<0.05). The higher the ambient temperature, the more intense the oxidation of peanut oil, and the faster the peroxide value increased, and the peroxide value at 100 ℃ was significantly different from other temperature conditions (p<0.05), the R2 of the linear fitted equation for the peroxide value under different storage conditions (storage methods and ambient temperature) all reached above 0.977. The change of peroxide value had a good linear relationship with storage time under different conditions, which can accurately control the change of peroxide value of peanut oil.

Jianbin TENG, Longwei QIU, Shoupeng ZHANG et al.

The origin of dolomite in Shahejie Formation shale of Jiyang Depression in eastern China were studied by means of petrologic identification, compositional analysis by X-ray diffraction, stable carbon and oxygen isotopic composition, and trace element and rare earth element analyses. The results show that the development of dolomite is limited in the lacustrine organic rich shale of Shahejie Formation in the study area. Three kinds of dolomite minerals can be identified: primary dolomite (D1), penecontemporaneous dolomite (D2), and ankerite (Ak). D1 has the structure of primary spherical dolomite, high magnesium and high calcium, with order degree of 0.3-0.5, and is characterized by the intracrystalline corrosion and coexistence of secondary enlargement along the outer edge. D2 has the characteristics of secondary enlargement, order degree of 0.5-0.7, high magnesium, high calcium and containing a little iron and manganese elements. Ak is characterized by high order degree of 0.7-0.9, rhombic crystal, high magnesium, high calcium and high iron. The micritic calcite belongs to primary origin on the basis of the carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions and the fractionation characteristics of rare earth elements. According to the oxygen isotopic fractionation equation between paragenetic dolomite and calcite, it is calculated that the formation temperature of dolomite in the shale is between 36.76-45.83 °C, belonging to lacustrine low-temperature dolomite. Based on the maturation and growth mechanism of primary and penecontemporaneous dolomite crystals, a dolomite diagenetic sequence and the dolomitization process are proposed, which is corresponding to the diagenetic environment of Shahejie Formation shale in the study area.

Xu Yang, Luo Mingzhang, Du Guofeng

The defect monitoring and radial damage evaluation are of great significance for safe operation of oil and gas pipelines. In order to improve the monitoring ability of ultrasonic guided waves for pipeline defects, a new method for radial damage depth evaluation based on the variation trend of guided waves in L(0,2)and L(0,1)modes was proposed. The single-channel exciting-receiving device was used to realize the time reversal method in the way of multiple superimposition synthesis, allow the guided wave energy to be focused at the pipeline defect, enhance the reflection echo amplitude of the defect, and improve the signal to noise ratio of the monitoring signal. The effectiveness of using synthetic time reversal method to improve the ability of ultrasonic guided wave to monitor pipeline defects was proved by specific tests. When the L(0,2)mode guided wave propagated in the pipeline, the mode would convert while encountering defect, and some L(0,2)modes were converted to L(0,1)modes. Combined with the displacement distribution of guided wave in the pipe wall, the influence of the radial damage depth of pipeline defect on the mode conversion from L(0,2)to L(0,1)was analyzed. The test data show that, as the radial damage of pipeline expanded, the reflection coefficients of L(0,2)and L(0,1)modal defects showed regular changes. The study results provide an important reference for evaluating the radial damage depth of pipeline defects and judging whether it reaches half wall thickness or penetration.

ZHANG Zonglin, LYU Guangzhong, WANG Jie

Climate change centering on carbon dioxide（CO₂） emissions and energy security centering on the shortage of oil resources are two major problems restricting the sustainable development of China's social economy. In order to solve the bottleneck of both the CO₂ capture and the great improvement of recovery factor of low permeability reservoir, the related technology researches have been carried out in Shengli Oilfield, forming the supporting technologies such as CO₂ capture, safe long-distance transmission, reservoir engineering optimization design, the injection-production process design, design of surface gathering and oil displacement and environmental monitoring, and building an industrial-scale demonstration project for flue gas CO₂ capture, oil displacement and underground storage of coal-fired power plants. The industrial tests show that the cost of the new MSA technology is 35 % lower than that of the traditional MEA technology. Over 31×10⁴ t of CO₂ have successfully been injected into the reservoir, with the cumulative oil increment of 8.6×10⁴ t, and 28×10⁴ t of CO₂ storaged in G89-1 block. The central well area has increased the recovery rate by 9.5 %, and the recovery rate is expected to reach 17.2 %.

Weidong LI, Qiyu HUANG, Fuyong HUO et al.

Wax deposition is a severe flow assurance challenge for waxy crude oil transportation. Generally, mechanical pipeline pigging is used to remove the wax deposits on pipeline wall. However, the field pigging operation relies greatly on the experience due to the poor understanding of wax removal mechanism, and pig plugging and wax blockage occur frequently. Here, the fundamental issues in wax removal by pigging of crude oil pipeline were summarized, the research progress from the perspectives of wax removal mechanism, wax removal efficiency and wax breaking force was clarified, and it was also pointed out that the mechanical strength of wax deposits, rheological properties and flowing characteristics of the oil-wax slurry in front of the pig, as well as the critical condition for wax plug formation, would be key issues and main directions of future research in this field.

Liu Shaohu, Zhou Hao, Ma Weiguo et al.

During operation, the life of coiled tubing will be shortened due to complex cyclic load effect, corrosion, mechanical damage, manufacturing defect and faulty operation etc. Therefore, a coiled tubing fatigue life calculation and analysis software was developed on the Qt platform based on the fatigue life theories and massive empirical data at home and abroad. With this software, the effect of bending radius, wall thickness and internal pressure of the coiled tubing on its fatigue life were calculated and analyzed, and a feasibility testing was also performed. The analytical results indicated that this software could be used to effectively calculate the coiled tubing fatigue life values; the increase of internal pressure of coiled tubing will lead to the decrease of its fatigue life, but the decrease tendency will slow down gradually. However, the coiled tubing will lose its loading capacity when internal pressure reached certain point; a proper reel size could improve the life of coiled tubing; coiled tubing with large or varying wall thickness shall be recommended. The development of this software is of great guidance significance to the engineering applications and safety evaluations of coiled tubing.

M. Klavins, L. Klavina

Hamid Heydari Gholanlo, Siavash Sajedi Yeganeh, Vahed Goudarzi Dehrizi

Well logging analysis has been recognized as the best way to characterize reservoir properties, especially water saturation. Archie equation is known as the best method to estimate water saturation from well logging data. Determination of Archie parameters is an incessant challenge in advanced reservoir engineering because of its complex intrinsic. Measurement of Archie parameters in core laboratory has a high sensitive, expensive and time consuming procedure, that causes the excluding of core analysis to be impossible for the entire depth of reservoir zone. Although some empirical and mathematical models have been introduced to measure cementation factor, without the need of coring, there is not exist a reliable method to estimate saturation exponent in similar way.Genetic algorithm is excelled than other meta-heuristic global search methods, which could be used in solving engineering problems. In this study, a genetic algorithm based strategy has been developed to develop a model to estimate saturation exponent from a core of drilled well in Sarvak Formation at Marun Oil Field in Iran. This model has been validated with laboratory measurements of saturation exponent with the accuracy (R2) of 0.91 and the miscalculation (MSE) of 0.23. Keywords: Saturation exponent, Genetic algorithm, Sarvak Formation

K.M. Schaich

A.M. Motawie, M.M. Madany, A.Z. El-Dakrory et al.

Different types of nano-organo bentonite (NOB) were prepared from the Egyptian Bentonite (EB). EB was characterized by energy dispersive X-ray EDX. It was purified from different impurities using a conventional method via the treatment with HCl and distilled water. The modification of the clay was carried out using different types of organo-modifiers namely; hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (HTAB), 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (Silane), octadecylamine (ODA), and dodecylamine (DDA). The cation exchange capacity (CEC) was measured for pristine bentonite after and before modification. The NB was characterized by FTIR, XRD, TEM, and TGA techniques. The obtained results indicated that variation of the interlayer space gallery was effected by the type of the penetrator used.