Hasil untuk "Medieval history"

J. Huizenga, W. Admiraal, Sanne F. Akkerman et al.

M. Baldwin, Amos Funkenstein

This book is a pioneering work of intellectual history that transformed our understanding of the relationship between Christian theology and the development of science. The author explores the metaphysical foundations of modern science and shows how, by the 1600s, theological and scientific thinking had become almost one. Major figures like Descartes, Leibniz, Newton, and others developed an unprecedented secular theology whose debt to medieval and scholastic thought shaped the trajectory of the scientific revolution. The book ends with the author's influential analysis of the seventeenth century's “unprecedented fusion” of scientific and religious language. Featuring a new foreword, the book is a pathbreaking and classic work that remains a fundamental resource for historians and philosophers of science.

Ebubekir Çelikcan

Normanların XI. yüzyılda Güney İtalya’daki yükselişi, bir dizi kritik askerî zaferle şekillenmiştir. Bu zaferler arasında özellikle 1041 yılında Bizans’a karşı kazanılan Olivento, Cannae ve Montepeloso savaşları; 1053’teki Civitate Savaşı; 1071’de Bari’nin, 1072’de Palermo’nun ve 1078’de Salerno’nun ele geçirilmesi dikkat çeker. Ancak bu mücadeleler içerisinde Civitate Savaşı hem dönemin siyasî dengeleri açısından hem de tarihsel yankıları bakımından ayrıcalıklı bir konumda durmaktadır. Normanların yalnızca bölgesel bir güç olmaktan çıkıp Güney İtalya’daki en etkin siyasî ve askerî aktör hâline gelmelerini sağlayan bu savaş hakkında bugüne dek yapılan çalışmalar, genellikle XI. yüzyıl Güney İtalya kronik yazarları olan Monte Cassinolu Amatus, Puglialı Guillelmus, Gaufridus Malaterra ve Ostialı Leo’nun aktardığı anlatılar çerçevesinde incelemiştir. Bu yazarların büyük ölçüde Norman patronajı altında eser verdikleri düşünüldüğünde, savaşın anlatımında Normanların meşruiyetini savunmaya yönelik bir eğilimin ağır bastığı görülmektedir. Dolayısıyla Civitate Savaşı, çoğu zaman yalnızca Norman bakış açısıyla ele alınmış, karşı cephede yer alan güçlerin perspektifleri ya göz ardı edilmiş ya da yüzeysel biçimde işlenmiştir. Bu makalenin temel amacı, savaşın yorumlanmasında hâkim olan bu tek taraflı bakış açısını aşarak, Civitate Savaşı’na dair daha bütüncül ve çok sesli bir değerlendirme sunmaktır. Bu doğrultuda, sadece yukarıda anılan Güney İtalya kronik yazarlarının değil, aynı zamanda Hersfeldli Lampert ve Reichenaulu Hermann gibi Alman isimlerin kayıtları incelenecek, bunun yanı sıra Kuzey İtalya’dan Sutri Piskoposu Bonizo ve Segnili Bruno gibi isimlerin savaşla ilgili değerlendirmelerine de yer verilecektir. Böylece Norman tarihçiliğinin egemen söylemi dışında kalan alternatif anlatılar ışığında Civitate Savaşı’nın nasıl algılandığı ve hangi tarihsel bağlamlara oturduğu yeniden tartışmaya açılacaktır.

Osman Karatay

The early history of the Khazars is still to be thoroughly investigated. When they came to the Caucasus is lesser known than their origins. The original land of the Khazar tribe, a member of the T’ieh-le union, was likely in the South Siberian belt. They, together with the comrade tribes Suvars and Barsils, if not still others, were attacked by the Uyghurs, another T’ieh-le member, possibly in cooperation with the Avar and Türk alliance in the mid-5th century. The trio migrated to the north of the Caucasus, after expelling the Ogurs. So, the Khazars came to the west in company with the Suvars, who represented and led the interim union towards the outer world. The Suvars were closer to Persia on the Darband Gate, and the Khazars were to their north. The formers were more active in the early generations, but this meant also the speedier melting of their human source. So the Khazars became relatively more crowded. In contrast to the Romans referring only to the name ‘Suvar’ (Sabir), the Persians were able to separate between the Suvars and Khazars. Their sources have not survived to us, but were abundantly used by early medieval Muslim authors, that need to be checked for anachronism. This helped contruct this paper in a certain logic, according to which the appearance of the Khazars in the Caucasus can be taken to the beginning of the 6th century, if not a little earlier.

S. Ghosh

The review article attempts to focus on the practice of human cadaveric dissection during its inception in ancient Greece in 3rd century BC, revival in medieval Italy at the beginning of 14th century and subsequent evolution in Europe and the United States of America over the centuries. The article highlights on the gradual change in attitude of religious authorities towards human dissection, the shift in the practice of human dissection being performed by barber surgeons to the anatomist himself dissecting the human body and the enactment of prominent legislations which proved to be crucial milestones during the course of the history of human cadaveric dissection. It particularly emphasizes on the different means of procuring human bodies which changed over the centuries in accordance with the increasing demand due to the rise in popularity of human dissection as a tool for teaching anatomy. Finally, it documents the rise of body donation programs as the source of human cadavers for anatomical dissection from the second half of the 20th century. Presently innovative measures are being introduced within the body donation programs by medical schools across the world to sensitize medical students such that they maintain a respectful, compassionate and empathetic attitude towards the human cadaver while dissecting the same. Human dissection is indispensable for a sound knowledge in anatomy which can ensure safe as well as efficient clinical practice and the human dissection lab could possibly be the ideal place to cultivate humanistic qualities among future physicians in the 21st century.

J. Gretzinger, D. Sayer, P. Justeau et al.

The history of the British Isles and Ireland is characterized by multiple periods of major cultural change, including the influential transformation after the end of Roman rule, which precipitated shifts in language, settlement patterns and material culture1. The extent to which migration from continental Europe mediated these transitions is a matter of long-standing debate2–4. Here we study genome-wide ancient DNA from 460 medieval northwestern Europeans—including 278 individuals from England—alongside archaeological data, to infer contemporary population dynamics. We identify a substantial increase of continental northern European ancestry in early medieval England, which is closely related to the early medieval and present-day inhabitants of Germany and Denmark, implying large-scale substantial migration across the North Sea into Britain during the Early Middle Ages. As a result, the individuals who we analysed from eastern England derived up to 76% of their ancestry from the continental North Sea zone, albeit with substantial regional variation and heterogeneity within sites. We show that women with immigrant ancestry were more often furnished with grave goods than women with local ancestry, whereas men with weapons were as likely not to be of immigrant ancestry. A comparison with present-day Britain indicates that subsequent demographic events reduced the fraction of continental northern European ancestry while introducing further ancestry components into the English gene pool, including substantial southwestern European ancestry most closely related to that seen in Iron Age France5,6. Archaeogenetic study of ancient DNA from medieval northwestern Europeans reveals substantial increase of continental northern European ancestry in Britain, suggesting mass migration across the North Sea during the Early Middle Ages.

P. Buc

Preface vii Abbreviations ix INTRODUCTION 1 PART I: Late Antique and Early Medieval Narratives 13 CHAPTER ONE: Writing Ottonian Hegemony: Good Rituals and Bad Rituals in Liudprand of Cremona 13 CHAPTER TWO: Ritual Consensus and Ritual Violence: Texts and Events in Ninth-Century Carolingian Political Culture 15 CHAPTER THREE: Rites of Saints and Rites of Kings: Consensus and Transgression in the Works of Gregory of Tours 88 CHAPTER FOUR: The Late Antique Matrix: Martyrdom and Ritual 123 PART II: From Theology to the Social Sciences ca. 1500-ca. 1970 159 CHAPTER FIVE: Rites, Rituals, and Order, ca. 1500-ca. 1800 164 CHAPTER SIX: Medieval History and the Social Sciences, ca. 1800-ca. 1970 203 CHAPTER SEVEN: Epilogue 248 Index 263 The Bibliography for this book can be found in its entirety on the Princeton University Press website www.pup.princeton.edu/biblios/buc.

Hagit Attiya, Michael A. Bender, Martin Farach-Colton et al.

A data structure is called history independent if its internal memory representation does not reveal the history of operations applied to it, only its current state. In this paper we study history independence for concurrent data structures, and establish foundational possibility and impossibility results. We show that a large class of concurrent objects cannot be implemented from smaller base objects in a manner that is both wait-free and history independent; but if we settle for either lock-freedom instead of wait-freedom or for a weak notion of history independence, then at least one object in the class, multi-valued single-reader single-writer registers, can be implemented from smaller base objects, binary registers. On the other hand, using large base objects, we give a strong possibility result in the form of a universal construction: an object with $s$ possible states can be implemented in a wait-free, history-independent manner from compare-and-swap base objects that each have $O(s + 2^n)$ possible memory states, where $n$ is the number of processes in the system.

Konstantin A. Rudenko

The article considers the study of the scientific heritage of the outstanding Soviet archaeologist Aleksei Petrovich Smirnov, the founder of the scientific direction in the archaeology of the Volga-Kama region – Bulgaristics. Of particular interest are the scientific works of the researcher, which have become classic: "The Volga Bolgars" and "Essays on the ancient and medieval history of the peoples in the Middle Volga and the Kama regions" published in 1951 and 1952 respectively. In the first book, the author gives a detailed description not only of the social, economic and political events in the history of Volga Bolgaria within the formation approach, but also of the material culture of its population. The peculiarity of this part of A.P. Smirnov's research is that there is no typological classification here, although A.P. Smirnov uses its basic principles very often. The author claims that this was the result of the "Marxisation" of archaeological science carried out in the USSR in the 1930s, when the typological method was considered bourgeois and unsuitable for the Soviet history of material culture, as archaeology came to be called. A.P. Smirnov, well-versed in the typological method developed by his teacher V.A. Gorodtsov, deliberately limited its use. At the same time, he successfully applied the results of studies in the 1920s by his colleagues-archaeologists – A.V. Artsikhovsky, S.V. Kiselyov, V.V. Golmsten, and others, concerning the general analysis of the subject world in the context of social history. Smirnov, in the book "The Volga Bolgars", laid the foundations for further scientific developments of his students in the field of Bulgaristics, for example, T.A. Khlebnikova. These approaches were presented in A.P. Smirnov’s second work.

William J. Wolf

I apply Dawid's Meta-Empirical Assessment (MEA) methodology to the theory of cosmological inflation. I argue that applying this methodology does not currently offer a compelling case for ascribing non-empirical confirmation to cosmological inflation. In particular, I argue that despite displaying strong instances of Unexpected Explanatory Coherence (UEA), it is premature to evaluate the theory on the basis of the No Alternatives Argument (NAA). More significantly though, I argue that the theory of cosmological inflation fails to sustain a convincing Meta-Inductive Argument (MIA) because the empirical evidence and theoretical successes that it seeks to draw meta-empirical support from do not warrant a meta-inductive inference to inflation. I conclude by assessing how future developments could pave the way towards crafting a more compelling case for the non-empirical confirmation of cosmological inflation.

Patrick M. Duerr, William J. Wolf

The paper re-examines the principal methodological questions, arising in the debate over the cosmological standard model's postulate of Dark Matter vs. rivalling proposals that modify standard (Newtonian and general-relativistic) gravitational theory, the so-called Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) and its subsequent extensions. What to make of such seemingly radical challenges of cosmological orthodoxy? In the first part of our paper, we assess MONDian theories through the lens of key ideas of major 20th century philosophers of science (Popper, Kuhn, Lakatos, and Laudan), thereby rectifying widespread misconceptions and misapplications of these ideas common in the pertinent MOND-related literature. None of these classical methodological frameworks, which render precise and systematise the more intuitive judgements prevalent in the scientific community, yields a favourable verdict on MOND and its successors -- contrary to claims in the MOND-related literature by some of these theories' advocates; the respective theory appraisals are largely damning. Drawing on these insights, the paper's second part zooms in on the most common complaint about MONDian theories, their ad-hocness. We demonstrate how the recent coherentist model of ad-hocness captures, and fleshes out, the underlying -- but too often insufficiently articulated -- hunches underlying this critique. MONDian theories indeed come out as severely ad hoc: they do not cohere well with either theoretical or empirical-factual background knowledge. In fact, as our complementary comparison with the cosmological standard model's Dark Matter postulate shows, with respect to ad-hocness, MONDian theories fare worse than the cosmological standard model.

S. B. F. Dorch, J. O. Petersen

About fifty years after the work that astronomer Tycho Brahe carried out while living on the island of Hven had made him world famous, King Christian IV of Denmark built the Trinity Buildings in Copenhagen. The Tower observatory was opened in 1642, and it housed the astronomers from the University of Copenhagen until 1861 when a new, modern observatory was built at Østervold in the eastern part of the city. In 1996, all the University astronomers from the observatories at Østervold and the small town of Brorfelde were relocated to the Rockefeller Buildings at Østerbro, and the two observatories were closed. In this paper we focus on the library at the observatory in Østervold, and its subsequent fate following the close-down of that observatory.

Fabio Barberini

B. Tamanaha

María Paz DE MIGUEL IBÁÑEZ

<p>Presentamos algunos resultados obtenidos del estudio osteoarqueológico realizado sobre los restos exhumados en la <em>maqbara</em> de la Plaza del Castillo de Pamplona. De las 172 sepulturas islámicas identificadas se han recuperado 177 esqueletos en diferentes estados de conservación. Demográficamente representa una población natural, propia de sociedades prevacunales, donde casi la mitad de la población falleció antes de alcanzar la edad adulta. Los datos patológicos han permitido reconocer diferentes enfermedades de origen infeccioso, metabólico, congénito y tumoral, entre otros. Destacan las lesiones de origen violento, que en cinco casos produjeron la muerte de los individuos, todos ellos hombres. Genéticamente se reconoce una población compleja con marcadores africanos, locales y mixtos. La identificación de manipulaciones dentales intencionadas, preferentemente en mujeres, permite reconocer marcadores culturales originariamente africanos, presentes igualmente en población genéticamente local, signo claro de la aculturación de parte de la población autóctona.</p><div> </div>

C. Roberts

L. V. Sofronova, A. V. Khazina

Two recent books on the history of the environment and the Middle Ages published by Cambridge University Press are analyzed: Richard Hoffman’s “Ecological History of Medieval Europe” (2014) and Bruce M. S. Campbell’s “The Great Transition: Climate, Disease and Society in the Late Medieval World” (2016). The interdisciplinary approach of both authors is noted, which allowed to re-illuminate such central themes of medieval history as the decline of Rome, religious doctrines, urbanization and technology. It is indicated that the books address key environmental topics: energy use, sustainability, disease and climate change. It is reported that Hoffman and Campbell identify the role of natural forces in such processes as climate change, disease and the transformation of military and political balance. This approach is positively evaluated in this article, as it allows to study the devastating effects of the above factors: hunger, floods, mortality of people and animals, wars and financial crises. It is emphasized that the authors of the analyzed books, immersing medieval history in the context of social ecology, introduce the world of nature into historiography as an acting character (actant) and an object of history itself.

Xosé M. Sánchez Sánchez

El estudio de la ciudad medieval de Santiago de Compostela viene marcado generalmente por el ámbito eclesiástico, materializado en su catedral, el episcopado y la peregrinación. Estos análisis han dejado ciertos segmentos necesitados de profundidad a la hora de definir las relaciones sociales y de poder político en una de las principales urbes peninsulares de señorío eclesiástico; es el caso, principalmente, del poder concejil y su relación con el poder feudal compostelano. Este artículo ofrece una aproximación y sistematización monográfica de la institución urbana en los siglos medievales, atendiendo principalmente a sus integrantes (justicias, notarios y guardianes del sello, a los que se añaden luego regidores y homes boos) en tiempos del concilium y del regimiento, y a las funciones que desarrolla, a saber: urbanismo; justicia; orden público; economía común; y abastecimiento y comercio. Abstract The study of the medieval city of Santiago de Compostela is generally centred on the ecclesiastical sphere, characterized by its cathedral, the episcopacy and the pilgrimage route. This analysis has left certain segments of study in need of further research in order to define social and political relationships in one of the main Peninsular cities of ecclesiastical lordship. This is primarily the case of the town council and its relation to the main Compostelan feudal power. This article offers an initial examination of the urban institution in the later medieval period. The purpose is to unveil its structure after a brief look at its evolution up to the later Middle Ages. This analysis will focus on its members in the second half of the thirteenth century (justices, notaries and keepers of the seal); the materialization of power as viewed in the records of the first third of the fourteenth century with respect to a royal privilege negotiated by the prelate Berenguel de Landoira; and with the members of the town council in the fifteenth century and the consent of the regidores and procuradores. The analysis will conclude with a sketch of the main functions assumed by the institution, namely urbanism, justice, public order, economic issues, and supply and trade.

Ergun Üstün

Doğu Akdeniz’in en büyük adası olan Kıbrıs, 1192 yılından itibarenHaçlılar tarafından adada kurulmuş olan Lusignan Krallığı idaresi altındayönetilmekteydi. 1250 yılında ise Mısır’da kurulan Memlûk Devleti, zamanlabölgedeki en önemli güç haline geldi. Lusignan Krallığı’nın adanın sahip olduğucoğrafi konumunun avantajını kullanarak bölgede yürüttüğü siyasi, ekonomik vedini faaliyetler bu iki devlet arasında birbirlerine üstünlük kurma girişimlerinide beraberinde getirdi. Özellikle 1365 yılında Lusignan Kralı I. Pierredöneminde İskenderiye limanına yapılan baskın Memlûk Devleti’nin hafızasındacanlılığını korumaktaydı. Buna ilaveten Kıbrıslıların Kral Janus döneminde yürütmüşoldukları korsancılık faaliyetleri Memlûklerin intikam almak ve Akdeniz’dekiMüslüman gemilerine karşı yapılan korsancılık faaliyetlilerine bir son vermekiçin Kıbrıs adasına yapacak oldukları deniz seferlerini kaçınılmaz kıldı. Buçalışmada Memlûk Devleti’nin Sultan Barsbay döneminde Kıbrıs’a gerçekleştirdiğiüç deniz seferi sonucunda adayı hakimiyeti altına alarak kendisine bağlı birdevlet haline getirmesi konusu ele alınmıştır.

Alejandro García Sanjuán, Raúl González Arévalo, Albert Reixach Sala et al.