Hasil untuk "Labor policy. Labor and the state"

Domingos Leite Lima Filho, Henrique Tahan Novaes

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Zehra Zeynep Sadıkoğlu

With the incentives for volunteering in civil society in Türkiye since the 2000s, the number of active civil society organizations (CSOs) and the rate of formal volunteering, which refers to volunteering under the umbrella of a CSO, have increased. Thus, CSOvolunteer relations and the management of these relations have become important. In regard to this importance, the study explores the problem areas in CSO-volunteer relations through the concept of the psychological contract and investigates the connection between volunteer expectations and volunteering experiences in Türkiye. The study aims to understand and describe the factors and processes that create obstacles to volunteer work or that make its sustainability difficult in Türkiye. The qualitative findings are based on 22 focus group discussions with 10 groups (i.e., CSO managers, CSO professionals, CSO volunteer coordinators, academicians, public bureaucracy, local governments, international organizations, volunteer initiatives, those with formal volunteer experience, and those without formal volunteer experience), have a high potential to provide information about volunteering, and indicate that problems exist related to developing a sense of belonging to CSOs in the relational dimension of a volunteer’s psychological contract in Türkiye and problems to exist related to the volunteer management processes of CSOs in the transactional dimension. The facts that volunteers are not recognized as stakeholders at either the managerial or organizational level in CSOs and that their contributions are not sufficiently valued result in a violation of the psychological contract in the relational dimension. The lack of a professional approach starting from the first contact with a volunteer and the lack of a framework regarding volunteers’ rights and responsibilities result in a violation in the transactional dimension.

Selin Koçak, Büşra Demir

Sustainable development has become an issue that concerns the world with its economic, social, and environmental dimensions. Economic and social injustices, especially poverty, are increasing, and economic problems affect individuals negatively in many areas, such as education, health, housing, and psychosocial development. Families and their changing dynamics are at the forefront of the groups affected by this negative situation. Family policies and family-oriented services have an important place in ensuring the well-being of individuals and families. Social services for families are carried out in Türkiye by the Ministry of Family and Social Services, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of National Education, and local governments. These services cover economic and social needs. Therefore, family policies and the economic and social goals of sustainable development are linked. This study discusses family services within the scope of the economic and social dimensions of sustainable development. The study concludes that family-oriented services are expressed more quantitatively and that services should be developed in the context of sustainable development.

Victor Gagno Grillo, Maria Amélia Dalvi

O artigo apresenta o tema da uberização do trabalho, a partir do filme Você não estava aqui, de Ken Loach. A análise, inspirada no materialismo histórico, permite compreender a uberização como uma nova estratégia para exploração humana e acumulação de capital, na sociedade marcada pela divisão social em classes antagônicas. O estudo permite concluir que a precarização do trabalho, para além do âmbito econômico, prejudica a estrutura afetiva e relacional dos sujeitos; o cinema, a despeito de suas contradições, pode atuar no desvelamento crítico do processo. Palavra-chave: Uberização; Cinema; Formação Humana. Palavras-chave: Trabalho; Uberização; Acumulação de capital; Cinema.

Alejandra Selma Penalva

Dado que los datos voluntariamente difundidos por el usuario en sus redes sociales constituyen una fuente de información mucho más amplia y completa que la que ofrecería una entrevista de trabajo, en los últimos tiempos, surgen nuevas técnicas destinadas a complementar los procesos clásicos de selección de personal, con una nueva fase de preselección de candidatos basada exclusivamente en la información que se puede obtener de ellos a partir de las búsquedas en Internet. En el presente trabajo se valora la legalidad de estas prácticas, haciendo hincapié en la tutela del derecho a la intimidad y en la protección de datos de carácter personal de los concurrentes a un empleo.

Lia Tiriba, José Luiz Antunes, Jacqueline Botelho et al.

.O número 42 da Revista Trabalho Necessário é publicado em uma conjuntura de grande gravidade política e social no país, que expressa o avanço da estratégia ultraliberal e ultraconservadora frente às políticas sociais e a organização classista da extrema direita, via fascistização da sociedade. O empresariamento da educação, para os setores dominantes, além de representar a ação organizada de disputa do fundo público e incentivo à privatização no campo educacional pelos setores rentistas, também configura a destruição do projeto de escola pública forjado nas lutas sociais. Destacamos, por sua contribuição histórica a esse projeto de escola pública, a figura militante do educador socialista Florestan Fernandes, cujo aporte à leitura da particularidade do capitalismo dependente na formação social brasileira é irrefutável para a compreensão das contrarreformas também como marca do caráter não-clássico da revolução burguesa no Brasil.

I. A. Khronova

The question of the attitude of the peasantry to socialist modernization, the relevance of which is due to the fact that historically the south of Russia set one of the general algorithms of scientific search in studying the problems of this area is considered. It is noted that one of these problems is related to the content and organizational components of the peasantry labor activity in the Kuban-Black Sea region and further in the North Caucasus region. It is indicated that these components of activity began to be updated in the light of the policy of the authorities, as well as a number of accepted legal sources. The relevance of this study lies in the research of the foundations of labor relations between the peasantry and the Soviet state, which laid the “foundation” for the subsequent regulation of social and labor legal relations and formed the socialist branch of law — collective farm law. The novelty of the work lies in the analysis of the cumulative factors that accompanied the procedure for the emergence of the socialist foundations of labor in the collective farms of southern Russia in 1920s. The study is based on archival materials, scientific papers and periodicals. Two legal sources are analyzed: the Normal Statute of Agricultural Productive Communes and the Exemplary Statute of an Agricultural Labor Artel. Attention is focused on the transformation of regulatory changes. Conclusions are drawn that manipulations with the peasantry became experimental for future collectivization, revealed the illiteracy of the peasants, and also made it possible to lay the foundation for collective farm law.

Francisco Vila Tierno

Presentación.

Juan José Fernández Domínguez

La sentencia reitera doctrina sobre el abuso por la Administración del recurso a contratos o relaciones temporales para cubrir necesidades permanentes. Aun cuando niega que pueda tener lugar la estabilización a través de vía judicial (contrato o relación como fijo o estatuto equivalente), recoge aportaciones interesantes, como las relativas a la vinculación del carácter “sucesivo” de contratos o nombramientos al incumplimiento de la obligación de organizar en plazo el proceso selectivo de provisión, la negativa a que el empleado pueda sufrir cualquier perjuicio por haber consentido la celebración de contratos sucesivos,o, en fin, la remisión a los órganos judiciales nacionales de la labor de ponderar si una indemnización equivalente a la prevista para el despido improcedente puede ser considerada como una medida equivalente a las recogidas en el Acuerdo Marco para prevenir los abusos en la contratación temporal.

Tsatsulin Aleksandr

The article is devoted to the state of the labor market in connection with the dire consequences of the pandemic, the self-isolation regime and limited quarantine. The purpose of the work was to assess the scale and danger of coronavirus infection for the domestic labor market and the na-tional economy. To investigate the issues that arose, a toolkit for the methodology of activity-based comparative studies using statistical indicators of demography and sanitary statistics. Trends and dynamics of employment processes, unemployment rate, demographic difficulties of the country, the impact of the situation in the labor market on certain aspects of digitalization of business processes and the features of work in conditions of remote access to a stationary work-place are considered. The above can be called the obtained reliable research results. The author also raised other special issues of labor relations in the discussion mode. In particular, the doubt-fulness of some statistical calculations of the recursive influence of political factors on the behav-ior of the infection and the consequences of the COVID-19 epidemic using indicators of the in-cidence, mortality and lethality of this dangerous disease. This made it possible to draw one modest, but extremely important conclusion about the need to implement the import substitution policy, which has been half-forgotten since the time of sanctions against our country, in a particu-larly difficult situation of the falling national economy. And the directions for further research should be related to the search for ways to restore the economy, mainly in its real sector, in the context of a limited labor force potential. The article submits quite friendly criticism of the ap-proach of a well-known Russian economist in his foreign publication to the possibilities of ap-plied and uncritical use of statistics on the results of morbidity, recovery and mortality from coronavirus during the political party struggle in the United States of the presidential election campaign processes and the race of candidates with different party colors. In conclusion, the ar-ticle draws traditional conclusions based on the research results. In particular, the possibilities of digitalization of the population are emphasized and it is noted that the current difficult situation for the country's economy is once again a favorable chance of overcoming it due to the forgotten policy of import substitution.

Simone Lessa

O presente artigo apresenta reflexões sobre a formação inicial e continuada dos trabalhadores que ocuparão as tarefas menos complexas do mundo do trabalho. Aqui analisamos a execução da qualificação profissional no Brasil contemporâneo, viabilizada através Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego, pela via do Plano Nacional de Qualificação (PNQ). Nas margens desta experiência, apresentamos ainda, aprendizagem que objetiva a geração de renda, denominada de inserção produtiva, executada nos Centros de Referência da Assistência Social (CRAS), vinculados ao Ministério do Desenvolvimento Social e do Combate à Fome. Esta aprendizagem está dirigida aos usuários da política de Assistência Social, em especial, aos usuários do Programa Bolsa Família (PBF). Nosso lócus de estudo é o Estado do Rio de Janeiro, com ênfase na região da Baixada Fluminense.

Valci Melo

O presente estudo analisa os principais avanços e desafios que afetam o Ensino Médio no Brasil, investigando suas configurações atuais e suas raízes históricas. Para tal, além de uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, recorre-se às estatísticas educacionais oficiais e a um exame minucioso do mais recente dispositivo legal dedicado à intervenção na etapa educacional em tela: a Lei n. 13.415, de 16 de fevereiro de 2017, oriunda da Medida Provisória 746, de 22 de setembro de 2016. A investigação se deu à luz do materialismo histórico-dialético, partindo diretamente das contribuições de Marx e Engels e dialogando com outros autores que, ligados ou não a esta perspectiva teórico-metodológica, ajudam a entender a escolarização da classe trabalhadora. Ao longo do estudo, demonstrase que, apesar dos avanços obtidos na última década, estes são insuficientes para enfrentar de forma adequada os desafios históricos que ainda recaem sobre o Ensino Médio. Por fim, conclui-se que a Lei n. 13.415/2017 representa um enorme retrocesso para a referida etapa educacional, sobretudo, para a educação dos filhos da classe trabalhadora.

Francisco José Lobo Neto

Ao encaminhar, em 15 de março de 1964, a Mensagem ao Congresso Nacional sobre as Reformas de Base, o Presidente João Goulart, argumentava a partir dos esforços do seu governo na execução, por meio do Ministério da Educação, do “programa para a democratização da escola de grau médio e sua adaptação às necessidades de habilitação da juventude para as tarefas do desenvolvimento” cujo objetivo era “possibilitar a instalação, em todos os municípios brasileiros, de escolas de ensino de grau médio, voltadas todas no sentido da educação para o trabalho” (apud LOBO NETO, 2014).

Frank R. Lichtenberg

Abstract I assess the impact that pharmaceutical innovation had on cancer mortality in Mexico during the period 2003–2013, by investigating whether there were larger declines in the age-standardized mortality rate of cancer sites (breast, lung, colon, etc.) that were subject to more pharmaceutical innovation, controlling for changes in the age-standardized cancer incidence rate. The estimates indicate that new drugs launched during 1991–2001 reduced the age-standardized cancer mortality rate by 16%, i.e., at an average annual rate of about 1.6%. I estimate that 105,661 life-years before age 70 were gained in 2013 due to cancer drugs launched during 1991–2001, and that the cost per life-year gained was in the neighborhood of $2146. By the standards of the World Health Organization, new cancer drugs have been very cost-effective in Mexico. The contribution of cancer drug innovation to Mexican longevity growth has been valuable, but, perhaps, it could have been even larger. Only half as many new cancer drugs were launched in Mexico during 2010–2014 as were launched in the US. In addition, when new drugs are launched in Mexico, their diffusion tends to be quite slow.

Samuel Morley

Abstract This paper disaggregates the various sources of rural income growth in Peru between 2004 and 2012 and shows that about 80% of the increase came from rising earnings and only 15% from transfer programs. This increase in rural earnings was not led by agriculture. It was mainly because of a general rise in wages across industrial and services activities within the rural population, coupled with a massive movement of the better educated from the rural to the urban areas of the Sierra and Selva. Rapid overall growth rate of the economy permitted an increase in average wages both in the urban receiving areas and for the smaller labor force left behind in the rural sector. In analyzing changes in poverty over time, it is important to distinguish what happens to a given age cohort from changes in the income of different deciles of the distribution. The paper creates a quasi-panel by equivalent cohort. The panel shows that first, there was tremendous progress made in rural poverty reduction among those who were poor in 2004. That is true in both the rural and urban sectors. There were 6.3 million rural poor in 2004. 46% of them or almost three million got out of poverty over the period. Second, it is instructive that 62% of the group that got out of poverty stayed in the rural sector. In other words, almost two thirds of rural poverty reduction was due to increases in rural family income not rural–urban migration. Third, among the rural poor, it was the young who migrated—64% of total rural–urban migration of the poor came from the 0–25 cohort even though it comprised less than 60% of the rural poverty population in 2004.

Donald Jay Bertulfo, Nico Canoy, Michael Angelo Celeste

Prisoner reintegration may be viewed as a crisis situation that may lead to a period of instability within the family. Existing researches in this area remain focused on the individual perspective of ex-offenders rather than the experiences of receiving families back in their households. In this study, we aim to examine the reintegration experiences of the family as a group from an initial state of chaos to equilibrium upon the reentry of an incarcerated parent. Using a sample of 12 interviews of family members left behind by incarcerated fathers, three major storylines relating to the family’s struggle for moral re-ascendancy in the context of parental reintegration are identified: othering, rehabilitation, and restoration. We explain the interlocking emotional, discursive, and material forms of labor embedded in the process of prisoner reintegration. Policy implications on social and institutional aid to the families of reintegrating fathers are also discussed.

Giorgio Brunello, Maria De Paola

Abstract The reduction of early school leaving to less than 10 percent of the relevant population by 2020 is a headline target in the Europe 2020 strategy and one of the five benchmarks of the strategic framework for European cooperation in education and training. Designing adequate policies to combat early school leaving is a difficult task that requires both the identification of causal links and the measurement of costs and benefits. In this paper, we review the issues surrounding the measurement of the costs of early school leaving to individuals and societies and examine several implemented policies that are expected to affect early school leavers. These include broad policies – such as changes in minimum school leaving age, tracking and school resources – as well as more targeted policies. While our focus is mainly on Europe, we also consider important evidence from across the Atlantic. JEL Classification J24.

Shireen AlAzzawi

Abstract The gender wage gap increased significantly in Egypt over the last two decades, while female labor force participation rates have steadily declined. This study investigates the relationship between women’s labor market outcomes in the manufacturing sector, the degree of industry concentration, and the trade reforms that took place simultaneously. Results indicate that industry concentration is detrimental to women in the labor market and that the impact of trade liberalization differs depending on the degree of concentration and the nature of the international competition. In initially competitive industries, increased import competition is associated with higher gender wage gaps and lower female employment. Increased export intensity on the other hand is associated with a lower gender wage gap, but lower female employment. Conversely, opening up to increased international import competition in initially concentrated industries is associated with falling gender wage gaps and rising female employment, while increased exports in these industries is associated with higher female employment as well. These findings have important implications for policy makers attempting to create more equitable labor market conditions in post-revolutionary Egypt. JEL classifications F1, F6, J7, J3

Mihai Chioveanu

My paper aims to retrieve and present in general lines one aspect of the Romanian Holocaust that was since recently ignored by most scholars in the field, namely the forced labor of the Jewish population. Part of the deliberate anti-Jewish policy of the Antonescu government, the issue of forced labor is relevant as it completes the picture of the Holocaust in Romania, at the same time indicating the border between the Romanian apartheid society and the Romanian genocidal state. The paper thus points at the necessity for the scholars to continue their research in the field of holocaust studies at large, a topic that is far from exhausting its resources and significance.