L. Aktayeva, A. Bekmagambetov, L. Yedilbayeva
et al.
Relevance. The transition toward risk-oriented occupational safety systems requires modernizing social protection mechanisms for employees exposed to hazardous working conditions. In Kazakhstan, social guarantees are traditionally based on occupational classifications that do not fully reflect actual workplace risk exposure or economic sector characteristics. Objective. To develop and validate an integrated methodological approach for ranking occupations based on professional risk levels and economic activity characteristics. Materials and Methods. This study, conducted in 2024-2025, included an analysis of occupational risk assessment data from pilot enterprises, an evaluation of national labor statistics, and findings from a sociological survey of 312 respondents. An integrated ranking index was developed by calculating a sectoral coefficient reflecting economic activity characteristics. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 27.0. Results. Significant variability in occupational risk levels across economic sectors was identified. High and critical risk levels were predominantly observed in mining, metallurgical, and chemical industries, while lower risk levels were characteristic of service and administrative sectors. The proposed integrated ranking model demonstrated the ability to differentiate occupations with similar professional risk exposure by incorporating sector-specific economic indicators, thereby enabling a more precise distribution of social guarantees. Conclusions. The developed model establishes a scientifically justified relationship between occupational risk level and allocation of social guarantees. Implementing the proposed methodology may enhance the effectiveness of occupational safety regulation and support the transition toward a preventive, risk-oriented social protection system in Kazakhstan.
The paper presents the results of a medical and sociological study aimed at preserving the health of workers employed on expeditionary shifts in the oil and gas production complex of the Arctic region of the Russian Federation. Without taking into account the value characteristics of attitudes towards health and the social status of “shift workers”, part of which is family status, the implementation of social regulation of life activity among men engaged in expeditionary rotational work does not seem possible. This determines the relevance of this work as a scientific basis for the formation of effective social and managerial mechanisms in the Arctic. The purpose of the study was to determine age and time trends in marital status and some parameters of responsibility for health among men of economically active age, their associations depending on the length of time they worked as expeditionary rotation workers in the Arctic. The study was conducted on two representative samples formed at industrial enterprises of the oil and gas production complex in the time range of 35 years, among men 25–54 years old, employed on expeditionary shifts in the Arctic region of the Russian Federation. Among males aged 25–54 years engaged in expeditionary and shift work in the Arctic region, 35-year trends have been identified in the age range towards an increase in the proportion of single men in each of the three decades of life 25–34, 35–44, 45–54 years and a more than twofold decrease in the proportion of registered marriages. According to the sociological study of 1987–1988 (GDU), with increasing age, a natural increase in the proportion of men in marriage has been established. According to the 2022–2023 sociological study (EURACOR), in the third decade of life, compared to older age categories, an increase in the proportion of married men is determined, as well as an increase in the proportion of single men, both previously married and unmarried. At industrial enterprises in the Arctic, 35-year trends have been established towards an increase in the proportion of single men in extreme positions — with less than three and more than ten years of work experience, towards a decrease in the proportion of registered marriages regardless of the length of service in expeditionary and shift work. With more than three years of work experience in expeditionary shift work in Arctic conditions, men with a life partner are determined to have the greatest care and responsibility for their health.
Background. Despite significant progress in the study of Ukraine's macroeconomic, industrial, financial, foreign economic, investment and innovation, social, and food security, a number of aspects of the overall problem remain insufficiently addressed or require additional attention in the context of current challenges caused by war and economic instability. Unresolved parts of the overall problem include labor shortages, insufficient support for the manufacturing industry, high import dependence, underfunding of science, overburdened social infrastructure, environmental threats, logistical constraints, and low trust in fiscal authorities. Addressing these challenges requires the development of targeted government programs, enhanced international cooperation, and private sector involvement to ensure Ukraine's sustainable recovery. Methods. The study applies generalization and comparative analysis of the results of expert-analytical approaches, including forecasting, using institutional statistical sources. Results. The article highlights the results of a comprehensive analysis of the state of Ukraine's economic, industrial, financial, foreign economic, investment and innovation, social, and food security in 2024, conducted considering current economic challenges impact. This analytical basis may further enable the development of a corresponding forward-looking projection for the period 2025–2027. Conclusions. The article uses the results of expert-analytical approaches, including statistical data analysis, risk assessment, and forecasting of trends in the macroeconomic, industrial, financial, and other key dimensions of Ukraine's security architecture. A comparative analysis of major indicators was conducted, focusing on the transformation of challenges under wartime conditions. Special attention is devoted to the institutional and functional analysis of reforms based on recommendations of state and international organizations. These methods made it possible to outline strategic policy directions and develop scenarios for sustainable development in 2026–2027.
Industrial relations in Indonesia are based on the principles of Pancasila Industrial Relations, which is a form of relationship between actors in the production process of goods and services, namely workers, employers, and the government. In this study, the researcher focuses on whether the provisions regarding force majeure in Indonesian labor law are in accordance with the principles of fair and sustainable labor protection, by analyzing the extent to which labor law in Indonesia supports worker protection in force majeure situations, and whether existing legal provisions are still relevant to the principle of social justice for workers. In relation to layoffs caused by force majeure reasons, workers have the right to seek legal remedies to obtain protection. According to Law No. 13 of 2003, termination of employment in force majeure situations can be carried out, but must still comply with existing provisions, such as the provision of severance pay and other rights in accordance with applicable provisions. Legal remedies in labor disputes are a crucial aspect in ensuring justice and protection for workers in Indonesia. In the context of industrial relations, disputes between workers and employers often involve issues of basic worker rights, such as wages, working conditions, termination of employment (PHK), or unpaid benefits. Without a clear legal mechanism, workers may not be able to obtain equal justice with employers who have greater access to legal resources. Therefore, legal remedies are an important channel to ensure that workers' rights are maximally protected.
Aleksey Sosenkov, Nurzilya Zinnatullina, Rinat Kashtanov
et al.
This article examines the organizational foundations of a peasant farm. Its operating procedures are outlined in Federal Law No. 74-2003 "On Peasant Farms." The Civil Code of the Russian Federation legalized the activities of peasant farms. The Tax Code of the Russian Federation legalized the tax obligations of peasant farms. A peasant farm is an independent economic unit engaged in the production and processing of agricultural products with subsequent sale. An important condition for the existence of a peasant farm is the personal labor of family members. The number of relatives is limited to no more than three families. The number of seasonal workers may range from 10 to 20 people. Food Security Doctrine No. 20 of January 21, 2020, outlines the main goals and objectives of state policy in the Russian Federation's agro-industrial complex. The doctrinal definition of food security is ensuring Russia's economic and social development while maintaining and enhancing its food sovereignty. Implementation of the Doctrine ensures universal physical and economic access to food products necessary for an active life. The Russian Federation Food Security Doctrine identifies specific risks and threats directly affecting the activities of peasant (farmer) households. In these critical conditions, peasant (farmer) households operate and make a significant contribution to the doctrinal self-sufficiency of residents of the Sverdlovsk Region through the production of grain crops, milk and dairy products, potatoes and vegetables, and meat and meat products. There are also shortage product groups associated with the climatic and natural resources of the Northern Urals. The Sverdlovsk Region purchases salt, sugar, vegetable oil, vegetables, and fruit from other regions. Key development objectives for peasant farms in the near future include: expanding the range of agricultural products; increasing the volume and variety of regionally appropriate vegetables, including greenhouse production; and developing dairy production, vegetable growing, and freshwater fish farming, as well as developing lamb production adapted to the Ural climate.
Purpose. This article investigates the factors influencing career choices among high school students in Kazakhstan, with a particular focus on the impact of gender and school type. The study aims to identify the key motives and conditions shaping students’ professional self-determination during adolescence. Design/methodology/approach. The research is grounded in sociological and psychological theories, including the theory of professional self-determination and the concept of professional identity. A quantitative sociological survey was conducted among 9th and 11th grade students from both urban and rural schools. The sample included 1,000 students aged 15 to 17, selected through targeted sampling based on region, school type, and gender. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Findings. The findings reveal that career choices among students are significantly influenced by a range of social and institutional factors, such as family background, education system characteristics, and labor market conditions. The study also identifies notable differences in career preferences by gender and school type, underscoring the importance of tailoring career guidance to individual socio-demographic contexts. Originality. This study contributes to the understanding of professional orientation processes in Kazakhstan by providing empirical insights into the diverse factors that shape students’ career decisions. It highlights the need for differentiated and personalized career support strategies in educational policy and practice. Key words: career choice, sociological survey, career guidance, professional self-determination
Purpose: This study explores how sustainability initiatives have contributed to positive transformation in Bangladesh's ready-made garment (RMG) sector. Methodology: A quantitative research design was adopted, focusing on four key dimensions: environmental, social, economic, and company-level sustainability. Data were collected from 150 respondents through questionnaires and in-depth interviews. Findings: The findings reveal a strong positive relationship between sustainability measures and the RMG industry’s development. Regression analysis shows that environmental, economic, social, and company-level sustainability explain 52.8%, 72.9%, 72.1%, and 78.7% of the variance in RMG sector performance, respectively. This finding highlights significant benefits such as reduced environmental impact, improved labor conditions, and financial gains. A Prescriptive analysis offers practical insights guiding the sector towards integrated sustainability, which enhances long-term resilience amid global challenges and evolving consumer expectations. Originality/Value: This research highlights the dynamics of sustainability in Bangladesh's RMG industry and provides valuable empirical insights. Practical Implications: The study holds both social and practical significance. It contributes empirical evidence to the existing academic literature on sustainability and industrial development, particularly within emerging economies. It also provides actionable insights for industry stakeholders and policymakers, encouraging greater adoption of sustainable practices to secure competitive advantages. Limitations: This study is subject to limitations, including a relatively small sample size and reliance on self-reported data, which may introduce bias and limit generalizability. Additionally, it doesn’t fully explore external influences such as international regulations or the enforcement of domestic policies.
Relevance. Through the prism of philosophical and sociological theories, the article analyzes the prerequisites for the actualization of freelancing in the modern world, including the disintegration of traditional social structures, fragmentation of society, and the predominance of network connections over classical models of interaction. Modern society, which is characterized by all of the above features, dictates the need for flexibility and adaptability, and freelance as a new, non-standard form of employment meets these requirements. The purpose of the article is to conceptualize the concept of freelancing, to identify its opportunities and risks in modern society. Objectives: to reveal the philosophical foundations of the transformation of society in the post-industrial era; show the features of freelancing as a new form of employment. Methodology. The theoretical basis of the article is the conceptual works of philosophers and sociologists J. Deleuze and F. Guattari, J.-F. Lyotard, M. Castells, Z. Bauman, D. Urry actor-network theory. The authors analyze them, compare them, and summarize their own conclusions. Results. Freelancing is primarily a project-based form of employment, thereby providing employees with financial, labor, and geographical autonomy, the opportunity to work in the field of intellectual labor and independently organize their own activities. However, despite all the advantages, the work of freelancers comes with a number of risks. In particular, we are talking about the almost complete absence of social protection in the matter of benefits, pensions, vacations, etc. for this group of employees, the risks of encountering fraud, as well as unstable income, which in turn can cause not only financial, but also psychological problems. Conclusion. Today, from the point of view of legislation, attempts are being made to remove the activities of self-employed freelancers from the shadow economy sector and provide them with some social guarantees, but at this stage these measures are not enough.
This article reviews the literature that examines the potential, limitations, and consequences of robots and artificial intelligence (AI) in automation and augmentation across various disciplines. It presents key observations and suggestions from the literature review. Firstly, displacement effects from task automation continue to persist. However, one should not assume an unequivocally increasing efficacy of technology in automation or augmentation, especially given the declining productivity growth in high-income countries and some large emerging economies in recent decades. Jobs less likely to be negatively impacted are those that require diverse tasks, physical dexterity, tacit knowledge, or flexibility, or are protected by professional or trade associations. Despite countervailing effects, without policy intervention, automation and augmentation could widen inequality between social groups, labor and capital, and firms. Secondly, AI's promise in task automation and labor augmentation is mixed. AI tools can cause harm, and dissatisfaction and disengagement often arise from their opaqueness, errors, disregard for critical contexts, lack of tacit knowledge, and lack of domain expertise, as well as their demand for extra labor time and resources. The inadequate autonomy to override AI-based assessments further frustrates users who have to use these AI tools at work. Finally, the article calls for sociological research to specify conditions and mechanisms that ameliorate adverse consequences and enhance labor augmentation by embedding the study of automation and augmentation in concrete social and political contexts at multiple levels.
The relevance of the research topic "How to Return Ukrainians to Ukraine: Economic, Social, Psychological, and Cultural Factors" is driven by the massive scale of Ukrainian migration due to the war that began in 2022. It is estimated that approximately 6-7.5 million Ukrainians left their country in search of safety and better living conditions. The return of these citizens is crucial for the country's post-conflict recovery, demographic stabilization, and economic restoration. Given this context, studying the factors that influence decisions about returning becomes particularly important. The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze key economic, sociological, psychological, and cultural factors affecting Ukrainians' desire to return home. The methodology includes analyzing results from sociological surveys among Ukrainians abroad, as well as studying economic and social conditions in Ukraine. The research covers aspects such as security in Ukraine, employment opportunities, housing availability, and the level of social support. Special attention is given to the situation of Ukrainian refugees in Germany, Poland, Czech Republic, Spain, and Italy. As of early November 2024, the status of Ukrainian refugees in Europe remains stable but is gradually changing. These and other countries continue to provide support through temporary protection, access to labor markets, education, and medical services. Most countries have extended temporary protection until 2025. However, some countries are gradually reducing social benefits and changing housing provision conditions. The obtained scientific results indicate that the main factors for return are the sense of security in Ukraine, the ability to find stable employment, and access to housing. Many respondents expressed a desire to return home after the war ends, but their decision depends on improved living conditions in the country. Emotional aspects are also important: longing for family and home, as well as state support. Prospects for further research lie in deeper analysis of psychological and cultural factors that may influence return. It is also important to develop recommendations for state policy regarding refugee support during reintegration and creating favorable conditions for their return. Special attention is paid to the creation of the Ministry of Unity and the functions it should perform to accelerate the process of returning Ukrainians to their homeland.
The article discusses approaches to the analysis and measurement of the quality of life of the indigenous peoples of the North, taking into account the implementation of projects for the industrial development of Arctic territories. The relevance of the study is determined both by the high significance of industrial development projects in the Arctic, and the impact of such projects on the quality of life and people's conservation. The analytical base is based on the results of our own sociological research in the settlements of the Arctic zone of the country in the areas of implementation of mining projects. The subject of the study is the economic and social relations that arise between mining companies and the indigenous peoples of the North in the context of the impact of mining projects on the quality of life and people's conservation. The object of the study is the living conditions and development of traditional crafts of indigenous peoples in the zone of implementation of mining projects in the Srednekolymsky and Oleneksky districts of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The hypothesis of thestudy is to identify the relationship between the implementation of projects for the industrial development of the Arctic and improving the quality of life of the local population through the participation of mining companies in the socio-economic development of the territory. The purpose of the article is to identify and analyze the factors that affect the quality of life of the local population in the regions where projects of mining companies are being implemented. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the development of a methodological approach to the study of the quality of life in the context of the activities of mining companies based on sociological surveys of the population. The formulated recommendations on the support of the indigenous peoples of the North by mining companies can be used to implement social policy in the field of people saving and improving the quality of life of the local population.
To carry out various infrastructural and developmental projects displacement of local peoples from their original land becomes increases. This imposes cost for the poor and marginalized peoples due to the failure to restore their livelihood. Industrial parks are one of the state vital infrastructures to promote industrialization and economy reformation in Ethiopia. At this time government is highly committed in attracting investors to increase FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) of the country. FDI driven by investor’s interest in new industrial park development. The availability of large plot of land including low cost of production, and the increasing demand of FDI triggered IPD (Industrial Park Development) in the study area.The only option for government might be expropriating agricultural land and make available for investment activities. However, the establishment of IP (Industrial parks) fails to exemplify the community context.As a result, this study aimed at explaining effects of Industrial Park Induced Displacement (IPID) on natural, economic and social asset of small scale farm holders in peri urban area of kombolcha city, Amhara, Ethiopia. Furthermore, the study explained about the property rights held by small scale farm holders whose land were expropriated, and how were the small scale farm holders affected by expropriation compensated, the changes in livelihood (natural, economic and social asset) of the displaced farm holders,what areadaptation strategies adapted by households to deal with the new changing conditions. In order to carry out this study, primary and secondary data collection sources such as semi structured interview, observation, desk review, and content analysis of relevant secondary sources have been used. Accordingly, qualitative analysis employed for analyzing the findings of the study.Expropriation of land for IPD implemented with no consultative, consent, and honest involvement of the displaced farm holders. This showed that IPD deprived property rights of displaced farm holders by changing land use from agricultural land towards non farming activity. Furthermore, delay in compensation provision, corruption, and improper calculation generated insignificant amount of compensation. The result of this study indicated that IPD affected displaced farm holders’ access to farm land, grazing land and natural resources, this generated landlessness, joblessness and triggered economic marginalization.of the displaced. Additionally, their relationship with neighbours, their engagenement in labor association and their mutual supporting mechanisms also affected. Moreover, the study depicted out that displaced farm holder’s livelihood adaptation strategies rely on off-farm employment (as permanent and temporary worker), and most of the displaced are fails to adapt.
The author of Sociology of Woman’s Labour, Mileva Gurivska is an outstanding member of the second generation of sociologists in North Macedonia. She is not only professor of sociology at the Institute of Sociology at the University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, but also an influential figure in public life, who campaigns for women’s rights and is the current president of the European Movement in North Macedonia. Within sociology, Mileva Gurovska has made important contributions in the field of the sociology of work and, in the last decade, the sociology of women’s labour. Sociology of Woman’s Labour is the result of that effort. It is a pioneering work, which opens new horizons in the analysis of labour from a gender perspective, with a particular focus on the analysis of women’s labor. The book is divided into seven chapters, and the second, “Social relations between the sexes: history, concepts, ideologies” provokes the most attention. Yet, although Gurovska identifies well the most important concepts in determining gender relations, there seems to be a lack of in-depth focus on contemporary concepts and authors. However, the last chapter is original in its attempt to delimit women’s labor (“Social conditions for social promotion of women in North Macedonia”) is especially important. Here the author tries to present the evolutionary development of women’s labour in North Macedonia, in order to analyse the current situation. Gurovska begins analysis of the evolutionary development of women’s labour with the period before industrialization, which in North Macedonia began relatively late, in the early 20th century. During this period, Gurovska distinguishes between the position of women in livestock families in most of the country and in the agricultural counties in south-eastern Macedonia. In both cases the position of the woman was not enviable, but it was better in the agricultural families where the women were involved in the production process, in contrast to the livestock families where they were locked in their homes. The author insists on the importance of communism as an ideology for the development of women’s rights, because in North Macedonia, communists insisted on breaking with traditional values that tool for granted the subordination of women. However, the author herself notes that after the Second World War the communists insisted on industrialization, so the increase of women’s participation in the labor market, especially in industry, was a by-product of this process. Even when some women held 1104225 EJW0010.1177/13505068211046297European Journal of Women’s StudiesBook reviews book-review2021
In order to forecast the macroevolution of the contemporary developed societies it appears essential to take into account the dynamics of a number of economic and technological indicators. In the present paper we undertake such an attempt. Almost ten years after the start of the last economic crisis, the world economy is looking for the most effective plans for recovery. Such recovery is often associated with the fourth industrial revolution, in which the technological factor becomes a key driver of development. However, like any technological breakthrough, it will bring not only ‘roses of prosperity’ but ‘prickly thorns’ of disappointment as well. The key challenges will be the provision of a new quality of economic growth and addressing the associated employment problem. In this paper, we attempt to show the trends in the ratio between capital and output, as well as the possible effects on employment in the industrialized countries and China until 2050. We used a modified production function with labor-saving technological progress. It is shown that by 2050 the capital-output ratio will not undergo significant changes, and in case of a rejection of institutional reforms and legislative diversification of new types of labor activity in different segments of the economy, there may be a decrease in the number of employed by an average of 20 per cent. Social Evolution & History / March 2019 68 INTRODUCTION In order to forecast the macroevolution of the contemporary developed societies it appears essential to take into account the dynamics of a number of economic and technological indicators. Such an attempt is undertaken in the present paper. Despite the considerable efforts made by financial regulators to overcome the consequences of the 2008–2009 crisis, the economies of industrially developed countries show sluggish growth. In the case of the US economy, this was described as ‘secular stagnation’ (Summers 2014). Researchers who analyzed more than ten years of stagnation in the Japanese economy cited low efficiency of capital use as a reason (Ando, Christeris, and Miyagawa 2003; Hayashi 2006). The same process was named ‘Stagnation Traps’ (Benigno and Fornaro 2015), when under conditions of pessimistic expectations, the gap between large volumes of production and low growth rates can coexist. In their joint study, the Japanese and Korean economists consider the extremely low rate of capital expenditures for development as the reason for the stagnation of the Japanese economy. Thus, there is a clear trend that has been defined in economic policy to overcome stagnation: stimulation of aggregate demand, a policy of maintaining a low interest rate, new investments in the economy and a number of other regulatory measures. At the same time, another way has been outlined to solve the problem of economic stagnation: the search for new technological solutions that could qualitatively change the entire economic landscape and give a new impetus to development. Recommendations for the development strategy of Industry 4.0 for German manufacturers (Kagermann, Wahlster and Helbig 2013), and two American concepts: Industrial Internet (Evans and Annunziata 2012) and Internet of Things (Swan 2012) should be noted here. The famous work on artificial intelligence, published in 2003 (Russel and Norvig 2003) laid the foundation for the industrial development of systems with artificial intelligence. At the World Economic Forum in 2016, K. Schwab initiated a broad discussion on the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Schwab 2016). Hence, one can easily notice an obvious accumulation of the necessary ‘critical mass’ of new knowledge and technologies that, like an explosion, can create new conditions for development, and this new ‘critical mass of knowledge and technologies’ can be defined as a new machine era. Obviously, its development will require significant amounts of capital and expenditure on maintaining human resources. The subject of our further consideration will be two questions: what kind of capital / output ratio will take place and what is likely to happen in the employment Akaev et al. / A New Era of Machinery 69 market when new intelligent machine systems, global computer networks and markets create conditions for both free job search and for partial replacement of human knowledge with intelligent machines? SOME INITIAL ASSUMPTIONS Nicholas Kaldor (1961) has formulated five empirical regul arities, known as ‘stylized facts’, which are valid in the long term, when the consequences of various economic and financial shocks and crises are smoothed out. Some of these laws have remained valid so far and there is reason to believe that they will continue to act in the twentyfirst century, at least in the first half. For our study, the following three empirical laws of Kaldor (Kaldor 1961) are of interest: 1. The ratio of physical capital to output is almost constant. 2. The shares of labor and physical capital in the national income growth are almost constant. 3. According to the Kondratiev cycles theory at the downward stage of the 6 Large cycle (2018–2050) the effect of capital saturation should come and one must actually assume that the accumulation of capital will take place not through an exponential function, but through a logistic one. The first of these regularities can be formalized as follows: Y = κ · K, κ = const, (1) where κ is the coefficient of capital return. We proceed from the premise that Equation (1) can be observed in the first half of the twentyfirst century. This directly follows from the results obtained by Thomas Piketty and set forth in his work ‘Capital in the twenty-first Century’ (Piketty 2014). Indeed, T. Piketty demonstrated that in the developed countries (USA, Great Britain, Germany, France, etc.) the ratio between capital (K) and output (Y) in the twentieth century, returned to values close to those observed at the end of the nineteenth century (Piketty 2014: 124, 125, 150, 159). Between the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this ratio, representing the capital intensity Y K 1 , in the leading European states was quite stable and amounted 7 in France and the UK, and 5 . 6 in Germany (Piketty 2015: 135, 153). In the US, this ratio reached quasi-stability at the beginning of the twentieth century at the level of 5 . 4 , and then, starting from the mid-twentieth century, stabilized at the level of 4 (Piketty 2014). As we can see, the changes in capital intensity in the United States were of a very limited scale in contrast with Western Europe, i.e. Kaldor's respective pattern for the United States also worked in the twenSocial Evolution & History / March 2019 70 tieth century. Piketty explains the return of capital intensity in the twenty-first century to a high level close to the indices observed in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries by the transition to a regime of slow economic growth (Piketty 2014: 171). In this regard, Piketty predicts that in global terms the capital intensity (β), which has already approached the 5 mark and reached the 1910 level, will later be around 6 in the middle of the twenty-first century and will reach 7 by the end of the twenty-first century. In our opinion, a significant increase in capital will actually take place, but the ratio (β) will remain practically unchanged, which we will show further on the basis of model calculations. As for the second of the above-mentioned Kaldor regularities, presumably, it will no longer be observed in the twenty-first century, as the share of capital in GDP growth will steadily increase which does not contradict the results that Piketty obtained.
The paper presents results of sociological research that analyzed the new way of controlling the labor process - gamification. This study was based on a concept of post-Fordism and neo-Fordism and focused on examining a combination of the game elements for motivation and electronic surveillance. According to industrial sociology traditions, special attention was paid to strengthening control over workers and social and labor conflicts. This research was based on data from 16 semi-structured interviews with the managers and employees of a Russian company that produces alcoholic beverages. Data analysis was made using the principles of grounded theory. As a result, one positive of introducing gamification was the successful combination of the virtual system and the workers’ desire to win, which promoted the employees’ increased involvement in the labor process. In general, introducing gamification didn't lead to open conflicts between the managers and workers; however, changes in the organization of the labor process and technical difficulties instigated passive ways of resisting new working conditions. Deterioration of the social climate was collective because the aggravated competition between workers also led to negative consequences. As a result, it was revealed that although gamification is positioned as a motivator, in reality, it is primarily a way to exert total control over the labor process, which is organized by automatic operations and electronic monitoring. A distinctive feature of this method is the use of gaming elements to vary routine activities and disguise negative aspects in the whole mechanism.